abraham lincoln

 

  • [139][140] On February 27, 1860, powerful New York Republicans invited Lincoln to give a speech at Cooper Union, in which he argued that the Founding Fathers of the United
    States had little use for popular sovereignty and had repeatedly sought to restrict slavery.

  • 1865); Preceded by: James Buchanan; Succeeded by: Andrew Johnson; Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Illinois’s 7th district; In office: March 4, 1847 – March
    3, 1849; Preceded by: John Henry; Succeeded by: Thomas L. Harris; Member of the Illinois House of Representatives from Sangamon County; In office: December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842; Personal details: Born: February 12, 1809, Sinking Spring
    Farm, Kentucky, U.S.; Died: April 15, 1865 (aged 56), Washington, D.C. U.S.; Manner of death: Assassination (gunshot wound to the head); Resting place: Lincoln Tomb; Political party: Republican (after 1856), Whig (before 1856); Other political
    affiliations: National Union (1864–1865); Height: 6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]; Spouse: Mary Todd, (m. 1842); Children: Robert, Edward, Willie, Tad; Parents: Thomas Lincoln, Nancy Hanks; Relatives: Lincoln family; Occupation: Politician, Lawyer;
    Military service: Branch/service: Illinois Militia; Years of service: 1832; Rank: Captain[a], Private[a]; Battles/wars: American Indian Wars, Black Hawk War, Battle of Stillman’s Run, Battle of Kellogg’s Grove Family and childhood Early life
    Main article: Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, the second child of Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lincoln, in a log cabin on Sinking Spring Farm near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

  • I hate it because it deprives our republican example of its just influence in the world….”[109] Lincoln’s attacks on the Kansas–Nebraska Act marked his return to political
    life.

  • [55] In fact, Lincoln’s law partner William H. Herndon would grow irritated when Lincoln brought his children to the law office.

  • [101] Republican politics (1854–1860) Emergence as Republican leader Further information: Slave states and free states and Abraham Lincoln and slavery Lincoln in 1858, the
    year of his debates with Stephen Douglas over slavery The debate over the status of slavery in the territories failed to alleviate tensions between the slave-holding South and the free North, with the failure of the Compromise of 1850, a legislative
    package designed to address the issue.

  • [34] In March 1830, fearing another milk sickness outbreak, several members of the extended Lincoln family, including Abraham, moved west to Illinois, a free state, and settled
    in Macon County.

  • For the first time, Illinois Republicans held a convention to agree upon a Senate candidate, and Lincoln won the nomination with little opposition.

  • [137] In January 1860, Lincoln told a group of political allies that he would accept the presidential nomination if offered and, in the following months, several local papers
    endorsed his candidacy.

  • The year’s elections showed the strong opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, and in the aftermath, Lincoln sought election to the United States Senate.

  • [87] Lincoln later regretted some of his statements, especially his attack on presidential war-making powers.

  • [30] New Salem, Illinois As a teen, Lincoln took responsibility for chores and customarily gave his father all earnings from work outside the home until he was 21.

  • [88] Lincoln had pledged in 1846 to serve only one term in the House.

  • [117] At the June 1856 Republican National Convention, though Lincoln received support to run as vice president, John C. Frémont and William Dayton comprised the ticket, which
    Lincoln supported throughout Illinois.

  • [58] When Lincoln returned home from the Black Hawk War, he planned to become a blacksmith, but instead formed a partnership with William Berry, 21, with whom he purchased
    a New Salem general store on credit.

  • [14][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted that the family’s move to Indiana was “partly on account of slavery”, but mainly due to land title difficulties.

  • [130] When informed of Lincoln’s nomination, Douglas stated, “[Lincoln] is the strong man of the party … and if I beat him, my victory will be hardly won.

  • Douglas emphasized his Freeport Doctrine, in which he said local settlers were free to choose whether to allow slavery within their territory, and accused Lincoln of having
    joined the abolitionists.

  • [91] This distant territory was a Democratic stronghold, and acceptance of the post would have disrupted his legal and political career in Illinois, so he declined and resumed
    his law practice.

  • His Gettysburg Address came to be seen as one of the greatest and most influential statements of American national purpose.

  • [106] As the slavery debate in the Nebraska and Kansas territories became particularly acrimonious, Illinois Senator Stephen A. Douglas proposed popular sovereignty as a compromise;
    the measure would allow the electorate of each territory to decide the status of slavery.

  • In 1832, he declared his candidacy for the Illinois House of Representatives, but interrupted his campaign to serve as a captain in the Illinois Militia during the Black Hawk
    War.

  • [129] The stage was then set for the election of the Illinois legislature which would, in turn, select Lincoln or Douglas.

  • Horace Greeley, editor of the New York Tribune, at that time wrote up an unflattering account of Lincoln’s compromising position on slavery and his reluctance to challenge
    the court’s Dred-Scott ruling, which was promptly used against him by his political rivals.

  • [35][e] Abraham then became increasingly distant from Thomas, in part due to his father’s lack of education.

  • [81][82] Political views On foreign and military policy, Lincoln spoke against the Mexican–American War, which he imputed to President James K. Polk’s desire for “military
    glory—that attractive rainbow, that rises in showers of blood”.

  • The legislation alarmed many Northerners, who sought to prevent the spread of slavery that could result, but Douglas’s Kansas–Nebraska Act narrowly passed Congress in May
    1854.

  • [86] The resolution was ignored in both Congress and the national papers, and it cost Lincoln political support in his district.

  • While Lincoln was popular in the Midwest, he lacked support in the Northeast and was unsure whether to seek the office.

  • However, Lincoln’s articulation of the issues had given him a national political presence.

  • [92] Prairie lawyer In his Springfield practice, Lincoln handled “every kind of business that could come before a prairie lawyer”.

  • The idea was never commercialized, but it made Lincoln the only president to hold a patent.

  • Zann Gill describes how these two murders set off a chain reaction that ultimately prompted Abraham Lincoln to run for President.

  • Many in the party felt that a former Whig should be nominated in 1858, and Lincoln’s 1856 campaigning and support of Trumbull had earned him a favor.

  • [37] In 1831, as Thomas and other family members prepared to move to a new homestead in Coles County, Illinois, Abraham struck out on his own.

  • “[63] Illinois state legislature (1834–1842) Lincoln’s second state house campaign in 1834, this time as a Whig, was a success over a powerful Whig opponent.

  • [80] Lincoln teamed with Joshua R. Giddings on a bill to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia with compensation for the owners, enforcement to capture fugitive slaves,
    and a popular vote on the matter.

  • [38] He made his home in New Salem, Illinois, for six years.

  • [57] Early career and militia service During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln worked at a general store in New Salem, Illinois.

  • [116] 1856 campaign Violent political confrontations in Kansas continued, and opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act remained strong throughout the North.

  • [46] In 1839, Lincoln met Mary Todd in Springfield, Illinois, and the following year they became engaged.

  • [78] In 1843, Lincoln sought the Whig nomination for Illinois’ 7th district seat in the U.S. House of Representatives; he was defeated by John J. Hardin though he prevailed
    with the party in limiting Hardin to one term.

  • [107] Lincoln did not comment on the act until months later in his “Peoria Speech” of October 1854.

  • Lincoln warned that Douglas’ “Slave Power” was threatening the values of republicanism, and accused Douglas of distorting the Founding Fathers’ premise that all men are created
    equal.

  • Owens arrived that November and he courted her for a time; however, they both had second thoughts.

  • He soon became a leader of the new Republican Party.

  • On April 14, 1865, just five days after the war’s end at Appomattox, he was attending a play at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C., with his wife, Mary, when he was fatally
    shot by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth.

  • Lincoln ran for president in 1860, sweeping the North to gain victory.

  • [101] Leading up to his presidential campaign, Lincoln elevated his profile in an 1859 murder case, with his defense of Simeon Quinn “Peachy” Harrison who was a third cousin;[g]
    Harrison was also the grandson of Lincoln’s political opponent, Rev.

  • As a riverboat man, Lincoln initially favored those interests, but ultimately represented whoever hired him.

  • Lincoln gave the final speech of the convention supporting the party platform and called for the preservation of the Union.

  • [61] Lincoln served as New Salem’s postmaster and later as county surveyor, but continued his voracious reading and decided to become a lawyer.

  • [43] Later in life, Mary struggled with the stresses of losing her husband and sons, and Robert committed her for a time to an asylum in 1875.

  • During this time, the newly formed Confederate States of America began seizing federal military bases in the south.

  • After his nomination he delivered his House Divided Speech, with the biblical reference Mark 3:25, “A house divided against itself cannot stand.

  • [76] U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849) True to his record, Lincoln professed to friends in 1861 to be “an old line Whig, a disciple of Henry Clay”.

  • [5] His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham’s father, witnessed the attack.

  • [101] The case is famous for Lincoln’s use of a fact established by judicial notice to challenge the credibility of an eyewitness.

  • [39] Lincoln and some friends took goods, including live hogs, by flatboat to New Orleans, Louisiana, where he first witnessed slavery.

  • [51] Lincoln was an affectionate husband and father of four sons, though his work regularly kept him away from home.

  • While many Democrats hoped that Dred Scott would end the dispute over slavery in the territories, the decision sparked further outrage in the North.

  • However, despite his overwhelming support in the Midwestern United States, he was less appreciated in the east.

  • [45] Late in 1836, Lincoln agreed to a match with Owens if she returned to New Salem.

  • On August 16, 1837, he wrote Owens a letter saying he would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she never replied.

  • [i] In his opinion, Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney wrote that black people were not citizens and derived no rights from the Constitution, and that the Missouri
    Compromise was unconstitutional for infringing upon slave owners’ “property” rights.

  • “[85] Lincoln demanded that Polk show Congress the exact spot on which blood had been shed and prove that the spot was on American soil.

  • [69] He was admitted to the Illinois bar on September 9, 1836,[70][71] and moved to Springfield and began to practice law under John T. Stuart, Mary Todd’s cousin.

  • [60] Lincoln finished eighth out of 13 candidates (the top four were elected), though he received 277 of the 300 votes cast in the New Salem precinct.

  • [124] Lincoln–Douglas debates and Cooper Union speech Further information: Lincoln–Douglas debates and Cooper Union speech In 1858, Douglas was up for re-election in the U.S.
    Senate, and Lincoln hoped to defeat him.

  • [138] Over the coming months, Lincoln was tireless, making nearly fifty speeches along the campaign trail.

  • “[50] In 1844, the couple bought a house in Springfield near his law office.

 

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[‘1. Discharged from command-rank of Captain and re-enlisted at rank of Private.
2. ^ The identity of Lincoln’s grandmother Bathsheba Herring, though without certainty, is the consensus of multiple Lincoln biographers. She was the daughter of Alexander
and Abigail Herring (née Harrison).[4]
3. ^ Thomas, born January 1778, would have been 8 at the attack, May 1786. Older sources use six.[7]
4. ^ Their land eventually became part of Space, when the county was established in 1818.[15]
5. ^ Historians
disagree on who initiated the move; Thomas Lincoln had no obvious reason to do so. One possibility is that other members of the family, including Dennis Hanks, may not have matched Thomas’s stability and steady income.[36]
6. ^ The Lincolns’ last
descendant, great-grandson Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith, died in 1985.[53]
7. ^ Lincoln was a descendant of the Harrisons through his grandmother, Bathsheba Herring.[102]
8. ^ Eric Foner contrasts the abolitionists and anti-slavery Radical Republicans
of the Northeast, who saw slavery as a sin, with the conservative Republicans, who thought it was bad because it hurt white people and blocked progress. Foner argues that Lincoln was in the middle, opposing slavery primarily because it violated the
republicanism principles of the Founding Fathers, especially the equality of all men and democratic self-government as expressed in the Declaration of Independence.[120]
9. ^ Although the name of the Supreme Court case is Dred Scott v. Sandford,
the respondent’s surname was actually “Sanford”. A clerk misspelled the name, and the court never corrected the error.[121]
10. ^ Major Northern newspapers, however, demanded more—they expected victory within 90 days.[203]
11. ^ At the moment
of death some observers said his face seemed to relax into a smile.[323][324][325][326]
12. ^ Other versions of the quotation have been offered, including “He now belongs to the ages,” “He is a man for the ages,” and “Now he belongs to the angels.”
Gopnik, Adam, “Angels and Ages: Lincoln’s language and its legacy,” The New Yorker, May 21, 2007.
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hours in discussing the state of military affairs, the doings and misdoings of certain Generals, the desirability of continuing the existing Departmental divisions, the necessity of further enlistments, the prospect of the armies of the Potomac and
of the Virginia valleys . . . .
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