association football

 

  • If the score is still tied after extra time, some competitions allow the use of penalty shootouts (known officially in the Laws of the Game as “kicks from the penalty mark”)
    to determine which team will progress to the next stage of the tournament.

  • The maximum number of substitutions permitted in most competitive international and domestic league games is three in ninety minutes with each team being allowed one more
    if the game should go into extra-time, though the permitted number may vary in other competitions or in friendly matches.

  • [54] Despite being more popular than some men’s football events (one match saw a 53,000 strong crowd),[60] women’s football in England suffered a blow in 1921 when The Football
    Association outlawed the playing of the game on Association members’ pitches, on the grounds that the game (as played by women) was distasteful.

  • In many high-level games there is also a fourth official who assists the referee and may replace another official should the need arise.

  • [43][44] A very large number of people also play football at an amateur level.

  • It had a “golden age” in the United Kingdom in the early 1920s when crowds reached 50,000 at some matches;[66] this was stopped on 5 December 1921 when England’s Football
    Association voted to ban the game from grounds used by its member clubs.

  • Association football, more commonly known as simply football or soccer,[a] is a team sport played between two teams of 11 players who primarily use their feet to propel the
    ball around a rectangular field called a pitch.

  • The end of the match is known as full-time.

  • [8] Name Football is one of a family of football codes, which emerged from various ball games played worldwide since antiquity.

  • In England, the first recorded game of football between women took place in 1895.

  • [27][28] In North America, pasuckuakohowog was a ball game played by the Algonquians; it was described as “almost identical to the kind of folk football being played in Europe
    at the same time, in which the ball was kicked through goals”.

  • In standard adult matches, a player who has been substituted may not take further part in a match.

  • [104] Tie-breaking Main article: Determining the Outcome of a Match (association football) Most football competitions use a penalty shootout to decide the winner if a match
    ends as a draw In league competitions, games may end in a draw.

  • When the ball becomes out of play, play is restarted by one of eight restart methods depending on how it went out of play: • Kick-off: following a goal by the opposing team,
    or to begin each period of play.

  • Any decision regarding points awarded for abandoned games is left to the individual football associations.

  • However, the women’s game was frowned upon by the British football associations and continued without their support.

  • The game of Association Football is played in accordance with the Laws of the Game, this set of rules has been in effect since 1863 with International Football Association
    Board maintaining them since 1886.

  • Where aggregates are equal, the away goals rule may be used to determine the winners, in which case the winner is the team that scored the most goals in the leg they played
    away from home.

  • [63] Association football has been played by women since at least the time of the first recorded women’s games in the late 19th century.

  • [34] These rules included handling of the ball by “marks” and the lack of a crossbar, rules which made it remarkably similar to Victorian rules football being developed at
    that time in Australia.

  • [85] A number of players may be replaced by substitutes during the course of the game.

  • In matches where a fourth official is appointed, towards the end of the half, the referee signals how many minutes of stoppage time they intend to add.

  • [53] “North” team of the British Ladies’, the first women’s football team ever, here pictured in March 1895 Association football, the modern game, also has documented early
    involvement of women.

  • [71] Within normal play, all players are free to play the ball in any direction and move throughout the pitch, though players may not pass to teammates who are in an offside
    position.

  • [65] 20th and 21st century An international match between the United States and Germany in 1997 Young Finnish girls football team of Kolarin Kontio in Piteå, Sweden, in 2014
    The growth in women’s football has seen major competitions being launched at both national and international level mirroring the male competitions.

  • [19] Notwithstanding any similarities to other ball games played around the world FIFA has recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity
    outside Europe.

  • [4] Ball in and out of play Main article: Ball in and out of play A player takes a free kick, while the opposition form a “wall” to try to block the ball Under the Laws, the
    two basic states of play during a game are ball in play and ball out of play.

  • While players typically spend most of the game in a specific position, there are few restrictions on player movement, and players can switch positions at any time.

  • [90][91] Pitch Main article: Football pitch Standard pitch measurements (See Imperial version) As the Laws were formulated in England, and were initially administered solely
    by the four British football associations within IFAB, the standard dimensions of a football pitch were originally expressed in imperial units.

  • This added time is called additional time in FIFA documents,[99][100] but is most commonly referred to as stoppage time or injury time, while lost time can also be used as
    a synonym.

  • Depending on the format of the competition an equal number of goals scored may result in a draw being declared or the game goes into extra time or a penalty shootout.

  • [105] A game tied at the end of regulation time may go into extra time, which consists of two further 15-minute periods.

  • Competition rules may state a minimum number of players required to constitute a team, which is usually seven.

  • Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game: to represent their team in the coin toss before kick-off or penalty
    kicks.

  • [80][81] Players, equipment, and officials See also: Association football positions, Formation (association football), Substitute (association football), and Kit (association
    football) The referee officiates in a football match Each team consists of a maximum of eleven players (excluding substitutes), one of whom must be the goalkeeper.

  • Two teams of eleven players each compete to get the ball into the other team’s goal (between the posts and under the bar), thereby scoring a goal.

  • [59] Women’s football became popular on a large scale at the time of the First World War, when employment in heavy industry spurred the growth of the game, much as it had
    done for men 50 years earlier.

  • From the beginning of each playing period with a kick-off until the end of the playing period, the ball is in play at all times, except when either the ball leaves the field
    of play, or play is stopped by the referee.

  • Football is generally a free-flowing game, with play stopping only when the ball has left the field of play or when play is stopped by the referee for an infringement of the
    rules.

  • [51] Women’s association football Early women’s football Women may have been playing “football” for as long as the game has existed.

  • The main tournament is held every four years and involves 32 national teams spanning over four weeks.[b].

  • A notable exception is New Zealand, where in the first two decades of the 21st century, under the influence of international television, “football” has been gaining prevalence,
    despite the dominance of other codes of football, namely rugby union and rugby league.

  • [16][20][21][22][23][24] As with pre-codified “mob football”, the antecedent of all modern football codes, these three games involved more handling the ball than kicking.

  • [30] The modern rules of association football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of
    England.

  • [97] Duration and tie-breaking methods 90-minute ordinary time A standard adult football match consists of two-halves of 45 minutes each.

  • Goalkeepers are the only players allowed to play the ball with their hands or arms, provided they do so within the penalty area in front of their own goal.

  • At the final meeting, the first FA treasurer, the representative from Blackheath, withdrew his club from the FA over the removal of two draft rules at the previous meeting:
    the first allowed for running with the ball in hand; the second for obstructing such a run by hacking (kicking an opponent in the shins), tripping and holding.

  • In 2008, the IFAB initially approved a fixed size of 105 m (115 yd) long and 68 m (74 yd) wide as a standard pitch dimension for international matches;[93] however, this decision
    was later put on hold and was never actually implemented.

  • [68] Gameplay Main article: Laws of the Game (association football) Association football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game.

  • [86] IFAB recommends “that a match should not continue if there are fewer than seven players in either team”.

  • The two teams compete to get the ball into the other team’s goal (between the posts and under the bar), thereby scoring a goal.

  • Stoppage time does not fully compensate for the time in which the ball is out of play, and a 90-minute game typically involves about an hour of “effective playing time”.

  • The laws stipulate the number of players a team should have, the game length, the size of the field and ball, the type and nature of fouls that referees may penalize, the
    offside law, and many other laws that define the sport.

  • [4] A goalkeeper saving a close-range shot from inside the penalty area The primary law is that players other than goalkeepers may not deliberately handle the ball with their
    hands or arms during play, though they must use both their hands during a throw-in restart.

  • [9] The word soccer (which arrived at its final form in 1895) was first recorded in 1889 in the earlier form of socca.

  • When the ball is in play the players mainly use their feet, but may use any other part of their body to control, strike or pass the ball apart from their hands or arms.

  • This area has a number of functions, the most prominent being to mark where the goalkeeper may handle the ball and where a penalty foul by a member of the defending team becomes
    punishable by a penalty kick.

  • Goals scored during extra time periods count towards the final score of the game, but kicks from the penalty mark are only used to decide the team that progresses to the next
    part of the tournament (with goals scored in a penalty shootout not making up part of the final score).

  • The team played in the first women’s international matches in 1920, against a team from Paris, France, in April, and also made up most of the England team against a Scottish
    Ladies XI in 1920, and winning 22–0.

  • [103] The same law also states that the duration of either half is extended until the penalty kick to be taken or retaken is completed, thus no game shall end with a penalty
    to be taken.

  • These colours were first introduced at the 1970 FIFA World Cup and used consistently since.

  • [56] The first match recorded by the Scottish Football Association took place in 1892 in Glasgow.

  • Both competitions pit national representative teams against each other in a series of group games, and then a knockout format until two teams remain to compete in the World
    Cup Final.

  • Some came up with their own distinct codes of rules, most notably the Sheffield Football Club, formed by former public school pupils in 1857,[32] which led to formation of
    a Sheffield FA in 1867.

  • [98] The referee is the official timekeeper for the match, and may make an allowance for time lost through substitutions, injured players requiring attention, or other stoppages.

  • [65] In the late 1960s and early 1970s, women’s association football was organised in the United Kingdom, eventually becoming the most prominent team sport for British women.

  • FIFA, the international football body, was formed in Paris in 1904 and declared that they would adhere to Laws of the Game of the Football Association.

  • The first official international football match also took place in 1872, between Scotland and England in Glasgow, again at the instigation of C.W.

  • [87] A game is officiated by a referee, who has “full authority to enforce the Laws of the Game in connection with the match to which he has been appointed” (Law 5), and whose
    decisions are final.

  • Video assistant referees (VAR) have also been increasingly introduced in high-level matches to assist officials through video replays to correct clear and obvious mistakes.

  • Traditionally the game has been played over two 45 minute halves, for a total match time of 90 minutes.

  • Although players usually use their feet to move the ball around they may use any part of their body (notably, “heading” with the forehead)[70] other than their hands or arms.

  • The men’s game sees approximately 190–200 national teams partake in respective qualifying tournaments on a continental confederation level for a place in the main tournament.

  • A goal may not be scored directly (without the ball first touching another player) from an indirect free kick.

 

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Photo credit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/antonystanley/3713368809/’]