charles dickens

 

  • [55] The time in Hampstead was the occasion for a growing bond between Dickens and John Forster to develop; Forster soon became his unofficial business manager and the first
    to read his work.

  • After further fraudulent activities, Powell fled to New York and published a book called The Living Authors of England with a chapter on Charles Dickens, who was not amused
    by what Powell had written.

  • [23] Illustration by Fred Bernard of Dickens at work in a shoe-blacking factory after his father had been sent to the Marshalsea, published in the 1892 edition of Forster’s
    Life of Charles Dickens[24] This period came to an end in June 1822, when John Dickens was recalled to Navy Pay Office headquarters at Somerset House and the family (except for Charles, who stayed behind to finish his final term at school)
    moved to Camden Town in London.

  • This and David Copperfield (1849–50) mark a significant artistic break in Dickens’s career as his novels became more serious in theme and more carefully planned than his early
    works.

  • [44] William Barrow, Dickens’s uncle on his mother’s side, offered him a job on The Mirror of Parliament and he worked in the House of Commons for the first time early in
    1832.

  • [83] Philanthropy Dickens presiding over a charity meeting to discuss the future of the College of God’s Gift; from The Illustrated London News, March 1856 Angela Burdett
    Coutts, heir to the Coutts banking fortune, approached Dickens in May 1846 about setting up a home for the redemption of fallen women of the working class.

  • Oliver Twist, published in 1838, became one of Dickens’s better known stories and was the first Victorian novel with a child protagonist.

  • Dickens idealised Mary; the character he fashioned after her, Rose Maylie, he found he could not now kill, as he had planned, in his fiction,[60] and, according to Ackroyd,
    he drew on memories of her for his later descriptions of Little Nell and Florence Dombey.

  • [34] Righteous indignation stemming from his own situation and the conditions under which working-class people lived became major themes of his works, and it was this unhappy
    period in his youth to which he alluded in his favourite, and most autobiographical, novel, David Copperfield:[35] “I had no advice, no counsel, no encouragement, no consolation, no assistance, no support, of any kind, from anyone, that I
    can call to mind, as I hope to go to heaven!

  • Oliver Twist and Great Expectations are also frequently adapted and, like many of his novels, evoke images of early Victorian London.

  • A distant relative, Thomas Charlton, was a freelance reporter at Doctors’ Commons and Dickens was able to share his box there to report the legal proceedings for nearly four
    years.

  • [66] Master Humphrey’s Clock was shut down, though Dickens was still keen on the idea of the weekly magazine, a form he liked, an appreciation that had begun with his childhood
    reading of the 18th-century magazines Tatler and The Spectator.

  • The most famous celebrity of his era, he undertook, in response to public demand, a series of public reading tours in the later part of his career.

  • [80] Return to England Soon after his return to England, Dickens began work on the first of his Christmas stories, A Christmas Carol, written in 1843, which was followed by
    The Chimes in 1844 and The Cricket on the Hearth in 1845.

  • It had been carried out by Thomas Powell, a clerk, who was on friendly terms with Dickens and who had acted as mentor to Augustus when he started work.

  • His 1859 novel A Tale of Two Cities (set in London and Paris) is his best-known work of historical fiction.

  • Charles John Huffam Dickens (/ˈdɪkɪnz/; 7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was an English writer and social critic who created some of the world’s best-known fictional characters
    and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian era.

  • As the idea for the story took shape and the writing began in earnest, Dickens became engrossed in the book.

  • [92] Dickens authored a work called The Life of Our Lord (1846), a book about the life of Christ, written with the purpose of sharing his faith with his children and family.

  • [54] In 1836, as he finished the last instalments of The Pickwick Papers, he began writing the beginning instalments of Oliver Twist – writing as many as 90 pages a month
    – while continuing work on Bentley’s and also writing four plays, the production of which he oversaw.

  • His early life seems to have been idyllic, though he thought himself a “very small and not-over-particularly-taken-care-of boy”.

  • All these became his friends and collaborators, with the exception of Disraeli, and he met his first publisher, John Macrone, at the house.

  • During his American visit, Dickens spent a month in New York City, giving lectures, raising the question of international copyright laws and the pirating of his work in America.

  • After initially resisting, Dickens eventually founded the home, named Urania Cottage, in the Lime Grove area of Shepherd’s Bush, which he managed for ten years,[84] setting
    the house rules, reviewing the accounts and interviewing prospective residents.

  • He later wrote that he wondered “how I could have been so easily cast away at such an age”.

  • One item that seemed to have annoyed him was the assertion that he had based the character of Paul Dombey (Dombey and Son) on Thomas Chapman, one of the principal partners
    at John Chapman & Co. Dickens immediately sent a letter to Lewis Gaylord Clark, editor of the New York literary magazine The Knickerbocker, saying that Powell was a forger and thief.

  • Powell was also an author and poet and knew many of the famous writers of the day.

  • [64] Nicholas Nickleby (1838–39), The Old Curiosity Shop (1840–41) and, finally, his first historical novel, Barnaby Rudge: A Tale of the Riots of ‘Eighty, as part of the
    Master Humphrey’s Clock series (1840–41), were all published in monthly instalments before being made into books.

  • [44] On the impact of the character, The Paris Review stated, “arguably the most historic bump in English publishing is the Sam Weller Bump.

  • [31] As he recalled to John Forster (from Life of Charles Dickens): The blacking-warehouse was the last house on the left-hand side of the way, at old Hungerford Stairs.

  • [98][99] Middle years In December 1845, Dickens took up the editorship of the London-based Daily News, a liberal paper through which Dickens hoped to advocate, in his own
    words, “the Principles of Progress and Improvement, of Education and Civil and Religious Liberty and Equal Legislation.

  • Hogarth invited him to contribute Street Sketches and Dickens became a regular visitor to his Fulham house – excited by Hogarth’s friendship with Walter Scott (whom Dickens
    greatly admired) and enjoying the company of Hogarth’s three daughters: Georgina, Mary and 19-year-old Catherine.

  • It defined its own, a new one that we have learned to call “entertainment.

  • The resulting story became The Pickwick Papers and, although the first few episodes were not successful, the introduction of the Cockney character Sam Weller in the fourth
    episode (the first to be illustrated by Phiz) marked a sharp climb in its popularity.

  • Small audiences gathered and watched them at work – in Dickens’s biographer Simon Callow’s estimation, the public display was “a new refinement added to his misery”.

  • [48] The wise-cracking, warm-hearted servant Sam Weller from The Pickwick Papers—a publishing phenomenon that sparked numerous spin-offs and Pickwick merchandise—made the
    24-year-old Dickens famous.

  • “[49] A publishing phenomenon, John Sutherland called The Pickwick Papers “[t]he most important single novel of the Victorian era”.

  • This influenced Dickens’s view that a father should rule the family and a mother find her proper sphere inside the home: “I never afterwards forgot, I never shall forget,
    I never can forget, that my mother was warm for my being sent back.”

  • [81] The seeds for the story became planted in Dickens’s mind during a trip to Manchester to witness the conditions of the manufacturing workers there.

  • [58] The first of their ten children, Charles, was born in January 1837 and a few months later the family set up home in Bloomsbury at 48 Doughty Street, London (on which
    Charles had a three-year lease at £80 a year) from 25 March 1837 until December 1839.

  • [38][39] This education was to inform works such as Nicholas Nickleby, Dombey and Son and especially Bleak House, whose vivid portrayal of the machinations and bureaucracy
    of the legal system did much to enlighten the general public and served as a vehicle for dissemination of Dickens’s own views regarding, particularly, the heavy burden on the poor who were forced by circumstances to “go to law”.

  • [55] Young Charles Dickens by Daniel Maclise, 1839 On 2 April 1836, after a one-year engagement, and between episodes two and three of The Pickwick Papers, Dickens married
    Catherine Thomson Hogarth (1815–1879), the daughter of George Hogarth, editor of the Evening Chronicle.

  • “[36] Dickens was eventually sent to the Wellington House Academy in Camden Town, where he remained until March 1827, having spent about two years there.

  • [65] In the midst of all his activity during this period, there was discontent with his publishers and John Macrone was bought off, while Richard Bentley signed over all his
    rights in Oliver Twist.

  • Dickens ensured that his books were available in cheap bindings for the lower orders as well as in morocco-and-gilt for people of quality; his ideal readership included everyone
    from the pickpockets who read Oliver Twist to Queen Victoria, who found it “exceedingly interesting”.

  • “[53] In November 1836, Dickens accepted the position of editor of Bentley’s Miscellany, a position he held for three years, until he fell out with the owner.

  • Before another opportunity arose, he had set out on his career as a writer.

  • [22] His father’s brief work as a clerk in the Navy Pay Office afforded him a few years of private education, first at a dame school and then at a school run by William Giles,
    a dissenter, in Chatham.

  • His name was Bob Fagin; and I took the liberty of using his name, long afterwards, in Oliver Twist.

  • She met the author in 1834, and they became engaged the following year before marrying in April 1836.

  • Sketch of Dickens’s sister Fanny, bottom left He described his impressions in a travelogue, American Notes for General Circulation.

  • He went to theatres obsessively: he claimed that for at least three years he went to the theatre every day.

  • At about this time, he was made aware of a large embezzlement at the firm where his brother, Augustus, worked (John Chapman & Co).

  • [11][12] Early life Charles Dickens was born on 7 February 1812 at 1 Mile End Terrace (now 393 Commercial Road), Landport in Portsea Island (Portsmouth), Hampshire, the second
    of eight children of Elizabeth Dickens (née Barrow; 1789–1863) and John Dickens (1785–1851).

  • After three years he returned to school, before he began his literary career as a journalist.

  • [17] At age 7 he first saw Joseph Grimaldi—the father of modern clowning—perform at the Star Theatre, Rochester.

  • [69] At this time Georgina Hogarth, another sister of Catherine, joined the Dickens household, now living at Devonshire Terrace, Marylebone to care for the young family they
    had left behind.

  • The young Queen Victoria read both Oliver Twist and The Pickwick Papers, staying up until midnight to discuss them.

  • [100][101] Dickens lasted only ten weeks on the job before resigning due to a combination of exhaustion and frustration with one of the paper’s co-owners.

  • Seymour committed suicide after the second instalment and Dickens, who wanted to write a connected series of sketches, hired “Phiz” to provide the engravings (which were reduced
    from four to two per instalment) for the story.

  • Within a few years Dickens had become an international literary celebrity, famous for his humour, satire and keen observation of character and society.

  • [5] For example, when his wife’s chiropodist expressed distress at the way Miss Mowcher in David Copperfield seemed to reflect her own disabilities, Dickens improved the character
    with positive features.

  • [8] Masses of the illiterate poor would individually pay a halfpenny to have each new monthly episode read to them, opening up and inspiring a new class of readers.

  • [30] Dickens later used the prison as a setting in Little Dorrit.

  • A Francophile, Dickens often holidayed in France and, in a speech delivered in Paris in 1846 in French, called the French “the first people in the universe”.

  • A group of 13 men then set out with Dickens to visit Looking Glass Prairie, a trip 30 miles into Illinois.

  • Clark published the letter in the New-York Tribune and several other papers picked up on the story.

  • Later, he lived in a back-attic in the house of an agent for the Insolvent Court, Archibald Russell, “a fat, good-natured, kind old gentleman … with a quiet old wife” and
    lame son, in Lant Street in Southwark.

  • [46][47] Dickens’s own name was considered “queer” by a contemporary critic, who wrote in 1849: “Mr Dickens, as if in revenge for his own queer name, does bestow still queerer
    ones upon his fictitious creations.”

  • His wife and youngest children joined him there, as was the practice at the time.

  • Other signs of a certain restlessness and discontent emerged; in Broadstairs he flirted with Eleanor Picken, the young fiancée of his solicitor’s best friend and one night
    grabbed her and ran with her down to the sea.

  • Dickens based several of his characters on the experience of seeing his father in the debtors’ prison, most notably Amy Dorrit from Little Dorrit.

  • [14] In January 1815, John Dickens was called back to London and the family moved to Norfolk Street, Fitzrovia.

 

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[‘John Forster quotes an unpublished letter in which Dickens responds to the accusation that he must not have seen Grimaldi in person: “Now, Sir, although I was brought up from remote country parts in the dark ages of 1819 and 1820 to behold the splendour
of Christmas pantomimes and the humour of Joe, in whose honour I am informed I clapped my hands with great precocity, and although I even saw him act in the remote times of 1823 … I am willing … to concede that I had not arrived at man’s estate
when Grimaldi left the stage”.[19] When Dickens arrived in America for the first time in 1842, he stayed at the Tremont House, America’s “pioneer first-class hotel”. Dickens “bounded into the Tremont’s foyer shouting out ‘Here we are!’, Grimaldi’s
famous catch-phrase and as such entirely appropriate for a great and cherished entertainer making his entrance upon a new stage.”[20] Later, Dickens was known to imitate Grimaldi’s clowning on several occasions.[21]
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