-
Highest governing body: International Cricket Council; First played: 16th century; South East England; Characteristics: Contact: No; Team members: 11 players per side (substitutes
permitted in some circumstances); Mixed-sex: No, separate competitions; Type: Team sport, Bat-and-Ball; Equipment: Cricket ball, Cricket bat, Wicket (Stumps, Bails), Protective equipment; Venue: Cricket field; Presence: Country or region:
Worldwide (most popular in the Commonwealth); Olympic: (1900 Summer Olympics) History Origins Main article: History of cricket to 1725 A medieval “club ball” game involving an underarm bowl towards a batter. -
An innings may end early while there are still two not out batters:[69] • the batting team’s captain may declare the innings closed even though some of his players have not
had a turn to bat: this is a tactical decision by the captain, usually because he believes his team have scored sufficient runs and need time to dismiss the opposition in their innings • the set number of overs (i.e., in a limited overs match)
have been bowled • the match has ended prematurely due to bad weather or running out of time • in the final innings of the match, the batting side has reached its target and won the game. -
[75] There have been instances of entire matches, even Test matches scheduled to be played over five days, being lost to bad weather without a ball being bowled: for example,
the third Test of the 1970/71 series in Australia. -
If the team batting last is all out, and both sides have scored the same number of runs, then the match is a tie; this result is quite rare in matches of two innings a side
with only 62 happening in first-class matches from the earliest known instance in 1741 until January 2017. -
Sometimes all eleven members of the batting side take a turn to bat but, for various reasons, an innings can end before they have all done so.
-
Forms of cricket range from Twenty20, with each team batting for a single innings of 20 overs (each “over” being a set of 6 fair opportunities for the batting team to score)
and the game generally lasting three hours, to Test matches played over five days. -
Depending on the type of match being played, each team has either one or two innings.
-
In some cases, ties are broken by having each team bat for a one-over innings known as a Super Over; subsequent Super Overs may be played if the first Super Over ends in a
tie. -
A one-day match can also be declared a “no-result” if fewer than a previously agreed number of overs have been bowled by either team, in circumstances that make normal resumption
of play impossible; for example, wet weather. -
[70][71] When the first innings ends, the teams change roles; there can be two to four innings depending upon the type of match.
-
Although the main object of the game has always been to score the most runs, the early form of cricket differed from the modern game in certain key technical aspects; the
North American variant of cricket known as wicket retained many of these aspects. -
Such a match is called a “limited overs” or “one-day” match, and the side scoring more runs wins regardless of the number of wickets lost, so that a draw cannot occur.
-
[69] During an innings, all eleven members of the fielding team take the field, but usually only two members of the batting team are on the field at any given time.
-
[64] The main objective of each team is to score more runs than their opponents but, in some forms of cricket, it is also necessary to dismiss all of the opposition batters
in their final innings in order to win the match, which would otherwise be drawn. -
[4] The cricket historian Harry Altham identified three “groups” of “club ball” games: the “hockey group”, in which the ball is driven to and from between two targets (the
goals); the “golf group”, in which the ball is driven towards an undefended target (the hole); and the “cricket group”, in which “the ball is aimed at a mark (the wicket) and driven away from it”. -
[68] Match structure and closure Main articles: Innings and Result (cricket) A modern SG cricket bat (back view).
-
White balls are mainly used in limited overs cricket, especially in matches played at night, under floodlights (left).
-
Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a field at the centre of which is a 22-yard (20-metre) pitch with a wicket at each end, each comprising
two bails balanced on three stumps. -
[63] Playing area Main articles: Cricket field, Cricket pitch, Crease (cricket), and Wicket Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played on a cricket field (see image, right) between
two teams of eleven players each. -
The essence of the sport is that a bowler delivers (i.e., bowls) the ball from his or her end of the pitch towards the batter who, armed with a bat, is “on strike” at the
other end (see next sub-section: Basic gameplay). -
[74] In a two-innings-a-side match, one team’s combined first and second innings total may be less than the other side’s first innings total.
-
The kit is traditionally all white and this remains the case in Test and first-class cricket but, in limited overs cricket, team colours are worn instead.
-
The most successful side playing international cricket is Australia, which has won seven One Day International trophies, including five World Cups, more than any other country
and has been the top-rated Test side more than any other country. -
Red balls are used in Test cricket, first-class cricket and some other forms of cricket (right).
-
[11] Another possible source is the Middle Dutch word “krickstoel”, meaning a long low stool used for kneeling in church and which resembled the long low wicket with two stumps
used in early cricket. -
The umpires also change positions so that the one who was at “square leg” now stands behind the wicket at the non-striker’s end and vice versa.
-
[3] In cricket’s case, a key difference is the existence of a solid target structure, the wicket (originally, it is thought, a “wicket gate” through which sheep were herded),
that the batter must defend. -
Cricket is one of many games in the “club ball” sphere that basically involve hitting a ball with a hand-held implement; others include baseball (which shares many similarities
with cricket, both belonging in the more specific bat-and-ball games category[2]), golf, hockey, tennis, squash, badminton and table tennis. -
At this point, another bowler is deployed at the other end, and the fielding side changes ends while the batters do not.
-
Before a match begins, the team captains (who are also players) toss a coin to decide which team will bat first and so take the first innings.
-
This caused a revolution in bat design because, to deal with the bouncing ball, it was necessary to introduce the modern straight bat in place of the old “hockey stick” shape.
-
[29] A 1697 newspaper report survives of “a great cricket match” played in Sussex “for fifty guineas apiece” – this is the earliest known contest that is generally considered
a First Class match. -
[citation needed] The last two decades before the First World War have been called the “Golden Age of cricket”.
-
[80] Bat and ball Main articles: Cricket bat and Cricket ball Two types of cricket ball, both of the same size: i) A used white ball.
-
[79] If a fielder is injured or becomes ill during a match, a substitute is allowed to field instead of him, but the substitute cannot bowl or act as a captain, except in
the case of concussion substitutes in international cricket. -
[60] In the 21st century, a new limited overs form, Twenty20, made an immediate impact.
-
The exception to this is if a batter has any type of illness or injury restricting his or her ability to run, in this case the batter is allowed a runner who can run between
the wickets when the batter hits a scoring run or runs,[72] though this does not apply in international cricket. -
[51] In 1876–77, an England team took part in what was retrospectively recognized as the first-ever Test match at the Melbourne Cricket Ground against Australia.
-
Given Derrick’s age, it was about half a century earlier when he was at school and so it is certain that cricket was being played c. 1550 by boys in Surrey.
-
The striker (8) intends, by using his bat, to defend his wicket and, if possible, to hit the ball away from the pitch in order to score runs.
-
The inter-war years were dominated by Australia’s Don Bradman, statistically the greatest Test batter of all time.
-
New Laws introduced in the latter part of the 18th century included the three stump wicket and leg before wicket (lbw).
-
[69] Innings is the term used for each phase of play in the match.
-
It is a nostalgic name prompted by the collective sense of loss resulting from the war, but the period did produce some great players and memorable matches, especially as
organised competition at county and Test level developed. -
In the traditional form of the game, if the time allotted for the match expires before either side can win, then the game is declared a draw.
-
One of the two umpires (1; wearing white hat) is stationed behind the wicket (2) at the bowler’s (4) end of the pitch.
-
[45] Cricket becomes an international sport The first English team to tour overseas, on board ship to North America, 1859 In 1844, the first-ever international match took
place between what were essentially club teams, from the United States and Canada, in Toronto; Canada won. -
If the team that bats last scores enough runs to win, it is said to have “won by n wickets”, where n is the number of wickets left to fall.
-
[77] A bowler reaches his delivery stride by means of a “run-up” and an over is deemed to have begun when the bowler starts his run-up for the first delivery of that over,
the ball then being “in play”. -
[65] In the approximate centre of the field is a rectangular pitch (see image, below) on which a wooden target called a wicket is sited at each end; the wickets are placed
22 yards (20 m) apart. -
-
[28] By the end of the century, cricket had developed into a major sport that was spreading throughout England and was already being taken abroad by English mariners and colonisers
– the earliest reference to cricket overseas is dated 1676. -
The original “hockey stick” (left) evolved into the straight bat from c. 1760 when pitched delivery bowling began.
-
A match with four scheduled innings is played over three to five days; a match with two scheduled innings is usually completed in a single day.
-
For example, a team that passes its opponents’ total having lost six wickets (i.e., six of their batters have been dismissed) have won the match “by four wickets”.
-
The innings terminates if the batting team is “all out”, a term defined by the Laws: “at the fall of a wicket or the retirement of a batter, further balls remain to be bowled
but no further batter is available to come in”. -
[27] Rich patrons made matches for high stakes, forming teams in which they engaged the first professional players.
-
The popping crease is drawn four feet in front of the bowling crease and parallel to it; although it is drawn as a twelve-foot line (six feet either side of the wicket), it
is, in fact, unlimited in length. -
[44] The first recorded photo of a cricket match taken on 25 July 1857 by Roger Fenton The most famous player of the 19th century was W. G. Grace, who started his long and
influential career in 1865. -
While the umpire (1) in shot stands at the bowler’s end of the pitch, his colleague stands in the outfield, usually in or near the fielding position called “square leg”, so
that he is in line with the popping crease (7) at the striker’s end of the pitch. -
The team with the greater score is then said to have “won by an innings and n runs”, and does not need to bat again: n is the difference between the two teams’ aggregate scores.
-
[58] As it was sure to produce a result, limited overs cricket was lucrative and the number of matches increased.
-
[84] In the photo, the two batters (3 & 8; wearing yellow) have taken position at each end of the pitch (6).
-
[21][22] The problem was nearly always the issue of Sunday play as the Puritans considered cricket to be “profane” if played on the Sabbath, especially if large crowds or
gambling were involved. -
Fielding Main article: Fielding (cricket) Fielding positions in cricket for a right-handed batter Of the eleven fielders, three are in shot in the image above.
-
[69] In this situation, one of the batters has not been dismissed and is termed not out; this is because he has no partners left and there must always be two active batters
while the innings is in progress. -
[67] Cricket pitch and creases As illustrated above, the pitch is marked at each end with four white painted lines: a bowling crease, a popping crease and two return creases.
-
[46][47] In 1859, a team of English players went to North America on the first overseas tour.
-
[citation needed] The single wicket form of the sport attracted huge crowds and wagers to match, its popularity peaking in the 1748 season.
-
A bowler cannot bowl two successive overs, although a bowler can (and usually does) bowl alternate overs, from the same end, for several overs which are termed a “spell”.
-
[59] The first Limited Overs International was played in 1971 and the governing International Cricket Council (ICC), seeing its potential, staged the first limited overs Cricket
World Cup in 1975. -
[49] In 1862, an English team made the first tour of Australia.
-
[74] In all forms of cricket, the umpires can abandon the match if bad light or rain makes it impossible to continue.
-
[14] The ball was bowled underarm by the bowler and along the ground towards a batter armed with a bat that in shape resembled a hockey stick; the batter defended a low, two-stump
wicket; and runs were called notches because the scorers recorded them by notching tally sticks. -
[73] The order of batters is usually announced just before the match, but it can be varied.
-
Overs Main article: Over (cricket) The Laws state that, throughout an innings, “the ball shall be bowled from each end alternately in overs of 6 balls”.
-
[citation needed] On 22 June 2017, Afghanistan and Ireland became the 11th and 12th ICC full members, enabling them to play Test cricket.
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[‘The term “amateur” in this context does not mean someone who played cricket in his spare time. Many amateurs in first-class cricket were full-time players during the cricket season. Some of the game’s greatest players, including W. G. Grace, held amateur
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Photo credit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/olibac/2503875867/’]