beijing

 

  • As the last of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China, Beijing has been the political center of the country for most of the past eight centuries,[23] and was the largest
    city in the world by population for much of the second millennium CE.

  • He restored the name of the city, as the new capital, to Beijing,[64] a decision that had been reached by the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference just a few
    days earlier.

  • [24] With mountains surrounding the inland city on three sides, in addition to the old inner and outer city walls, Beijing was strategically poised and developed to be the
    residence of the emperor and thus was the perfect location for the imperial capital.

  • [36] The construction of the new imperial residence, the Forbidden City, took from 1406 to 1420;[43] this period was also responsible for several other of the modern city’s
    major attractions, such as the Temple of Heaven[49] and Tian’anmen.

  • [74] Finally, there are much more modern architectural forms, most noticeably in the area of the Beijing CBD in east Beijing such as the new CCTV Headquarters, in addition
    to buildings in other locations around the city such as the Beijing National Stadium and National Center for the Performing Arts.

  • The construction took from 1264 to 1293,[1][43][44] but greatly enhanced the status of a city on the northern fringe of China proper.

  • [102] More recently, however, the government has increased its usage of such measures as closing factories temporarily and implementing greater restrictions for cars on the
    road, as in the case of “APEC blue” and “parade blue,” short periods during and immediately preceding the APEC China 2014 and the 2015 China Victory Day Parade, respectively.

  • [88] Air quality[edit] Joint research between American and Chinese researchers in 2006 concluded that much of the city’s pollution comes from surrounding cities and provinces.

  • Many areas of the Beijing city wall were torn down in the 1960s to make way for the construction of the Beijing Subway and the 2nd Ring Road.

  • A scene from the opening ceremonies of the 2008 Summer Olympic Games During the Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976, the Red Guard movement began in Beijing and the city’s
    government fell victim to one of the first purges.

  • [106] According to Beijing’s environmental protection bureau’s announcement in November 2016, starting from 2017 highly polluting old cars will be banned from being driven
    whenever Smog “red alerts” are issued in the city or neighboring regions.

  • [66][67] According to one 2005 newspaper report, the size of newly developed Beijing was one-and-a-half times larger than before.

  • The Ming city wall continued to serve until modern times, when it was pulled down and the 2nd Ring Road was built in its place.

  • The city was centered on the Drum Tower slightly to the north of modern Beijing and stretched from the present-day Chang’an Avenue to the northern part of Line 10 subway.

  • Since his harsh treatment of the Ming capital Yingtian (modern Nanjing) alienated many there, he established his fief as a new co-capital.

  • In 938, after the fall of the Tang, the Later Jin ceded the frontier territory including what is now Beijing to the Khitan Liao dynasty, which treated the city as Nanjing,
    or the “Southern Capital”, one of four secondary capitals to complement its “Supreme Capital” Shangjing (modern Baarin Left Banner in Inner Mongolia).

  • 1940s Nationalist Beijing with predominantly traditional architecture Since 2007, buildings in Beijing have received the CTBUH Skyscraper Award for best overall tall building
    twice, for the Linked Hybrid building in 2009 and the CCTV Headquarters in 2013.

  • [13] Beijing is the world’s most populous national capital city, with over 21 million residents and the second largest in the country after Shanghai.

  • [50] Beijing became the empire’s primary capital, and Yingtian, also called Nanjing (“Southern Capital”), became the co-capital.

  • [71] Beijing has also been the location of many significant events in recent Chinese history, principally the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.

  • [37] Although Peking is no longer the common name for the city, some of the city’s older locations and facilities, such as Beijing Capital International Airport, with the
    IATA Code PEK, and Peking University, still retain the former romanization.

  • The name Beijing, which means “Northern Capital” (from the Chinese characters for north and for capital), was applied to the city in 1403 during the Ming dynasty to distinguish
    the city from Nanjing (the “Southern Capital”).

  • [90] Beijing became the first city in China to require the Chinese equivalent to the Euro 4 emission standard.

  • [104] On 8 and 9 December 2015 Beijing had its first smog alert which shut down a majority of the industry and other commercial businesses in the city.

  • [15] Beijing is mostly surrounded by Hebei Province with the exception of neighboring Tianjin to the southeast; together, the three divisions form the Jingjinji megalopolis
    and the national capital region of China.

  • Also required was the execution or exile of government supporters of the Boxers and the destruction of Chinese forts and other defenses in much of northern China.

  • During the war,[17] Beijing fell to Japan on 29 July 1937[61] and was made the seat of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China, a puppet state that ruled the ethnic-Chinese
    portions of Japanese-occupied northern China.

  • [70] In recent years, the expansion of Beijing has also brought to the forefront some problems of urbanization, such as heavy traffic, poor air quality, the loss of historic
    neighborhoods, and a significant influx of migrant workers from less-developed rural areas of the country.

  • This early Qing Beijing later formed the setting for the Chinese novel Dream of the Red Chamber.

  • His death less than a year later[59] left China under the control of the warlords commanding the regional armies.

  • [56] During the fighting, several important structures were destroyed, including the Hanlin Academy and the (new) Summer Palace.

  • [63] People’s Republic of China[edit] Mao Zedong proclaiming the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 In the final phases of the Chinese Civil War, the
    People’s Liberation Army seized control of the city peacefully on 31 January 1949 in the course of the Pingjin Campaign.

  • By the 15th century, Beijing had essentially taken its current shape.

  • On 28 October 1420, the city was officially designated the capital of the Ming dynasty in the same year that the Forbidden City was completed.

  • Beijing is also the northern terminus of the Grand Canal to Hangzhou, which was built over 1,400 years ago as a transportation route, and the South–North Water Transfer Project,
    constructed in the past decade to bring water from the Yangtze River basin.

  • Under the Convention of Peking ending that war, Western powers for the first time secured the right to establish permanent diplomatic presences within the city.

  • He was buried, like almost every Ming emperor to follow him, in an elaborate necropolis to Beijing’s north.)

  • Etymology Over the past 3,000 years, the city of Beijing has had numerous other names.

  • Beijing’s public universities make up more than one-fifth of Double First-Class Universities, and many of them consistently rank among the best in the Asia-Pacific and the
    world.

  • By the autumn of 1966, all city schools were shut down and over a million Red Guards from across the country gathered in Beijing for eight rallies in Tian’anmen Square with
    Mao.

  • [101] The government sometimes uses cloud-seeding measures to increase the likelihood of rain showers in the region to clear the air prior to large events, such as prior to
    the 60th anniversary parade in 2009 as well as to combat drought conditions in the area.

  • In the early 21st century, Beijing has witnessed tremendous growth of new building constructions, exhibiting various modern styles from international designers, most pronounced
    in the CBD region.

  • The first walled city in Beijing was Jicheng, the capital city of the state of Ji and was built in 1045 BC.

  • First, there is the traditional architecture of imperial China, perhaps best exemplified by the massive Tian’anmen (Gate of Heavenly Peace), which remains the People’s Republic
    of China’s trademark edifice, the Forbidden City, the Imperial Ancestral Temple and the Temple of Heaven.

  • In 2013 heavy smog struck Beijing and most parts of northern China, impacting a total of 600 million people.

  • The sign of Doujiao Hutong, one of the many traditional alleyways in the inner city Beijing is famous for its siheyuans, a type of residence where a common courtyard is shared
    by the surrounding buildings.

  • [41] Early Imperial China[edit] The Tianning Pagoda, built around 1120 during the Liao dynasty After the First Emperor unified China in 221 BC, Jicheng became a prefectural
    capital for the region.

  • [21][22] Combining both modern and traditional style architectures, Beijing is one of the oldest cities in the world, with a rich history dating back over three millennia.

  • In mid-January 2013, Beijing’s air quality was measured on top of the city’s US embassy at a PM2.5 density of 755 micrograms per cubic meter, which is more than 75 times the
    safe level established by the WHO, and went off the US Environmental Protection Agency’s air quality index.

  • [90] Beijing implemented a number of air improvement schemes for the duration of the Games, including halting work at all construction sites, closing many factories in Beijing
    permanently, temporarily shutting industry in neighboring regions, closing some gas stations,[91] and cutting motor traffic by half by limiting drivers to odd or even days (based on their license plate numbers),[92] reducing bus and subway
    fares, opening new subway lines, and banning high-emission vehicles.

  • Ten days after the treaty was signed the foreign armies left Peking, although legation guards would remain there until World War II.

  • [17] It is home to the headquarters of most of China’s largest state-owned companies and houses the largest number of Fortune Global 500 companies in the world, as well as
    the world’s four biggest financial institutions by total assets.

  • Since the early 1980s, the urban area of Beijing has expanded greatly with the completion of the 2nd Ring Road in 1981 and the subsequent addition of the 3rd, 4th, 5th and
    6th Ring Roads.

  • In 2018, Beijing was the second highest earning tourist city in the world after Shanghai.

  • Many complain, however, that the traditional sense of community and street life of the hutongs cannot be replaced,[77] and these properties are often government owned.

  • [46] Since the Yuan continued to occupy Shangdu and Mongolia, Dadu was used to supply the Ming military garrisons in the area and renamed Beiping (Wade–Giles: Peip’ing, “Northern
    Peace”).

  • Beijing has been ranked the city with the largest scientific research output by the Nature Index since 2016.

  • [35] Beijing hosts 175 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of many organizations, including the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), the Shanghai Cooperation
    Organisation (SCO), the Silk Road Fund, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Engineering, the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, the Central Academy of Fine Arts, the Central Academy of Drama, the Central Conservatory of
    Music, and the Red Cross Society of China.

  • [30][31] Beijing CBD is a center for Beijing’s economic expansion, with the ongoing or recently completed construction of multiple skyscrapers.

  • [26] Beijing is home to many national monuments and museums and has seven UNESCO World Heritage Sites—the Forbidden City, Temple of Heaven, Summer Palace, Ming Tombs, Zhoukoudian,
    and parts of the Great Wall and the Grand Canal—all of which are popular tourist locations.

  • As a megacity, Beijing is the second largest Chinese city by urban population after Shanghai.

  • (A 1425 order by Zhu Di’s son, the Hongxi Emperor, to return the primary capital to Nanjing was never carried out: he died, probably of a heart attack, the next month.

  • [65] In April 1976, a large public gathering of Beijing residents against the Gang of Four and the Cultural Revolution in Tiananmen Square was forcefully suppressed.

  • After that the government of Beijing announced measures to reduce air pollution, for example by lowering the share of coal from 24% in 2012 to 10% in 2017, while the national
    government ordered heavily polluting vehicles to be removed from 2015 to 2017 and increased its efforts to transition the energy system to clean sources.

  • The CTBUH Skyscraper award for best tall overall building is given to only one building around the world every year.

  • [110] Since the BJEPB and US Embassy measure different pollutants according to different criteria, the pollution levels and the impact to human health reported by the BJEPB
    are often lower than that reported by the US Embassy.

  • [103] During and prior to these events, Beijing’s air quality improved dramatically, only to fall back to unhealthy levels shortly after.

  • Cityscape[edit] A panorama of the Forbidden City, viewed from the Jingshan Park Architecture[edit] See also: List of tallest buildings in Beijing Three styles of architecture
    are predominant in urban Beijing.

  • [43] Two generations later, Kublai Khan ordered the construction of Dadu (or Daidu to the Mongols, commonly known as Khanbaliq), a new capital for his Yuan dynasty to the
    northeast of the Zhongdu ruins.

  • On 28 June the same year, Beijing’s name was returned to Beiping (written at the time as “Peiping”).

  • [40] This settlement was later conquered by the state of Yan and made its capital.

 

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