cardiff

 

  • County town of Glamorganshire[edit] View of Caerdiffe Castle Cardiff old town hall (1860) In 1536, the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542 led to the creation of Glamorganshire and
    Cardiff was made the county town, it also became part of Kibbor hundred,[39] around the same time the Herberts became the most powerful family in the area.

  • By the end of the 13th century, Cardiff was the only town in Wales with a population exceeding 2,000, although it remained relatively small compared with notable towns in
    England and continued to be contained within its walls, which were begun as a wooden palisade in the early 12th century.

  • It forms a principal area, officially known as the City and County of Cardiff (Welsh: Dinas a Sir Caerdydd), and the city is the eleventh-largest in the United Kingdom.

  • [20][21][22][23] Front wall of Cardiff Castle part of the original Roman fort beneath the red stones Until the Roman conquest of Britain, Cardiff was part of the territory
    of the Silures – a Celtic British tribe that flourished in the Iron Age – whose territory included the areas that would become known as Breconshire, Monmouthshire and Glamorgan.

  • [121] The Welsh language became grouped around a small cluster of chapels and churches, the most notable of which is Tabernacl in the city centre, one of four UK churches
    chosen to hold official services to commemorate the new millennium.

  • Although the city hosted the Commonwealth Games in 1958, Cardiff only became a centre of national administration with the establishment of the Welsh Office in 1964, which
    later prompted the creation of various other public bodies such as the Arts Council of Wales and the Welsh Development Agency, most of which were based in Cardiff.

  • His statue was erected in Cardiff Town Hall in the early 20th century, reflecting the complex, often conflicting cultural identity of Cardiff as capital of Wales.

  • [120] As late as 1850, five of the 12 Anglican churches within the current city boundaries conducted their services exclusively in Welsh, while only two worshipped exclusively
    in English.

  • Later, more national institutions came to the city, including the National Museum of Wales, the Welsh National War Memorial, and the University of Wales Registry Building,
    but it was denied the National Library of Wales, partly because the library’s founder, Sir John Williams, considered Cardiff to have “a non-Welsh population”.

  • [82] The inner-city areas to the south of the A4161 road, known as the “Southern Arc”, are with the exception of Cardiff Bay some of the poorest districts of Wales, with low
    levels of economic activity.

  • [124] Cardiff City Council adopted a five-year Welsh-language strategy in 2017, aimed at increasing the number of Welsh speakers (aged 3+) in Cardiff by 15.9%, from 36,735
    in 2011 to 42,584 residents by the 2021 Census.

  • [88] Since 2000, there has been a marked change of scale and building height in Cardiff, with the development of the city centre’s first purpose-built high-rise apartments.

  • [46] The city also strengthened its industrial base when the owners of the Dowlais Ironworks in Merthyr (who would later form part of Guest, Keen and Nettlefolds) built a
    steelworks close to the docks at East Moors, which Lord Bute opened on 4 February 1891.

  • [34] A writer in this period noted: “The River Taff runs under the walls of his honours castle and from the north part of the town to the south part where there is a fair
    quay and a safe harbour for shipping.

  • However, it recovered to become one of the few cities outside London where population grew in the 1990s.

  • Redevelopment in the city’s historic Cardiff Bay area The East Moors Steelworks closed in 1978 and Cardiff lost population in the 1980s,[57] consistent with a wider pattern
    of counter-urbanisation in Britain.

  • Iolo Morganwg called it “an obscure and inconsiderable place” and the 1801 census found a population of only 1,870, making it only the 25th largest town in Wales, well behind
    Merthyr and Swansea.

  • Work continues at Cardiff Bay and in the centre, on projects such as Cardiff International Sports Village, BBC drama village,[10] and a new business district.

  • [107][108] The Welsh Government’s official mid-year estimate of the population of the Cardiff local authority area in 2019 was 366,903.

  • [60][61] The relative lack of local support for the Assembly and difficulties between the Welsh Office and Cardiff Council in acquiring the originally preferred venue, Cardiff
    City Hall, encouraged other local authorities to bid to house the Assembly.

  • Much of this was due to migration from within and outside Wales: in 1841, a quarter of Cardiff’s population were English-born and more than 10 per cent born in Ireland.

  • Cardiff has an ethnically diverse population due to past trading connections, post-war immigration and large numbers of foreign students who attend university in the city.

  • [104] The Cardiff Larger Urban Zone (a Eurostat definition including the Vale of Glamorgan and a number of local authorities in the Valleys) has 841,600 people, the 10th largest
    LUZ in the UK.

  • [131] Likewise, the Jewish population appears to have fallen – there are two synagogues in Cardiff, one in Cyncoed and one in Moira Terrace, as opposed to seven at the turn
    of the 20th century.

  • [52] City and capital city status[edit] National Museum of Wales, Cardiff King Edward VII granted Cardiff city status on 28 October 1905.

  • [31] Cardiff Castle has been at the heart of the city ever since.

  • [34] Besides serving an important political role in the governance of the fertile south Glamorgan coastal plain, Cardiff was a busy port in the Middle Ages and declared a
    staple port in 1327.

  • [58] During this period the Cardiff Bay Development Corporation was promoting the redevelopment of south Cardiff; an evaluation of the regeneration of Cardiff Bay published
    in 2004 concluded that the project had “reinforced the competitive position of Cardiff” and “contributed to a massive improvement in the quality of the built environment, although it had “failed “to attract the major inward investors originally
    anticipated.

  • [24] The 3.2 ha (8-acre) fort established by the Romans near the mouth of the River Taff in AD 75, in what would become the north western boundary of the centre of Cardiff,
    was built over an extensive settlement that had been established by the Romans in the 50s AD.

  • [5] A small town until the early 19th century, its prominence as a port for coal when mining began in the region helped its expansion.

  • Cardiff is divided into communities, several with their own community council and the rest governed directly by Cardiff City Council.

  • Since local government reorganisation in 1996, Cardiff has been governed by the City and County Council of Cardiff, based at County Hall in Atlantic Wharf, Cardiff Bay.

  • [103] The British Council has an office in the city centre and there are six accredited schools in the area.

  • The Welsh Government is headquartered in Cardiff’s Cathays Park, where most of its civil servants are based, with smaller numbers in other central locations: Cathays, Canton,
    and Cardiff Bay.

  • The Encyclopedia of Wales notes that the decision to recognise the city as the capital of Wales “had more to do with the fact that it contained marginal Conservative constituencies
    than any reasoned view of what functions a Welsh capital should have.”

  • [122] Aided by Welsh-medium education and migration from other parts of Wales, there are now many more Welsh speakers: their numbers doubled between the 1991 and 2011 censuses,
    from 18,071 (6.6%) to 36,735 (11.1%) residents aged three years and above.

  • [33] Cardiff had a population of between 1,500 and 2,000 in the Middle Ages – a normal size for a Welsh town in the period.

  • [42] John Speed’s map of Cardiff from 1610 A disastrous flood in the Bristol Channel on 30 January 1607 (now believed to have been a tidal wave)[43] changed the course of
    the River Taff and ruined St Mary’s Parish Church, which was replaced by a chapel of ease dedicated to St John the Baptist.

  • [123] The LSOA (Lower Layer Super Output Area) with the highest percentage of Welsh speakers in the city centre is found in Canton, at 25.5%.

  • [105] The Cardiff and South Wales Valleys metropolitan area has a population of nearly 1.1 million.

  • [109] At the 2011, census the official population of the Cardiff Built Up Area (BUA) was put at 447,287.

  • Its location influenced its development as the world’s largest coal port, notably its proximity and easy access to the coalfields of the South Wales Valleys.

  • [103] According to 2001 census data, Cardiff was the 21st largest urban area.

  • Despite these improvements, Cardiff’s position in the Welsh urban hierarchy declined over the 18th century.

  • Welsh was the majority language in Cardiff from the 13th century until the city’s explosive growth in the Victorian era.

  • The city council published two articles arguing that the 2001 census seriously under-reported the population of Cardiff, and in particular the ethnic minority population of
    some inner city areas.

  • [49] Cardiff’s status as the premier town in South Wales was confirmed when it was chosen as the site for the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire in 1883.

  • St. David’s Hospital, the city’s newest hospital, built behind the former building, is located in Canton and provides services for the elderly and children.

  • Cardiff is the main commercial centre of Wales as well as the base for the Senedd.

  • The fort may have been abandoned in the early 2nd century as the area had been subdued.

  • [14][15][16][17][18] These include the St Lythans burial chamber near Wenvoe, (approximately four miles or six km west of Cardiff city centre); the Tinkinswood burial chamber,
    near St. Nicholas (about six miles or ten km west of Cardiff city centre), the Cae’rarfau Chambered Tomb, Creigiau (about six miles or ten km northwest of Cardiff city centre) and the Gwern y Cleppa long barrow, near Coedkernew, Newport (about
    eight miles or thirteen km northeast of Cardiff city centre).

  • [33] A twice-weekly boat service between Cardiff and Bristol opened in 1815,[45] and in 1821, the Cardiff Gas Works was established.

  • The last four are largely public housing stock, although much new private housing is being built in Trowbridge.

  • In the absence of Roman rule, Wales was divided into small kingdoms; early on, Meurig ap Tewdrig emerged as the local king in Glywysing (which later became Glamorgan).

  • [13] History Origins[edit] Archaeological evidence from sites in and around Cardiff show that people had settled in the area by at least around 6000 BC, during the early Neolithic;
    about 1,500 years before either Stonehenge or the Great Pyramid of Giza was completed.

  • A town grew up under the castle, consisting mainly of settlers from England.

  • [55] Welsh local authorities had been divided: only 76 out of 161 chose Cardiff in a 1924 poll organised by the South Wales Daily News.

  • Since 1916, Cardiff has been the seat of a Catholic archbishop, but there appears to have been a fall in the estimated Catholic population, with numbers in 2006 around 25,000
    fewer than in 1980.

  • Penylan, to the north east of Roath Park, is an affluent area popular with older parents and the retired.

  • [102] Between mid-2007 and mid-2008, Cardiff was the fastest-growing local authority in Wales, with growth of 1.2%.

  • Cardiff Built-up Area covers a larger area outside the county boundary, including the towns of Dinas Powys and Penarth.

  • A group of five Bronze Age tumuli is at the summit of the Garth, within the county’s northern boundary.

  • [30] Norman occupation and Middle Ages[edit] The Norman keep In 1081 William I, King of England, began work on the castle keep within the walls of the old Roman fort.

  • [62][63] However, the Assembly was eventually located at Tŷ Hywel in Cardiff Bay in 1999.

  • [89] Tall buildings have been built in the city centre and Cardiff Bay, and more are planned.

  • [114][115] Health[edit] Main article: Cardiff and Vale University Health Board University Hospital of Wales There are seven NHS hospitals in the city, the largest being the
    University Hospital of Wales, which is the third largest hospital in the UK and deals with most accidents and emergencies.

  • [86] In 2017, plans were approved for a new suburb of 7,000 homes between Radyr and St Fagans, known as Plasdŵr.

  • [66] Local government[edit] Cardiff Council buildings City Hall County Hall, the head office Between 1889 and 1974 Cardiff was a county borough governed by Cardiff County
    Borough Council (known as Cardiff City Council after 1905).

  • All of the city’s electors have an extra vote for the South Wales Central regional members; this system increases proportionality to the Senedd.

  • This diversity, especially that of the city’s long-established African[112] and Arab[113] communities, has been celebrated in cultural exhibitions and events, along with a
    number of books published on this subject.

  • The city was recognised as the capital city of Wales on 20 December 1955, in a written reply by the Home Secretary, Gwilym Lloyd George.

  • The highest point in the local authority area is Garth Hill, 307 m (1,007 ft) above sea level.

 

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