belfast

 

  • Parts of Belfast are segregated by walls, commonly known as “peace lines”, erected by the British Army after August 1969, and which still divide 14 districts in the inner
    city.

  • Among surviving elements of the early pre-Victorian town are the Belfast Entries, 17th-century alleyways off High Street, including, in Winecellar’s Entry, White’s Tavern
    (rebuilt 1790); the First Presbyterian (Non-Subscribing) Church (1781–83) in Rosemary Street (whose members led the abolitionist charge against Greg and Cunningham);[34] St George’s Church of Ireland (1816) on the High Street site of the old
    Corporation Church; and the oldest public building in Belfast, Clifden House (1771–74), the Belfast Charitable Society poorhouse on North Queen Street.

  • [110] In its 2018 report on Best Places to Live in Britain, The Sunday Times named Ballyhackamore, “the brunch capital of Belfast”, as the best place in Northern Ireland.

  • [24] In 1616, after the Nine Years’ War, the last of the local line, Conn O’Neill (remembered in Connswater River),[25] was forced to sell their remaining stronghold, the
    Grey Castle or Castle Reagh (An Caisleán Riabhach in Irish)[26] in the hills to the east of Belfast, together with surrounding lands, to English and Scottish adventurers.

  • Sectarian tension was not in itself unique to Belfast: it was shared with Liverpool and Glasgow, cities that following the Great Famine had also experienced large-scale Irish
    Catholic immigration.

  • [65] Belfast City Hall In 1997, unionists lost overall control of Belfast City Council for the first time in its history, with the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland gaining
    the balance of power between nationalists and unionists.

  • Belfast expanded very rapidly from being a market town to becoming an industrial city during the course of the 19th century.

  • Many of Belfast’s oldest buildings are found in the Cathedral Quarter area, which is currently undergoing redevelopment as the city’s main cultural and tourist area.

  • Areas and districts[edit] Main article: Subdivisions of Belfast Further information on City Layout: Transport in Belfast § City layout Royal Avenue The townlands of Belfast
    are its oldest surviving land divisions and most pre-date the city.

  • Originally a more significant river than it is today, the Farset formed a dock on High Street until the mid 19th century.

  • The Gaeltacht Quarter is an area around the Falls Road in west Belfast which promotes and encourages the use of the Irish language.

  • [107] Since the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, the nearby Lisburn Road has developed into the city’s most exclusive shopping strip.

  • In addition to the shipyards and the Shorts Brothers aircraft factory, the Belfast Blitz severely damaged or destroyed more than half the city’s housing stock, devastated
    the old town centre around High Street, and killed over a thousand people.

  • In 1921, as the greater part of Ireland seceded as the Irish Free State, Belfast became the capital of the six counties remaining as Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom.

  • Protestant workers organised to secure their access to jobs and housing, gave a new lease of life in the town to the once largely rural Orange Order.

  • The City Hall was finished in 1906 and was built to reflect Belfast’s city status, granted by Queen Victoria in 1888.

  • [40] At the end of World War II, the Unionist Government undertook programmes of “slum clearance” (the Blitz had exposed the “uninhabitable” condition of much of the city’s
    housing) which involved decanting populations out of mill and factory, and constructing terraced streets into new peripheral housing estates.

  • Belfast’s status as a global industrial centre ended in the decades after the Second World War.

  • In Belfast—notwithstanding the political friction caused by Sinn Féin’s electoral triumph in the south—this involved some 60,000 workers, Protestant and Catholic, in a four-week
    walk-out.

  • [24] However, this original ‘Belfast Castle’ was much smaller and of far less strategic importance than nearby Carrickfergus Castle, which was constructed at Carrickfergus
    and was probably built in the late 1170s.

  • Belfast remained a small settlement of little importance during the Middle Ages.

  • Industrialisation, and the inward migration[8] it brought, made Belfast Northern Ireland’s biggest city.

  • [6] By the time it was granted city status in 1888, it was a major centre of Irish linen production, tobacco-processing and rope-making.

  • [53] During the 1970s and 1980s Belfast was one of the world’s most dangerous cities.

  • Named after RMS Titanic, which was built here in 1912,[68] work has begun which promises to transform some former shipyard land into “one of the largest waterfront developments
    in Europe”.

  • [116] Among the city’s grandest buildings are two former banks: Ulster Bank in Waring Street (built in 1860) and Northern Bank, in nearby Donegall Street (built in 1769).

  • [24] The mainly English and Manx settlers took Anglican communion at Corporation Church on the quay-side end of High Street.

  • [51] The Provisional IRA detonated 22 bombs within the confines of Belfast city centre on 21 July 1972, on what is known as Bloody Friday, killing nine people.

  • The Forest of Belfast is a partnership between government and local groups, set up in 1992 to manage and conserve the city’s parks and open spaces.

  • [103] Since 2001, boosted by increasing numbers of tourists, the city council has developed a number of cultural quarters.

  • [35] The industrial city[edit] High Street, c. 1906 Rapid industrial growth in the nineteenth century drew in landless Catholics from outlying rural and western districts,
    most settling to the west of the town.

  • Sir Thomas and Lady Dixon Park, to the south of the city centre, attracts thousands of visitors each year to its International Rose Garden.

  • The early town[edit] A 1685 plan of Belfast by the military engineer Thomas Phillips, showing the town’s ramparts and Lord Chichester’s castle, which was destroyed in a fire
    in 1708 Volunteer Corps parade down High Street, Bastille Day, 1792 Belfast was established as a town in 1613 by Sir Arthur Chichester.

  • [102] St Anne’s Cathedral Belfast city centre is divided into two postcode districts, BT1 for the area lying north of the City Hall, and BT2 for the area to its south.

  • [63] Since 1973 it has been a local government district under local administration by Belfast City Council.

  • [29] Profits from the trade financed improvements in the town’s commercial infrastructure, including the Lagan Canal, new docks and quays, and the construction of the White
    Linen Hall which together attracted to Belfast the linen trade that had formerly gone through Dublin.

  • [69] In 1994, a weir was built across the river by the Laganside Corporation to raise the average water level so that it would cover the unseemly mud flats which gave Belfast
    its name[70] (from Irish Béal Feirste ‘The sandy ford at the river mouth’).

  • Geography[edit] Aerial view of Belfast (2004) Satellite image of Belfast with Lough Belfast is at the western end of Belfast Lough and at the mouth of the River Lagan giving
    it the ideal location for the shipbuilding industry that once made it famous.

  • [79] As an urban and coastal area, Belfast typically gets snow on fewer than 10 days per year.

  • [125] In 2006, the City Council set aside £8 million to continue this work.

  • In December 1971, 15 people, including two children, were killed when the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) bombed McGurk’s Bar, the greatest loss of life in a single incident
    in Belfast.

  • Taking in Dublin Road, Great Victoria Street, Shaftesbury Square and Bradbury Place, it contains some of the best bars and restaurants in the city.

  • The architectural style of Belfast’s public buildings range from a small set of Georgian buildings, many examples of Victorian, including the main Lanyon Building at Queen’s
    University Belfast and the Linenhall Library, (both designed by Sir Charles Lanyon).

  • [66] The Lord Mayor’s duties include presiding over meetings of the council, receiving distinguished visitors to the city, representing and promoting the city on the national
    and international stage.

  • [77] The city gets significant precipitation (greater than 1 mm) on 157 days in an average year with an average annual rainfall of 846 millimetres (33.3 in),[78] less than
    areas of northern England or most of Scotland,[77] but higher than Dublin or the south-east coast of Ireland.

  • Public outrage, however, defeated the proposal of the greatest of the merchant houses, Cunningham and Greg, to commission ships for the Middle Passage.

  • [41] Road construction schemes, including the terminus of the M1 and the Westlink severed the streets linking north and west Belfast to the city centre, for example the dockland
    community of Sailortown.

  • By the early 19th century, Belfast was a major port.

  • In 1932 the devolved parliament for the region was housed in new buildings at Stormont on the eastern edge of the city.

  • The Giant’s Ring, a 5,000-year-old henge, is located near the city,[23] and the remains of Iron Age hill forts can still be seen in the surrounding hills.

  • Bank Street in the city centre referred to the river bank and Bridge Street was named for the site of an early Farset bridge.

  • [20] History The county borough of Belfast was created when it was granted city status by Queen Victoria in 1888,[21] and the city continues to straddle County Antrim on the
    left bank of the Lagan and County Down on the right.

  • Scottish Provident Institution, an example of Victorian architecture in Belfast The ornately decorated Crown Liquor Saloon, designed by Joseph Anderson in 1876, in Great Victoria
    Street is one of only two pubs in the UK that are owned by the National Trust (the other is the George Inn, Southwark in London).

  • The Cathedral Quarter takes its name from St Anne’s Cathedral (Church of Ireland) and has taken on the mantle of the city’s key cultural locality.

  • [47] Belfast saw some of the worst of the Troubles in Northern Ireland, particularly in the 1970s, with rival paramilitary groups formed on both sides.

  • Given the progressive enlargement of the British electoral franchise, this would have had an overwhelming Catholic majority and, it was widely believed, interests inimical
    to the Protestant and industrial north.

  • It is the 12th-largest city in the United Kingdom[5] and the second-largest in Ireland.

  • [44] The new welfare state contributed, in turn, to rising expectations; in the 1960s, a possible factor in new and growing protest over the Unionist government’s record on
    civil and political rights.

  • [59] In May 2013, the Northern Ireland Executive committed to the removal of all peace lines by mutual consent.

  • [111][112] The district of Ballyhackamore has even acquired the name “Ballysnackamore” due to the preponderance of dining establishments in the area.

  • The area has a large student population and hosts the annual Belfast International Arts Festival each autumn.

  • [100] In June 2007, a £16 million programme was announced which will transform and redevelop streets and public spaces in the city centre.

  • Custom House Square is one of the city’s main outdoor venues for free concerts and street entertainment.

  • [52] The British Army, first deployed on the streets in August 1969, was also responsible for civilian deaths.

  • [74] The shape of the giant’s nose, known locally as Napoleon’s Nose, is officially called McArt’s Fort probably named after Art O’Neill, a 17th-century chieftain who controlled
    the area at that time.

  • In what the Unionist government understood as its reward for wartime service, London had agreed that parity in taxation between Northern Ireland and Great Britain should be
    matched by parity in the services delivered.

  • It is served by two airports: George Best Belfast City Airport, 3 miles (5 kilometres) from the city centre, and Belfast International Airport 15 miles (24 kilometres) west
    of the city.

  • Following the partition of Ireland in 1921, Belfast became the seat of government for Northern Ireland.

  • [106] The Golden Mile is the name given to the mile between Belfast City Hall and Queen’s University.

  • Consequently, the arterial roads along which this expansion took place (such as the Falls Road or the Newtownards Road) are more significant in defining the districts of the
    city than nucleated settlements.

  • Belfast (UK: /ˈbɛlfɑːst/ BEL-fahst, elsewhere /ˈbɛlfæst/; from Irish: Béal Feirste [bʲeːlˠ ˈfʲɛɾˠ(ə)ʃtʲə], meaning ‘mouth of the sand-bank ford'[4]) is the capital and largest
    city of Northern Ireland, standing on the banks of the River Lagan on the east coast.

 

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