central intelligence agency

 

  • The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA /ˌsiː.aɪˈeɪ/), known informally as the Agency[6] and historically as the Company,[7] is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the
    federal government of the United States, officially tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT) and performing covert actions.

  • Truman wanted a centralized group to organize the information that reached him,[69][70] the Department of Defense wanted military intelligence and covert action, and the State
    Department wanted to create global political change favorable to the US.

  • [52] History Main article: History of the Central Intelligence Agency The 113 stars on the CIA Memorial Wall in the original CIA headquarters, each representing a CIA officer
    killed in action The Central Intelligence Agency was created on July 26, 1947, when Harry S. Truman signed the National Security Act into law.

  • [83] When China entered the war in 1950, the CIA attempted a number of subversive operations in the country, all of which failed due to the presence of double agents.

  • President Harry S. Truman had created the Central Intelligence Group under the direction of a Director of Central Intelligence by presidential directive on January 22, 1946,[8]
    and this group was transformed into the Central Intelligence Agency by implementation of the National Security Act of 1947.

  • [53] Immediate predecessors The success of the British Commandos during World War II prompted U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to authorize the creation of an intelligence
    service modeled after the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), and Special Operations Executive.

  • As a principal member of the United States Intelligence Community (IC), the CIA reports to the Director of National Intelligence and is primarily focused on providing intelligence
    for the President and Cabinet of the United States.

  • “[72] On June 18, 1948, the National Security Council issued Directive 10/2[73] calling for covert action against the USSR,[74] and granting the authority to carry out covert
    operations against “hostile foreign states or groups” that could, if needed, be denied by the U.S. government.

  • [citation needed] U.S. agencies CIA employees form part of the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) workforce, created as a joint office of the CIA and US Air Force to operate
    the spy satellites of the US military.

  • One of the main targets for intelligence gathering was the Soviet Union, which had also been a priority of the CIA’s predecessors.

  • This Directorate was created in an attempt to end years of rivalry over influence, philosophy, and budget between the United States Department of Defense (DOD) and the CIA.

  • [55][56][57] Despite opposition from the military establishment, the United States Department of State and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI),[58] Truman established
    the National Intelligence Authority[59] in January 1946.

  • [106] The CIA decided to attempt another military coup in Indonesia, where the Indonesian military was trained by the US, had a strong professional relationship with the US
    military, had a pro-American officer corps that strongly supported their government, and a strong belief in civilian control of the military, instilled partly by its close association with the US military.

  • [3] Under the Central Intelligence Agency Act of 1949, the Director of Central Intelligence is the only federal government employee who can spend “un-vouchered” government
    money.

  • [46] There have been accidental disclosures; for instance, Mary Margaret Graham, a former CIA official and deputy director of national intelligence for collection in 2005,
    said that the annual intelligence budget was $44 billion,[47] and in 1994 Congress accidentally published a budget of $43.4 billion (in 2012 dollars) in 1994 for the non-military National Intelligence Program, including $4.8 billion for the
    CIA.

  • The first public mention of the “Central Intelligence Agency” appeared on a command-restructuring proposal presented by Jim Forrestal and Arthur Radford to the U.S. Senate
    Military Affairs Committee at the end of 1945.

  • To this end, the Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) was created inside the new CIA.

  • Unlike the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which is a domestic security service, the CIA has no law enforcement function and is officially mainly focused on overseas
    intelligence gathering, with only limited domestic intelligence collection.

  • [66][67] Intelligence vs. action At the outset of the Korean War the CIA still only had a few thousand employees, around one thousand of whom worked in analysis.

  • This led to the creation of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) established by a Presidential military order issued by President Roosevelt on June 13, 1942.

  • “The director has challenged his workforce, the rest of the intelligence community, and the nation to consider how we conduct the business of intelligence in a world that
    is profoundly different from 1947 when the CIA was founded,” Schiff said.

  • [20][21] Directorate of Analysis The Directorate of Analysis, through much of its history known as the Directorate of Intelligence (DI), is tasked with helping “the President
    and other policymakers make informed decisions about our country’s national security” by looking “at all the available information on an issue and organiz[ing] it for policymakers”.

  • [18] The Executive Office also supports the U.S. military by providing it with information it gathers, receiving information from military intelligence organizations, and
    cooperates with field activities.

  • [69][70][71] The United States Air Force general Hoyt Vandenberg, the CIG’s second director, created the Office of Special Operations (OSO), as well as the Office of Reports
    and Estimates (ORE).

  • [citation needed] The CIA was instrumental in the establishment of intelligence services in several U.S. allied countries, including Germany’s BND.

  • [50] An indication of the United States’ close operational cooperation is the creation of a new message distribution label within the main U.S. military communications network.

  • A portion of the enormous M-fund, established by the U.S. government during the post-war period for reconstruction of Japan, was secretly steered to the CIA.

  • The change in leadership took place shortly after the invasion of South Korea, as the lack of a clear warning to the President and National Security Council about the impending
    North Korean invasion was seen as a grave failure of Intelligence.

  • Foreign intelligence services The role and functions of the CIA are roughly equivalent to those of Germany’s Federal Intelligence Service (BND), the United Kingdom’s Secret
    Intelligence Service (the SIS or MI6), the Australian Secret Intelligence Service (ASIS), the French foreign intelligence service Direction générale de la Sécurité extérieure (DGSE), the Russian Foreign Intelligence Service (Sluzhba Vneshney
    Razvedki, SVR), the Chinese Ministry of State Security (MSS), the Indian Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), the Egyptian General Intelligence Service, Israel’s Mossad, and South Korea’s National
    Intelligence Service (NIS).

  • [86] On August 16, his new inner military circle protected a CIA paid mob led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini would spark what a US embassy officer called “an almost spontaneous
    revolution”[87] but Mosaddegh, and the CIA had been unable to gain influence within the Iranian military.

  • [34][22] CIA University holds between 200 and 300 courses each year, training both new hires and experienced intelligence officers, as well as CIA support staff.

  • Intelligence primarily came from the Office of Reports and Estimates, which drew its reports from a daily take of State Department telegrams, military dispatches, and other
    public documents.

  • [3] One of its largest divisions, the Information Operations Center (IOC), has officially shifted focus from counter-terrorism to offensive cyber-operations.

  • The Special Collections Service is a joint CIA and National Security Agency (NSA) office that conducts clandestine electronic surveillance in embassies and hostile territory
    throughout the world.

  • It has also provided support to many foreign political groups and governments, including planning, coordinating, training in torture, and technical support.

  • [84] These included a team of young CIA officers airdropped into China who were ambushed, and CIA funds being used to set up a global heroin empire in Burma’s Golden Triangle
    following a betrayal by another double agent.

  • Becker returned to Washington, pronounced the situation to be “hopeless,” and that, after touring the CIA’s Far East operations, the CIA’s ability to gather intelligence in
    the far east was “almost negligible”.

  • Organizational structure Main article: Organizational structure of the Central Intelligence Agency The CIA has an executive office and five major directorates: • The Directorate
    of Digital Innovation • The Directorate of Analysis • The Directorate of Operations • The Directorate of Support • The Directorate of Science and Technology Executive Office The Director of the Central Intelligence Agency (D/CIA) is appointed
    by the President with Senate confirmation and reports directly to the Director of National Intelligence (DNI); in practice, the CIA director interfaces with the Director of National Intelligence (DNI), Congress, and the White House, while
    the deputy director (DD/CIA) is the internal executive of the CIA and the Chief Operating Officer (COO/CIA), known as executive director until 2017, leads the day-to-day work[15] as the third highest post of the CIA.

  • [11] The CIA was also instrumental in establishing intelligence services in several U.S. allied countries, such as Germany’s BND.

  • [54] Army Intelligence agent Colonel Sidney Mashbir and Commander Ellis M. Zacharias worked together for four months at the direction of Fleet Admiral Joseph Ernest King,
    and prepared the first draft and implementing directives for the creation of what would become the Central Intelligence Agency.

  • [49] Relationship with other intelligence agencies The CIA acts as the primary US HUMINT and general analytic agency, under the Director of National Intelligence, who directs
    or coordinates the 16 member organizations of the United States Intelligence Community.

  • [19] The associate director of military affairs, a senior military officer, manages the relationship between the CIA and the Unified Combatant Commands, who produce and deliver
    to the CIA regional/operational intelligence and consume national intelligence produced by the CIA.

  • Its operational extension was known as the Central Intelligence Group (CIG),[60] which was the direct predecessor of the CIA.

  • [16] The deputy director is formally appointed by the director without Senate confirmation,[16][17] but as the president’s opinion plays a great role in the decision,[17]
    the deputy director is generally considered a political position, making the chief operating officer the most senior non-political position for CIA career officers.

  • The facility was established in 1951 and has been used by the CIA since at least 1955.

  • [80] Korean War See also: History of the Central Intelligence Agency § Korean War At the beginning of the Korean War, CIA officer Hans Tofte claimed to have turned a thousand
    North Korean expatriates into a guerrilla force tasked with infiltration, guerrilla warfare, and pilot rescue.

  • Many of its innovations were transferred to other intelligence organizations, or, as they became more overt, to the military services.

  • [61] National Security Act Lawrence Houston, head counsel of the SSU, CIG, and, later CIA, was principal draftsman of the National Security Act of 1947,[62][63][64] which
    dissolved the NIA and the CIG, and established both the National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency.

  • A DS&T organization analyzed imagery intelligence collected by the U-2 and reconnaissance satellites called the National Photointerpretation Center (NPIC), which had analysts
    from both the CIA and the military services.

  • [93][99][100][101][102][103] Syria Main article: CIA activities in Syria President Kennedy presents the National Security Medal to Allen Dulles, November 28, 1961 In 1949,
    Colonel Adib Shishakli rose to power in Syria in a CIA-backed coup.

  • [3] There were numerous previous attempts to obtain general information about the budget.

  • The U-2’s original mission was clandestine imagery intelligence over denied areas such as the Soviet Union.

  • The CIA and MI6 started funding right-wing members of the military but suffered a huge setback in the aftermath of the Suez Crisis.

  • Despite transferring some of its powers to the DNI, the CIA has grown in size as a response to the September 11 attacks.

  • Seoul station chief Albert Haney would openly celebrate the capabilities of those agents, and the information they sent.

  • [91] The plan was exposed in major newspapers before it happened after a CIA agent left plans for the coup in his Guatemala City hotel room.

  • [29] Before the establishment of the new digital directorate, offensive cyber operations were undertaken by the CIA’s Information Operations Center.

  • On September 20, 1945, shortly after the end of World War II, Harry S. Truman signed an executive order dissolving the OSS, and by October 1945 its functions had been divided
    between the Departments of State and War.

  • In spite of this, the Department of Defense recently organized its own global clandestine intelligence service, the Defense Clandestine Service (DCS),[24] under the Defense
    Intelligence Agency (DIA).

  • The weapons had also come from the CIA.

  • Air Force Colonel James Kallis stated that CIA director Allen Dulles continued to praise the CIA’s Korean force, despite knowing that they were under enemy control.

  • [22] The Directorate has four regional analytic groups, six groups for transnational issues, and three that focus on policy, collection, and staff support.

  • [78] CIA director Allen Dulles on the cover of Time magazine, 1953 However, the CIA was successful in influencing the 1948 Italian election in favor of the Christian Democrats.

  • Vandenberg’s goals were much like the ones set out by his predecessor; finding out “everything about the Soviet forces in Eastern and Central Europe – their movements, their
    capabilities, and their intentions.

  • Thus the two areas of responsibility for the CIA were covert action and covert intelligence.

  • [51] Ireland’s Directorate of Military Intelligence liaises with the CIA, although it is not a member of the Five Eyes.

 

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108. ^ Weiner 2007, p. 170.
109. ^ Weiner 2007, p. 148.
110. ^ Roadnight, Andrew (2002). United States Policy towards Indonesia in the Truman and Eisenhower Years. New
York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-333-79315-2.
111. ^ Weiner 2007, p. 153.
112. ^ Weiner 2007, p. 154.
113. ^ Weiner 2007, p. 163.
114. ^ Jump up to:a b c Weiner, Tim (2007). Legacy of ashes: The history of the CIA (1st ed.). New
York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-51445-3.
115. ^ Weiner 2007, p. 172.
116. ^ Snow, Anita (June 27, 2007). “CIA Plot to Kill Castro Detailed”. The Washington Post. Washington, DC. AP. Archived from the original on September 10, 2021. Retrieved April
17, 2018.
117. ^ Weiner 2007, p. 161.
118. ^ Domínguez, Jorge I. (April 2000). “The @#$%& Missile Crisis” (PDF). Diplomatic History. Oxford/Malden: Blackwell Publishers/Oxford University Press. 24 (2): 305–316. doi:10.1111/0145-2096.00214. Archived
(PDF) from the original on September 7, 2020. Retrieved September 6, 2019. On the afternoon of 16 October… Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy convened in his office a meeting on Operation Mongoose, the code name for a U.S. policy of sabotage and
related covert operation aimed at Cuba… The Kennedy administration returned to its policy of sponsoring terrorism against Cuba as the confrontation with the Soviet Union lessened… Only once in these nearly thousand pages of documentation did a
U.S. official raise something that resembled a faint moral objection to U.S.-government sponsored terrorism.
119. ^ Jump up to:a b Schoultz, Lars (2009). “State Sponsored Terrorism”. That infernal little Cuban republic: the United States and the
Cuban Revolution. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 170–211. ISBN 9780807888605. Archived from the original on August 15, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2020. What more could be done? How about a program of sabotage focused on blowing
up “such targets as refineries, power plants, micro wave stations, radio and TV installations, strategic highway bridges and railroad facilities, military and naval installations and equipment, certain industrial plants and sugar refineries.” The
CIA proposed just that approach a month after the Bay of Pigs, and the State Department endorsed the proposal… In early November, six months after the Bay of Pigs, JFK authorized the CIA’s “Program of Covert Action”, now dubbed Operation Mongoose,
and named Lansdale its chief of operations. A few days later, President Kennedy told a Seattle audience, “We cannot, as a free nation, compete with our adversaries in tactics of terror, assassination, false promises, counterfeit mobs and crises.”
Perhaps – but the Mongoose decision indicated that he was willing to try.
120. ^ Prados, John; Jimenez-Bacardi, Arturo, eds. (October 3, 2019). Kennedy and Cuba: Operation Mongoose. National Security Archive (Report). Washington, D.C.: The George
Washington University. Archived from the original on November 2, 2019. Retrieved April 3, 2020. The memorandum showed no concern for international law or the unspoken nature of these operations as terrorist attacks.
121. ^ Lansdale, Edward (January
18, 1962). Smith, Louis J. (ed.). Program Review by the Chief of Operations, Operation Mongoose. Foreign Relations of the United States (Report). 1961–1963. Vol. X, Cuba. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. Archived from the
original on October 12, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2020.
122. ^ Jump up to:a b Franklin, Jane (2016). Cuba and the U.S. empire: a chronological history. New York: New York University Press. pp. 45–63, 388–392, et passim. ISBN 9781583676059. Archived
from the original on October 19, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
123. ^ Jump up to:a b Erlich, Reese (2008). Dateline Havana: the real story of U.S. policy and the future of Cuba. Abingdon/New York: Routledge. pp. 26–29. ISBN 9781317261605. Archived
from the original on October 20, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020. Officially, the United States favored only peaceful means to pressure Cuba. In reality, U.S. leaders also used violent, terrorist tactics… Operation Mongoose began in November 1961…
U.S. operatives attacked civilian targets, including sugar refineries, saw mills, and molasses storage tanks. Some 400 CIA officers worked on the project in Washington and Miami… Operation Mongoose and various other terrorist operations caused property
damage and injured and killed Cubans. But they failed to achieve their goal of regime change.
124. ^ Brenner, Philip (2002). “Turning History on its Head”. National Security Archive. Washington, D.C.: The George Washington University. Archived from
the original on August 24, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2020. ..in October 1962 the United States was waging a war against Cuba that involved several assassination attempts against the Cuban leader, terrorist acts against Cuban civilians, and sabotage
of Cuban factories.
125. ^ Stepick, Alex; Stepick, Carol Dutton (2002). “Power and Identity”. In Suárez-Orozco, Marcelo M.; Páez, Mariela M. (eds.). Latinos: Remaking America. Berkeley/London: University of California Press, Harvard University Center
for Latin American Studies. pp. 75–81. ISBN 978-0520258273. Archived from the original on June 9, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020. Through the 1960s, the private University of Miami had the largest Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) station in the
world, outside of the organization’s headquarters in Virginia. With perhaps as many as twelve thousand Cubans in Miami on its payroll at one point in the early 1960s, the CIA was one of the largest employers in the state of Florida. It supported
what was described as the third largest navy in the world and over fifty front businesses: CIA boat shops, gun shops, travel agencies, detective agencies, and real estate agencies
126. ^ Bohning, Don (2005). The Castro obsession: U.S. covert operations
against Cuba, 1959-1965 (1st ed.). Washington, D.C.: University of Nebraska Press/Potomac Books. pp. 1, 84. ISBN 9781574886757. Archived from the original on October 25, 2020. Retrieved February 2, 2020. By the end of 1962 the CIA station at an abandoned
Navy air facility south of Miami had become the largest in the world outside its Langley, Virginia headquarters… Eventually some four hundred clandestine service officers toiled there… Additional CIA officers worked the Cuba account at Langley
and elsewhere.
127. ^ Miller, Nicola (2002). “The Real Gap in the Cuban Missile Crisis: The Post-Cold-War Historiography and Continued Omission of Cuba”. In Carter, Dale; Clifton, Robin (eds.). War and Cold War in American foreign policy, 1942–62.
Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 211–237. doi:10.1057/9781403913852. ISBN 9781403913852. Archived from the original on August 29, 2022. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
128. ^ Jump up to:a b Brenner, Philip (March 1990). “Cuba and the Missile Crisis”.
Journal of Latin American Studies. Cambridge University Press. 22 (1–2): 115–142. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00015133. S2CID 145075193. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 7, 2020. Retrieved September 2, 2019. While Operation Mongoose was discontinued
early in 1963, terrorist actions were reauthorised by the president. In October 1963, 13 major CIA actions against Cuba were approved for the next two months alone, including the sabotage of an electric power plant, a sugar mill and an oil refinery.
Authorised CIA raids continued at least until 1965.
129. ^ Garthoff, Raymond (2011). Reflections on the Cuban Missile Crisis. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. p. 144. ISBN 9780815717393. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020.
Retrieved February 2, 2020. One of Nixon’s first acts in office in 1969 was to direct the CIA to intensify covert operations against Cuba
130. ^ Jump up to:a b c “Cuba ‘plane bomber’ was CIA agent”. BBC News. BBC. May 11, 2005. Archived from
the original on February 22, 2006. Retrieved September 7, 2020. The documents, released by George Washington University’s National Security Archive, show that Mr Posada, now in his 70s, was on the CIA payroll from the 1960s until mid-1976.
131. ^
Jump up to:a b Weiner, Tim (May 9, 2005). “Cuban Exile Could Test U.S. Definition of Terrorist”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 15, 2015. Retrieved September 8, 2019.
132. ^ Jump up to:a b c Kornbluh, Peter; White, Yvette,
eds. (October 5, 2006). Bombing of Cuban Jetliner 30 Years Later. National Security Archive (Report). Washington, D.C.: The George Washington University. Archived from the original on August 24, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2020. Among the documents posted
is an annotated list of four volumes of still-secret records on Posada’s career with the CIA, his acts of violence, and his suspected involvement in the bombing of Cubana flight 455 on October 6, 1976, which took the lives of all 73 people on board,
many of them teenagers.
133. ^ Bardach, Ann Louise (2002). Cuba Confidential: Love and Vengeance in Miami and Havana. Random House. pp. 184–186. ISBN 978-0-375-50489-1.
134. ^ “The Role of Intelligence” (1965). Congress and the Nation. p. 306
135. ^
Leary, William M. (April 14, 2007). “CIA Air Operations in Laos, 1955-1974: Supporting the ‘Secret War'”. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on July 11, 2007.
136. ^ Schecter, Jerrold L; Deriabin, Peter S; Penkovskij, Oleg
Vladimirovic (1992). The Spy Who Saved the World: How a Soviet Colonel Changed the Course of the Cold War. New York City: Charles Scribner’s Sons. ISBN 978-0-684-19068-6. OCLC 909016158.
“Nonfiction Book Review: The Spy Who Saved the World: How
a Soviet Colonel Changed the Course of the Cold War by Jerrold L. Schecter, Author, Peter S. Deriabin, With Scribner Book Company $25 (0p) ISBN 978-0-684-19068-6”. Publishers Weekly. March 1992. Archived from the original on May 23, 2021. Retrieved
May 22, 2021.
137. ^ Gibbs, David N. (1995). “Let Us Forget Unpleasant Memories: The US State Department’s Analysis of the Congo Crisis”. Journal of Modern African Studies. 33 (1): 175–180. doi:10.1017/s0022278x0002098x. JSTOR 161559. S2CID 154887256.
There seems little doubt that the Congo was targeted by one of the most extensive covert operations in the history of the CIA, and its significance has been noted repeatedly by former officers, as well as by scholars. Americans in both the CIA station
and the embassy directly intervened in Congolese affairs, bribing parliamentarians, setting up select units of the military, and promoting the career of General Mobutu. In addition to any assassination plots, it is well documented that the United
States played an essential role in two efforts to overthrow Lumumba, both in September 1960….
138. ^ Gordon, Lincoln (March 27, 1964). “Top Secret Cable from Rio de Janeiro” (PDF). NSA Archives. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 22, 2019.
Retrieved May 4, 2019.
139. ^ Patti, Archimedes L. A. (1980). Why Viet Nam?: Prelude to America’s albatross. University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-04156-9.
140. ^ “Status Report on Tibetan Operations”. Office of the Historian. January 26,
1968. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
141. ^ Adams, Sam (1994). War of Numbers: An Intelligence Memoir. Steerforth Press. ISBN 1-883642-23-X.
142. ^ Weiner 2007, p. 213.
143. ^ Weiner 2007, p. 237.
144. ^
Weiner 2007, p. 285.
145. ^ Weiner 2007, p. 248.
146. ^ Weiner 2007, p. 319.
147. ^ Weiner 2007, p. 321.
148. ^ Jump up to:a b Weiner 2007, p. 322.
149. ^ Weiner 2007, p. 323.
150. ^ Weiner Tim 2007A Legacy of Ashes: The History of the
CIA New York Doubleday p. 339
151. ^ Jump up to:a b c Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The ’70s. New York City: Basic Books. pp. 49–51. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
152. ^ Carl Colby (director) (September 2011). The Man Nobody Knew: In Search of My
Father, CIA Spymaster William Colby (Motion picture). New York City: Act 4 Entertainment. Archived from the original on April 9, 2019. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
153. ^ Weiner 2007, p. 347.
154. ^ Bronner, Michael (December 11, 2014). “Our
Man in Africa”. Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on April 16, 2017. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
155. ^ Bronner, Michael (July 3, 2013). “Former Chad leader Hissène Habré charged with crimes against humanity”. The Guardian. Archived from the
original on March 5, 2017. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
156. ^ Coll, Steve (2004). Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001. Penguin Group. p. 238. ISBN 9781594200076.
157. ^
Walsh, Declan (July 25, 2010). “Afghanistan war logs: US covered up fatal Taliban missile strike on Chinook”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on December 5, 2016. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
158. ^ Coll, Steve (2004). Ghost Wars: The Secret
History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001. Penguin Group. pp. 144–145. ISBN 9781594200076.
159. ^ “Story of US, CIA and Taliban”. The Brunei Times. 2009. Archived from the original on December
5, 2013. Retrieved December 16, 2013.
160. ^ West, Julian (September 23, 2001). “Pakistan’s ‘godfathers of the Taliban’ hold the key to hunt for bin Laden”. The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on January 10, 2022. Retrieved
April 9, 2011.
161. ^ Coll, Steve (2004). Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001. Penguin Group. pp. 233, 337–338. ISBN 9781594200076.
162. ^ Jump up to:a b Weiner
2007, p. 380.
163. ^ Weiner 2007, p. 397.
164. ^ Weiner 2007, p. 468.
165. ^ Davies, Richard T. (2004). “The CIA and the Polish Crisis of 1980–1981”. Journal of Cold War Studies. 6 (3): 120–123. doi:10.1162/1520397041447346. S2CID 57563775.
166. ^
Domber, Gregory F. (2008). Supporting the Revolution: America, Democracy, and the End of the Cold War in Poland, 1981–1989. p. 199. ISBN 9780549385165. Archived from the original on November 19, 2016. Retrieved April 17, 2016., revised as Domber 2014,
p. 110 Archived July 27, 2020, at the Wayback Machine.
167. ^ Domber, Gregory F. (August 28, 2014). “What Putin Misunderstands about American Power”. University of California Press Blog. University of North Carolina Press. Archived from the original
on September 2, 2014. Retrieved April 17, 2016.
168. ^ MacEachin, Douglas J. (June 28, 2008). “US Intelligence and the Polish Crisis 1980–1981”. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007.
169. ^ Bernstein, Carl (June
24, 2001). “The Holy Alliance”. Time. Archived from the original on September 5, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017 – via CarlBernstein.com.
170. ^ Sussman, Gerald (2010). Branding Democracy: U.S. Regime Change in Post-Soviet Eastern Europe. New York:
Peter Lang. p. 128. ISBN 978-1-43310-530-2.
171. ^ Arsanjani, Mahnoush H.; Cogan, Jacob Katz; Sloane, Robert D.; Wiessner, Siegfried, eds. (2011). Looking to the Future: Essays on International Law in Honor of W. Michael Reisman. Leiden & Boston:
Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 978-9-00417-361-3.
172. ^ Daugherty, William J. (2004). Executive Secrets: Covert Action and the Presidency. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. pp. 201–203. ISBN 978-0-81312-334-9.
173. ^ Thiel, Rainer (2010).
Nested Games of External Democracy Promotion: The United States and the Polish Liberalization 1980–1989. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. p. 273. ISBN 978-3-53117-769-4.
174. ^ Weiner 2007, p. 428.
175. ^ Weiner 2007, p. 429.
176. ^
Weiner 2007, p. 430.
177. ^ Jump up to:a b Weiner, Tim (2008). Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA. New York, NY: Anchor Books. p. 527.
178. ^ Weiner, Tim (2008). The Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA. New York, NY: Anchor Books. p.
546.
179. ^ Weiner, Tim (2008). The Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA. New York, NY: Anchor Books. p. 547.
180. ^ Weiner 2007, p. 459.
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184. ^ Weiner
2007, p. 448.
185. ^ Weiner 2007, p. 450.
186. ^ “FBI History: Photo credit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/jenny-pics/3627678863/’]