crusades

 

  • Baldwin’s army besieged the city by land, while the Norwegians came by sea, and the victorious Crusaders gave similar terms of surrender as given to previous victories at
    Arsuf in 1102 and at the siege of Acre of 1100–1104, freeing the major port of the kingdom.

  • First Crusade Main article: First Crusade In 1074, just three years after Manzikert and the Seljuk takeover of Jerusalem, Gregory VII began planning to launch a military campaign
    for the liberation of the Holy Land.

  • The Muslim victory was short-lived, with Baldwin II and Pons of Tripoli narrowly defeating Ilghazi’s army at the Second Battle of Tell Danith on 14 August 1119.

  • This Crusade marked the first time a European king visited the Holy Land.

  • [67] In 1135, Zengi moved against Antioch and, when the Crusaders failed to put an army into the field to oppose him, he captured several important Syrian town.

  • Twenty years later, Urban II realized that dream, hosting the decisive Council of Piacenza and subsequent Council of Clermont in November 1095, resulting in the mobilization
    of Western Europe to go to the Holy Land.

  • Bohemond remained in Antioch, retaining the city, despite his pledge to return it to Byzantine control, while Raymond led the remaining army.

  • A brief Battle of Constantinople in September ensued, and their defeat at the emperor’s hand convinced the Germans to move quickly to Asia Minor.

  • [77] The aftermath of the Crusade saw the Muslim world united around Saladin, leading to the fall of Jerusalem.

  • [86] The disastrous performance of this campaign in the Holy Land damaged the standing of the papacy, soured relations between the Christians of the kingdom and the West for
    many years, and encouraged the Muslims of Syria to even greater efforts to defeat the Franks.

  • [61] Toghtekin died in February 1128, and Baldwin II began the Crusade of 1129, also known as the Damascus Crusade, shortly thereafter.

  • From the mid-14th century, crusading rhetoric was used in response to the rise of the Ottoman Empire, and ended around 1699 with the War of the Holy League.

  • Later that year, at the Battle of Aintab, he tried but failed to prevent Baldwin III’s evacuation of the residents of Turbessel.

  • The First Crusade thus ended successfully and resulted in the creation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

  • [37] Crusade of 1101 The Crusade of 1101 was initiated by Paschal II when he learned of the precarious position of the remaining forces in the Holy Land.

  • The French and German forces felt betrayed by the other, lingering for a generation due to the defeat, to the ruin of the Christian kingdoms in the Holy Land.

  • The Council of Acre was held on 24 June 1148, changing the objective of the Second Crusade to Damascus, a former ally of the kingdom that had shifted its allegiance to that
    of the Zengids.

  • Urban II died on 29 July 1099, fourteen days after the fall of Jerusalem to the Crusaders, but before news of the event had reached Italy.

  • Manuel I needed all his army to counter this force, and, unlike the armies of the First Crusade, the Germans and French entered Asia with no Byzantine assistance.

  • When the offer was refused, it became advantageous if the crusade could reach Jerusalem before the Egyptians reinforced its defences and raised a defensive army.

  • Fulk’s death later in the year left Joscelin II of Edessa with no powerful allies to help defend Edessa.

  • When the German army began to cross Byzantine territory, emperor Manuel I had his troops posted to ensure against trouble.

  • Beginning with the First Crusade, which resulted in the recovery of Jerusalem in 1099, dozens of Crusades were fought, providing a focal point of European history for centuries.

  • [26] The first experience of Turkish tactics occurred when a force led by Bohemond and Robert was ambushed at battle of Dorylaeum in July 1097.

  • Finally, Roger of Salerno routed the last Seljuk invading army at the First Battle of Tell Danith on 14 September 1115.

  • [78] The Second Crusade Eugene III, recently elected pope, issued the bull Quantum praedecessores in December 1145 calling for a new crusade, one that would be more organized
    and centrally controlled than the First.

  • [76] Second Crusade Main article: Second Crusade The fall of Edessa caused great consternation in Jerusalem and Western Europe, tampering the enthusiastic success of the First
    Crusade.

  • The best known of these Crusades are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291 that were intended to recover Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Islamic
    rule.

  • The armies would be led by the strongest kings of Europe and a route that would be pre-planned.

  • [27] The Crusader army marched to the former Byzantine city of Antioch, which had been in Muslim control since 1084.

  • Later crusades were conducted by generally more organized armies, sometimes led by a king.

  • [53] The early days of Baldwin II’s reign included the Battle of Ager Sanguinis, the Field of Blood, on 28 June 1119.

  • “[20] Miniature of Peter the Hermit leading the People’s Crusade (Egerton 1500, Avignon, 14th century) Immediately after Urban’s proclamation, the French priest Peter the
    Hermit led thousands of mostly poor Christians out of Europe in what became known as the People’s Crusade.

  • The host consisted of four separate armies, sometimes regarded as a second wave following the First Crusade.

  • [41] Al-Afdal Shahanshah, the powerful Fatimid vizier, anxious to recover the lands lost to the Franks, initiated the First Battle of Ramla on 7 September 1101 in which his
    forces were narrowly defeated, by those of Baldwin I.

  • Morale fell, hostility to the Byzantines grew and distrust developed between the newly arrived Crusaders and those that had made the region their home after the earlier crusades.

  • After the Siege of Ascalon ended on 22 August 1153 with a Crusader victory and Damascus was taken by Nūr-ad-Din the next year, uniting all of Syria under Zengid rule.

  • [49] Beginning in 1110, the Seljuks launched a series of attacks on the Crusader states, in particular Edessa, led by Mawdud.

  • Calls for a new crusade – the Second Crusade – were immediate, and was the first to be led by European kings.

  • [10] These Crusades began with the fervent desire to wrest the Holy Land from the Muslims, and ran through eight major numbered crusades and dozens of minor crusades over
    the period.

  • [82] Bad luck and poor tactics of the Crusaders led to the disastrous five-day siege of Damascus from 24 to 28 July 1148.

  • [71] That same year, having prepared his army for a renewed attack on Antioch, John II Komnenos went hunting wild boar, cutting himself with a poisoned arrow.

  • At the Battle of al-Sannabra of 1113, a Crusader army led by Baldwin I was defeated by a Muslim army led by Mawdud and Toghtekin, atabeg of Damascus, whose ultimate objective
    was Edessa.

  • [89] Later that year, Nūr-ad-Din captured and burned Tortosa, briefly occupying the town, before it was taken by the Knights Templar as a military headquarters.

  • The Franks offered to partition conquered territory in return for rights to the city.

  • Raymond lifted the siege of Arqa in May without capturing the town and the crusade proceeded south along the Mediterranean coast.

  • [65] The rise of Zengi At the same time, the advent of Imad ad-Din Zengi saw the Crusaders threatened by a Muslim ruler who would introduce jihad to the conflict, joining
    the powerful Syrian emirates in a combined effort against the Franks.

  • [34] The Crusader States in 1135 The Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099–1147 Main article: Kingdom of Jerusalem Godfrey of Bouillon died on 18 July 1100, likely from typhoid.

  • In April 1138, the Byzantines and Franks jointly besieged Aleppo and, with no success, began the Siege of Shaizar, abandoning it a month later.

  • [79] Conrad III and the German contingent planned to leave for the Holy Land at Easter, but did not depart until May 1147.

  • Concurrent military activities in the Iberian Peninsula against the Moors and in northeastern Europe against pagan West Slav, Baltic, and Finnic peoples (the Northern Crusades)
    have also been called crusades – sometimes retroactively, long after the event had ended – due to the facts that they also had central approval by the Roman Catholic Church and that the military campaigns were organized in comparable fashion,
    with often similar rhetoric, symbolism, and banners as applied during the campaigns in the Middle East.

  • An initial attack on the city failed, and the siege of Jerusalem of 1099 became a stalemate, until they breached the walls on 15 July 1099.

  • [39] The Crusaders faced their old enemy Kilij Arslan and his Seljuk forces first met the Lombard and French contingents in August 1101 at the Battle of Mersivan, with the
    crusader camp captured.

  • [52] Baldwin II of Jerusalem became king on 14 April 1118, but was there was not a formal coronation until Christmas Day 1119 due to issues concerning his wife Morphia of
    Melitene.

  • Buoyed by their success at Civetot, the over-confident Seljuks left the city unprotected, thus enabling its capture after the siege of Nicaea in May–June 1097.

  • [9] Crusades and the Holy Land, 1095–1291 The Crusades to the Holy Land are the best known of the religious wars associated with the term, beginning in 1095 and lasting some
    two centuries.

  • After the Crusader victory at the siege of Beirut in 1110, the Fatimid threat to the kingdom subsided for two decades.

  • Mesud and his forces almost totally destroyed Conrad’s contingent at the Second Battle of Dorylaeum on 25 October 1147.

  • [84] In the spring of 1147, Eugene III authorized the expansion of his mission into the Iberian peninsula, equating these campaigns against the Moors with the rest of the
    Second Crusade.

  • The Crusaders were able to capture the town of Banias, but were unable to take Damascus despite coming within six miles of the town.

  • Proclaimed a crusade in 1123, the struggle between the Christians and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula eventually became better known as the Reconquista in European historiography,
    and only ended in 1492 with the fall of the Muslim Emirate of Granada.

  • [40] Establishment of the kingdom The reign of Baldwin I began in 1100 and oversaw the consolidation of the kingdom in the face of enemies to the north, the Seljuks, and the
    Fatimids to the south.

  • [55] On 16 January 1120, Baldwin II and the new patriarch Warmund of Jerusalem held the Council of Nablus, establishing a rudimentary set of rules for governing the kingdom
    now known as the assizes of Jerusalem.

  • Godfrey was left with a small force – a mere 300 knights and 2,000 foot soldiers – to defend the kingdom.

  • [23] In response to Urban’s call, members of the high aristocracy from Europe took the cross.

  • [60] In 1123, Baldwin II led a raid to Sarūj in order to rescue hostages held by Belek Ghazi and was also captured.

  • [11][12] Background The Arab-Byzantine wars, begun in the 7th century, were essentially over by 995, and Byzantine emperor Basil II was able to extend the empire’s territorial
    recovery to its furthest extent in 1025, with frontiers stretching east to Iran.

  • Zengi came north to begin the first siege of Edessa, arriving on 28 November 1144.

  • [85] In the north, some Germans were reluctant to fight in the Holy Land while the pagan Wends were a more immediate problem.

  • [33] At this point, most Crusaders considered their pilgrimage complete and returned to Europe.

  • [72] Following John’s death, the Byzantine army withdrew, leaving Zengi unopposed.

  • [73] The city had been warned of his arrival and was prepared for a siege, but there was little they could do.

  • [83] The barons of Jerusalem withdrew support and the Crusaders retreated before the arrival of a relief army led by Nūr-ad-Din.

  • The Crusaders began the siege of Antioch in October 1097 and fought for eight months to a stalemate.

 

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