cruelty to animals

 

  • Even though some practices, like animal fighting, are widely acknowledged as cruel, not all people and nations have the same definition of what constitutes animal cruelty.

  • They say that most animal use itself is unnecessary and a cause of suffering, so the only way to ensure protection for animals is to end their status as property and to ensure
    that they are never viewed as a substance or as non-living things.

  • The industrial nature of these facilities means that many routine procedures or animal husbandry practices impinge on the welfare of the animals and could be considered cruelty,
    with Henry Stephen Salt claiming in 1899 that “it is impossible to transport and slaughter vast numbers of large and highly-sensitive animals humanely”.

  • [58] Worldwide laws on animal use in circuses[59] 1certain animals are excluded or the laws vary internally Some other animal welfare organizations worldwide, such as the
    Animal Anti-Cruelty League in South Africa, have also monitored the use of animals in the film.

  • This film played a large part in renewed scrutiny of animal cruelty in films and led to renewed official on-set jurisdiction to monitor the treatment of animals by the AHA
    in 1980.

  • [77] Unnecessary scientific experiments or demonstrations[edit] Worldwide laws regarding testing cosmetics on animals 1some methods of testing are excluded from the ban or
    the laws vary within the country Main articles: Testing cosmetics on animals and Countries banning non-human ape experimentation Under all three of the conceptual approaches to animal cruelty discussed above, performing unnecessary experiments
    or demonstrations upon animals that cause them substantial pain or distress may be viewed as cruelty.

  • However, close analysis shows that many human features such as complex sign usage, tool use, and self-consciousness can be found in some animals.

  • [60][61] Animal trainers have argued that some criticism is not based on fact, including beliefs that shouting makes the animals believe the trainer is going to hurt them,
    that caging is cruel and common, and that the use of whips, chains or training harms animals.

  • [16] Many undercover investigators have exposed the animal cruelty taking place inside the factory farming industry and there is evidence to show that consumers provided with
    accurate information about the process of meat production and the abuse that accompanies it has led to changes in their attitudes.

  • No pet policies are a leading cause of animal abandonment, which is considered a crime in many jurisdictions.

  • [21] Welfare concerns of farm animals[edit] See also: Animal slaughter and Overview of discretionary invasive procedures on animals The following are lists of invasive procedures
    that cause pain, routinely performed on farm animals, and housing conditions that routinely cause animal welfare concerns.

  • Definition and viewpoints Throughout history, some individuals, like Leonardo da Vinci for example, who once purchased caged birds in order to set them free,[2][3] were concerned
    about cruelty to animals.

  • Colombia[edit] Main article: Animal rights in Colombia In Colombia, there is little control over cruel behaviors against animals, and the government has proposed that bullfighting
    be declared a “Cultural Heritage”; other activities like cockfighting are given the same legal treatment.

  • [1] It may be said that there is nothing inherently wrong with using animals for human purposes, such as food, clothing, entertainment, and research, but that it should be
    done in a way that minimizes unnecessary pain and suffering, sometimes referred to as “humane” treatment.

  • This section also prohibits transporting animals in a way that causes unnecessary suffering (c), administering poison (d), performing operations without due care (e), and
    actions related to animal fighting (f).

  • Others would respond that it is a routine technique for meat production to prevent harm later in the pig’s life.

  • These arguments have prompted some to suggest that animals’ well-being should enter a social welfare function directly, not just indirectly via its effect only on human well-being.

  • Court decisions have addressed films that harm animals such as videos that in part depict dog fighting.

  • [10] Many countries have now formally recognized animal sentience and animal suffering, and have passed anti-cruelty legislation in response.

  • According to the studies used to form this model, cruelty to animals is a common (but not universal) behavior in children and adolescents who grow up to become serial killers
    and other violent criminals.

  • [46] In two separate studies cited by the Humane Society of the United States, roughly one-third of families suffering from domestic abuse indicated that at least one child
    had hurt or killed a pet.

  • Entertainment[edit] Television and filmmaking[edit] Demonstrations against animal cruelty in Iran Animal cruelty has long been an issue in filmmaking industry, with even some
    big-budget Hollywood films receiving criticism for allegedly harmful—and sometimes lethal—treatment of animals during production.

  • [104] Mexico[edit] The current policy of Mexico, in civil law, condemns physical harm to animals as property damage to the owners of the abused animal, considering the animals
    as owned property.

  • Only recently has the involvement of animals in war been questioned, and practices such as using animals for fighting, as living bombs or for military testing purposes (such
    as during the Bikini atomic experiments) may now be criticized for being cruel.

  • Due to changes in ethical standards, this type of cruelty tends to be less common today than it used to be in the past.

  • For example, some laws govern methods of killing animals for food, clothing, or other products, and other laws concern the keeping of animals for entertainment, education,
    research, or pets.

  • His notebooks also record his anger with the fact that humans used their dominance to raise animals for slaughter.

  • Despite being cruel to animals, hunting is practiced in thousands of private properties around the world and is considered a profitable business.

  • [68] Rattlesnake round-ups became a concern by animal welfare groups and conservationists due to claims of animal cruelty.

  • Circuses[edit] The use of animals in the circus has been controversial since animal welfare groups have documented instances of animal cruelty during the training of performing
    animals.

  • [85] Laws by country Many jurisdictions around the world have enacted statutes which forbid cruelty to some animals but these vary by country and in some cases by the use
    or practice.

  • The animal rights group PACMA has described the fiesta as “a clear example of animal mistreatment”.

  • [38] A large national survey by the Norwegian Centre for Violence and Traumatic Stress Studies found a “substantial overlap between companion animal abuse and child abuse”
    and that cruelty to animals “most frequently co-occurred with psychological abuse and less severe forms of physical child abuse.

  • “[40] “A survey of psychiatric patients who had repeatedly tortured dogs and cats found all of them had high levels of aggression toward people as well, including one patient
    who had murdered a young boy.

  • [citation needed] In contrast, some have argued that the definition of ‘unnecessary’ stated above varies widely and could include virtually all current use of animals.

  • [citation needed] More recently, the video-sharing site YouTube has been criticized for hosting thousands of videos of real-life animal cruelty, especially the feeding of
    one animal to another for entertainment and spectacle.

  • It includes prison sentences of three months to one year for harming or killing a domesticated animal or for conducting animal fights.

  • [12] It has been suggested the number of animals hunted, kept as companions, used in laboratories, reared for the fur industry, raced, and used in zoos and circuses, is insignificant
    compared to farm animals, and therefore the “animal welfare issue” is numerically reducible to the “farm animal welfare issue”.

  • Canada[edit] Main article: Animal welfare and rights in Canada In Canada, it is an offence under the Criminal Code to intentionally cause unnecessary pain, suffering, or injury
    to an animal.

  • [97] However, it is not explicitly illegal in Canadian law to kill a dog or cat for consumption.

  • Some utilitarians argue for a weaker approach which is closer to the animal welfare position, whereas others argue for a position that is similar to animal rights.

  • [42][43] According to the American Humane Association, 13% of intentional animal abuse cases involve domestic violence.

  • It has also been found that children who are cruel to animals have often witnessed or been victims of abuse themselves.

  • [45] Cruelty to animals is one of the three components of the Macdonald triad, behavior considered to be one of the signs of violent antisocial behavior in children and adolescents.

  • [99] Chile[edit] Law 20380 established sanctions including fines, from 2 to 30 Mensual Tributary Units, and prison, from 541 days to 3 years, for those involved in acts of
    animal cruelty.

  • Forms Animal cruelty can be broken down into two main categories: active and passive.

  • Provisions in the code discouraged “apparent cruelty to children and animals”, and because the Hays Office had the power to enforce this clause, the AHA often had access to
    sets to assess adherence to it.

  • Animal abuse is sometimes used as a form of intimidation in domestic disputes.

  • [47] Cultural rituals[edit] Many times, when Asiatic elephants are captured in Thailand, handlers use a technique known as the training crush, in which “handlers use sleep-deprivation,
    hunger, and thirst to ‘break’ the elephants’ spirit and make them submissive to their owners”; moreover, handlers drive nails into the elephants’ ears and feet.

  • [91] The NSPCA is the largest and oldest animal welfare organisation in South Africa that enforces 90% of all animal cruelty cases in the country by means of enforcing the
    Animals Protection Act.

  • [98] The Animal Legal Defense Fund releases an annual report ranking the animal protection laws of every province and territory based on their relative strength and general
    comprehensiveness.

  • In many cases, abandoned pets have to be euthanized due to the strain they put on animal shelters and rescue groups.

  • [62] Bolivia has enacted what animal rights activists called the world’s first ban on all animals in circuses.

  • The Act contains a detailed list of prohibited acts of cruelty including overloading, causing unnecessary suffering due to confinement, chaining or tethering, abandonment,
    unnecessarily denying food or water, keeping in a dirty or parasitic condition, or failing to provide veterinary assistance.

  • More narrowly, it can be the causing of harm or suffering for specific achievements, such as killing animals for entertainment; cruelty to animals sometimes encompasses inflicting
    harm or suffering as an end in itself, referred to as zoosadism.

  • Films monitored by the American Humane Association may bear one of their end-credit messages.

  • [2] Several religious traditions, especially those originating in India, have promoted animal welfare as an important or fundamental concept, even to the point of promoting
    veganism.

  • Since ag-gag laws prohibit video or photographic documentation of farm activities, these practices have been documented by secret photography taken by whistleblowers or undercover
    operatives from such organizations as Mercy for Animals and the Humane Society of the United States posing as employees.

  • [86] The Egyptian Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals was established over a hundred years ago and was instrumental in promoting a 1997 ban on bullfighting in
    Egypt.

  • [63] Animal fighting[edit] A bull dying in a bullfight Bullfighting is criticized by animal rights or animal welfare activists, referring to it as a cruel or barbaric blood
    sport in which the bull suffers severe stress and slow, torturous death.

  • Many productions, including those made in the United States, do not advise AHA or SAG of animal use in films, so there is no oversight.

  • [84] Hunting[edit] Rhinoceros killed for their horns Hunting is largely a recreational activity causing death and injury to a significant number of animals.

  • [93] Brazil[edit] Main article: Animal welfare and rights in Brazil Brazil is a high-volume animal producer, slaughtering around 30.8 land-based animals per person per year,
    compared to a global average of 10.1.

  • “[39] A history of torturing pets and small animals, a behavior known as zoosadism, is considered one of the signs of certain psychopathologies, including antisocial personality
    disorder, also known as a psychopathic personality disorder.

  • Americas[edit] Argentina[edit] In Argentina, National Law 14346 sanctions from 15 days to one year in prison for those who mistreat or inflict acts of cruelty on animals.

  • Africa[edit] Egypt[edit] Main article: Animal welfare in Egypt Egyptian law states that anyone who inhumanely beats or intentionally kills any domesticated animal may be jailed
    or fined.

  • [13] Similarly, it has been suggested by campaign groups that chickens, cows, pigs, and other farm animals are among the most numerous animals subjected to cruelty.

  • It further warns those attending bullfights to “be prepared to witness various failed attempts at killing the animal before it lies down.

  • Battered women report that they are prevented from leaving their abusers because they fear what will happen to the animals in their absence.

 

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