berlin

 

  • Clusters of towers rise at various locations: Potsdamer Platz, the City West, and Alexanderplatz, the latter two delineating the former centers of East and West Berlin, with
    the first representing a new Berlin of the 21st century, risen from the wastes of no-man’s land of the Berlin Wall.

  • [31] The central part of Berlin can be traced back to two towns.

  • [13] After World War II and its subsequent occupation by the victorious countries, the devastated city was divided; West Berlin became a de facto exclave of West Germany,
    surrounded by the Berlin Wall (from August 1961 to November 1989) and East German territory.

  • West Berlin officially remained an occupied city, but it politically was aligned with the Federal Republic of Germany despite West Berlin’s geographic isolation.

  • [61] In 1989, with the end of the Cold War and pressure from the East German population, the Berlin Wall fell on 9 November and was subsequently mostly demolished.

  • East Berlin included most of the city’s historic center.

  • West Berlin was surrounded by East German territory, and East Germany proclaimed the Eastern part as its capital, a move the western powers did not recognize.

  • [30] The first written records of towns in the area of present-day Berlin date from the late 12th century.

  • [52] 20th to 21st centuries[edit] Further information: 1920s Berlin, West Berlin, and East Berlin In the early 20th century, Berlin had become a fertile ground for the German
    Expressionist movement.

  • Built in 1969, it is visible throughout most of the central districts of Berlin.

  • [44] Berlin became the capital of the German Empire in 1871 and expanded rapidly in the following years.

  • [28] 12th to 16th centuries[edit] Map of Berlin in 1688 Berlin Cathedral (left) and Berlin Palace (right), 1900 The earliest evidence of middle age settlements in the area
    of today’s Berlin are remnants of a house foundation dated to 1174, found in excavations in Berlin Mitte,[29] and a wooden beam dated from approximately 1192.

  • [56] After the end of the war in Europe in May 1945, Berlin received large numbers of refugees from the Eastern provinces.

  • [49] The Industrial Revolution transformed Berlin during the 19th century; the city’s economy and population expanded dramatically, and it became the main railway hub and
    economic center of Germany.

  • The East Side Gallery is an open-air exhibition of art painted directly on the last existing portions of the Berlin Wall.

  • The city’s appearance today has been predominantly shaped by the key role it played in Germany’s history during the 20th century.

  • First documented in the 13th century and at the crossing of two important historic trade routes,[12] Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (1417–1701),
    Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918), German Empire (1871–1918), Weimar Republic (1919–1933), and Nazi Germany (1933–1945).

  • John F. Kennedy gave his “Ich bin ein Berliner” speech on 26 June 1963, in front of the Schöneberg city hall, located in the city’s western part, underlining the US support
    for West Berlin.

  • In 1920, the Greater Berlin Act incorporated dozens of suburban cities, villages, and estates around Berlin into an expanded city.

  • Berlin was devastated by air raids, fires, and street battles during the Second World War, and many of the buildings that had survived in both East and West were demolished
    during the postwar period.

  • All of the national governments based in Berlin – the Kingdom of Prussia, the 2nd German Empire of 1871, the Weimar Republic, Nazi Germany, East Germany, as well as the reunified
    Germany – initiated ambitious reconstruction programs, with each adding its own distinctive style to the city’s architecture.

  • Berlin became the capital of the new Kingdom,[45] replacing Königsberg.

  • Among famous streets, Unter den Linden and Friedrichstraße are found in the city’s historic heart (and were included in the former East Berlin).

  • [46] Under the rule of Frederick II, Berlin became a center of the Enlightenment, but also, was briefly occupied during the Seven Years’ War by the Russian army.

  • However, in 1948, when the Western Allies extended the currency reform in the Western zones of Germany to the three western sectors of Berlin, the Soviet Union imposed a blockade
    on the access routes to and from West Berlin, which lay entirely inside Soviet-controlled territory.

  • [59] In 1961, East Germany began to build the Berlin Wall around West Berlin, and events escalated to a tank standoff at Checkpoint Charlie.

  • West Berlin was now de facto a part of West Germany with a unique legal status, while East Berlin was de facto a part of East Germany.

  • [14] East Berlin was declared capital of East Germany, while Bonn became the West German capital.

  • The Berlin Wall (painted on the western side) was a barrier that divided the city from 1961 to 1989.

  • In 1971, a Four-Power agreement guaranteed access to and from West Berlin by car or train through East Germany.

  • [23] Berlin is also home to three World Heritage Sites: Museum Island; the Palaces and Parks of Potsdam and Berlin; and the Modernism Housing Estates.

  • Many Classical buildings line the street, and part of Humboldt University is there.

  • The name Berlin has its roots in the language of West Slavic inhabitants of the area of today’s Berlin, and may be related to the Old Polabian stem berl-/birl- (“swamp”).

  • Berlin in the roaring 1920s was the third-largest city in the world by population.

  • City-wide elections in December 1990 resulted in the first “all Berlin” mayor being elected to take office in January 1991, with the separate offices of mayors in East and
    West Berlin expiring by that time, and Eberhard Diepgen (a former mayor of West Berlin) became the first elected mayor of a reunited Berlin.

  • [48] In 1815, the city became part of the new Province of Brandenburg.

  • [58] In 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany was founded in West Germany and eventually included all of the American, British and French zones, excluding those three countries’
    zones in Berlin, while the Marxist–Leninist German Democratic Republic was proclaimed in East Germany.

  • In 1443, Frederick II Irontooth started the construction of a new royal palace in the twin city Berlin-Cölln.

  • Spandau is first mentioned in 1197 and Köpenick in 1209, although these areas did not join Berlin until 1920.

  • Much ornamentation on prewar buildings was destroyed following modernist dogmas, and in both postwar systems, as well as in the reunified Berlin, many important heritage structures
    have been reconstructed, including the Forum Fridericianum along with, the State Opera (1955), Charlottenburg Palace (1957), the monumental buildings on Gendarmenmarkt (1980s), Kommandantur (2003) and also the project to reconstruct the baroque
    façades of the City Palace.

  • [32] The two towns over time formed close economic and social ties, and profited from the staple right on the two important trade routes Via Imperii and from Bruges to Novgorod.

  • The sectors of the Western Allies (the United States, the United Kingdom, and France) formed West Berlin, while the Soviet sector formed East Berlin.

  • Although it was possible for Westerners to pass to the other side through strictly controlled checkpoints, for most Easterners, travel to West Berlin or West Germany was prohibited
    by the government of East Germany.

  • [70] Berlin-Brandenburg fusion attempt[edit] Main article: Fusion of Berlin and Brandenburg The coat of arms proposed in the state contract The legal basis for a combined
    state of Berlin and Brandenburg is different from other state fusion proposals.

  • Charlottenburg Palace, which was burnt out in the Second World War, is the largest historical palace in Berlin.

  • Additional suburbs soon developed and increased the area and population of Berlin.

  • This was a successful attempt to centralise the capital in the very far-flung state, and it was the first time the city began to grow.

  • The rebuilt Berlin Palace in 2022 Berlin’s 2001 administrative reform merged several boroughs, reducing their number from 23 to 12.

  • Architecture[edit] Main article: Architecture of Berlin Further information: List of sights in Berlin and List of tallest buildings in Berlin Panorama of the Gendarmenmarkt,
    showing the Konzerthaus Berlin, flanked by the German Church (left) and French Church (right) The Berlin Cathedral at Museum Island The TV Tower (Berliner Fernsehturm) The Fernsehturm (TV tower) at Alexanderplatz in Mitte is among the tallest
    structures in the European Union at 368 m (1,207 ft).

  • [75] Substantial parts of present-day Berlin extend onto the low plateaus on both sides of the Spree Valley.

  • Berlin’s urban area, which has a population of around 4.5 million, is the second most populous urban area in Germany after the Ruhr.

  • [54] NSDAP rule diminished Berlin’s Jewish community from 160,000 (one-third of all Jews in the country) to about 80,000 due to emigration between 1933 and 1939.

  • [50] In 1871, Berlin became capital of the newly founded German Empire.

  • [38] Berlin-Cölln, however, had to give up its status as a free Hanseatic city.

  • [11] Berlin’s second-largest and most popular park, the Großer Tiergarten, is located right in the center of the city.

  • Following German reunification in 1990, Berlin once again became the capital of all of Germany.

  • It was remodeled by British architect Norman Foster in the 1990s and features a glass dome over the session area, which allows free public access to the parliamentary proceedings
    and magnificent views of the city.

  • In 1861, neighboring suburbs including Wedding, Moabit and several others were incorporated into Berlin.

  • Furthermore, Berlin is classified as a temperate continental climate (Dc) under the Trewartha climate scheme, as well as the suburbs of New York City, although the Köppen
    system puts them in different types.

  • The West German government established itself in Bonn.

  • Berlin in ruins after World War II (Potsdamer Platz, 1945) During World War II, large parts of Berlin were destroyed during 1943–45 Allied air raids and the 1945 Battle of
    Berlin.

  • [24] Other landmarks include the Brandenburg Gate, Reichstag building, Potsdamer Platz, Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, Berlin Wall Memorial, East Side Gallery, Berlin
    Victory Column, Berlin Cathedral, and Berlin Television Tower, the tallest structure in Germany.

  • The Kurfürstendamm is home to some of Berlin’s luxurious stores with the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church at its eastern end on Breitscheidplatz.

  • On 3 October 1990, the two parts of Germany were reunified as the Federal Republic of Germany, and Berlin again became a reunified city.

  • The church was destroyed in the Second World War and left in ruins.

  • [3] The Berlin-Brandenburg capital region has around 6.2 million inhabitants and is Germany’s third-largest metropolitan region after the Rhine-Ruhr and Rhine-Main regions.

  • [47] Following France’s victory in the War of the Fourth Coalition, Napoleon Bonaparte marched into Berlin in 1806, but granted self-government to the city.

  • The founding of the two German states increased Cold War tensions.

  • [74] Though Berlin voted in favor by a small margin, largely based on support in former West Berlin, Brandenburg voters disapproved of the fusion by a large margin.

  • It is the largest remaining evidence of the city’s historical division.

 

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[‘Prefixes for vehicle registration were introduced in 1906, but often changed due to the political changes after 1945. Vehicles were registered under the following prefixes: “I A” (1906 – April 1945; devalidated on 11 August 1945); no prefix, only digits
(from July to August 1945), “БГ” (=BG; 1945–46, for cars, trucks and busses), “ГФ” (=GF; 1945–46, for cars, trucks and busses), “БM” (=BM; 1945–47, for motor bikes), “ГM” (=GM; 1945–47, for motor bikes), “KB” (i.e.: Kommandatura of Berlin; for all
of Berlin 1947–48, continued for West Berlin until 1956), “GB” (i.e.: Greater Berlin, for East Berlin 1948–53), “I” (for East Berlin, 1953–90), “B” (for West Berlin from 1 July 1956, continued for all of Berlin since 1990).
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