dragon – WikiChoeclaiste

“[19] In one of her later books, she states that, “Many dragon images around the world were based on folk knowledge or exaggerations of living reptiles, such as Komodo dragons,
Gila monsters, iguanas, alligators, or, in California, alligator lizards, though this still fails to account for the Scandinavian legends, as no such animals (historical or otherwise) have ever been found in this region.
[68] Rainmaking rituals invoking dragons are still very common in many Chinese villages, where each village has its own god said to bring rain and many of these gods are dragons.
[63] The Miao people of southwest China have a story that a divine dragon created the first humans by breathing on monkeys that came to play in his cave.
[58] One of the most famous dragon stories is about the Lord Ye Gao, who loved dragons obsessively, even though he had never seen one.
[22][23] The Bremner-Rhind papyrus, written around 310 BC, preserves an account of a much older Egyptian tradition that the setting of the sun is caused by Ra descending to
the Duat to battle Apep.
[61] A white dragon was believed to reside in a pool in Yamashiro Province[78] and, every fifty years, it would turn into a bird called the Ogonchô, which had a call like
the “howling of a wild dog”.
[67] Texts from the Qing dynasty advise hurling the bone of a tiger or dirty objects into the pool where the dragon lives;[68] since dragons cannot stand tigers or dirt, the
dragon of the pool will cause heavy rain to drive the object out.
[58] The Houhanshu, compiled in the fifth century BC by Fan Ye, reports a story belonging to the Ailaoyi people, which holds that a woman named Shayi who lived in the region
around Mount Lao became pregnant with ten sons after being touched by a tree trunk floating in the water while fishing.
[68] According to these stories, every body of water is ruled by a dragon king, each with a different power, rank, and ability,[68] so people began establishing temples across
the countryside dedicated to these figures.
Chinese tradition has always used the dragon totem as the national emblem, and the “Yellow Dragon flag” of the Qing dynasty has influenced the impression that China is a dragon
in many European countries.
Dragons were also identified with the Emperor of China, who, during later Chinese imperial history, was the only one permitted to have dragons on his house, clothing, or personal
articles.
[58] In another story, Kong Jia, the fourteenth emperor of the Xia dynasty, was given a male and a female dragon as a reward for his obedience to the god of heaven,[58] but
could not train them, so he hired a dragon-trainer named Liulei, who had learned how to train dragons from Huanlong.
[30] Ancient people across the Near East believed in creatures similar to what modern people call “dragons”.
[66] Diagram representing the Four Dragon Kings of the Four Seas in relation to the central Dragon King of the Earth In China, a dragon is thought to have power over rain.
Illustration of the dragon Zhulong from a seventeenth-century edition of the Shanhaijing Dragon art on a vase, Yuan dynasty The word “dragon” has come to be applied to the
legendary creature in Chinese mythology, loong (traditional, simplified, Japanese simplified, Pinyin lóng), which is associated with good fortune, and many East Asian deities and demigods have dragons as their personal mounts or companions.
[15] Dragons are usually said to reside in “dark caves, deep pools, wild mountain reaches, sea bottoms, haunted forests”, all places which would have been fraught with danger
for early human ancestors.
[78] South Asia [edit] India [edit] Head of the dragon-god Pakhangba depicted on a musical instrument from Manipur, India In the Rigveda, the oldest of the four Vedas, Indra,
the Vedic god of storms, battles Vṛtra, a giant serpent who represents drought.
[28] The precursor to the ouroboros was the “Many-Faced”,[28] a serpent with five heads, who, according to the Amduat, the oldest surviving Book of the Afterlife, was said
to coil around the corpse of the sun god Ra protectively.
[75] Korean folk mythology states that most dragons were originally Imugis, or lesser dragons, which were said to resemble gigantic serpents.
Very occasionally, a dragon may be depicted as carrying an orb known as the Yeouiju, the Korean name for the mythical Cintamani, in its claws or its mouth.
[70] During the Duanwu festival, several villages, or even a whole province, will hold a dragon boat race, in which people race across a body of water in boats carved to look
like dragons, while a large audience watches on the banks.
[24] Denwen is a giant serpent mentioned in the Pyramid Texts whose body was made of fire and who ignited a conflagration that nearly destroyed all the gods of the Egyptian
pantheon.
[58] The Zuo zhuan, which was probably written during the Warring States period, describes a man named Dongfu, a descendant of Yangshu’an, who loved dragons[58] and, because
he could understand a dragon’s will, he was able to tame them and raise them well.
Another explanation states they are hornless creatures resembling dragons who have been cursed and thus were unable to become dragons.
• Silk painting depicting a man riding a dragon, dated to 5th–3rd centuries BC • Azure Dragon of the East, lacquer painting found in Prince of Lianggong of Han Tomb, Western
Han Dynasty • Tang dynasty painting of a dragon boat race attributed to Li Zhaodao • Flag of the Qing dynasty from 1889 to 1912, showing a Chinese dragon • Dragon sculpture on top of Lungshan Temple, Taipei, Taiwan • Members of the Chinese
Youth Society of Melbourne performing for Chinese New Year, at Crown Casino, demonstrate a basic “corkscrew” routine Korea [edit] Main article: Korean dragon The Blue Dragon mural depiction at the Goguryeo tombs.
[67] The Luxuriant Dew of the Spring and Autumn Annals, attributed to the Han dynasty scholar Dong Zhongshu, prescribes making clay figurines of dragons during a time of drought
and having young men and boys pace and dance among the figurines in order to encourage the dragons to bring rain.
[19] Mayor, however, is careful to point out that not all stories of dragons and giants are inspired by fossils[19] and notes that Scandinavia has many stories of dragons
and sea monsters, but has long “been considered barren of large fossils.
[17] She argues that the dragon lore of northern India may have been inspired by “observations of oversized, extraordinary bones in the fossilbeds of the Siwalik Hills below
the Himalayas”[18] and that ancient Greek artistic depictions of the Monster of Troy may have been influenced by fossils of Samotherium, an extinct species of giraffe whose fossils are common in the Mediterranean region.
Hence, many Korean dragons are said to have resided in rivers, lakes, oceans, or even deep mountain ponds.
[59] He decorated his whole house with dragon motifs[59] and, seeing this display of admiration, a real dragon came and visited Ye Gao,[59] but the lord was so terrified at
the sight of the creature that he ran away.
[33][34] She was traditionally regarded by scholars as having had the form of a giant serpent,[34] but several scholars have pointed out that this shape “cannot be imputed
to Tiamat with certainty”[34] and she seems to have at least sometimes been regarded as anthropomorphic.
[58] The Han people have many stories about Short-Tailed Old Li, a black dragon who was born to a poor family in Shandong.
Dragons in Korean mythology are primarily benevolent beings related to water and agriculture, often considered bringers of rain and clouds.
[61] Another legend reports that a man once came to the healer Lo Chên-jen, telling him that he was a dragon and that he needed to be healed.
[61] Japanese Buddhism has also adapted dragons by subjecting them to Buddhist law;[61] the Japanese Buddhist deities Benten and Kwannon are often shown sitting or standing
on the back of a dragon.
The Azhdarchid group of pterosaurs are named from a Persian word for “dragon” that ultimately comes from Aži Dahāka.
Beliefs about dragons vary considerably through regions, but dragons in Western cultures since the High Middle Ages have often been depicted as winged, horned, and capable
of breathing fire.
[16] In her book The First Fossil Hunters: Dinosaurs, Mammoths, and Myth in Greek and Roman Times (2000), Adrienne Mayor argues that some stories of dragons may have been
inspired by ancient discoveries of fossils belonging to dinosaurs and other prehistoric animals.
[18] In China, a region where fossils of large prehistoric animals are common, these remains are frequently identified as “dragon bones”[19] and are commonly used in traditional
Chinese medicine.
[62] One of the most famous Chinese dragons is Ying Long (“responding dragon”), who helped the Huangdi, the Yellow Emperor, defeat the tyrant Chiyou.
[68] The Chinese dragon kings are thought of as the inspiration for the Hindu myth of the naga.
[63] The god Zhurong and the emperor Qi are both described as being carried by two dragons,[64] as are Huangdi, Zhuanxu, Yuqiang, and Roshou in various other texts.
[70] Eventually, dragons were only allowed to appear on clothing, houses, and articles of everyday use belonging to the emperor[70] and any commoner who possessed everyday
items bearing the image of the dragon was ordered to be executed.
[32] It may have been known as the (ūmu) nā’iru, which means “roaring weather beast”,[32] and may have been associated with the god Ishkur (Hadad).
The Korean dragon is in many ways similar in appearance to other East Asian dragons such as the Chinese and Japanese dragons.
In either case, they are said to be large, benevolent, python-like creatures that live in water or caves, and their sighting is associated with good luck.
[83] Thraētaona’s name (meaning “third grandson of the waters”) indicates that Aži Dahāka, like Vṛtra, was seen as a blocker of waters and cause of drought.
[30] This creature, known in Akkadian as the mušḫuššu, meaning “furious serpent”, was used as a symbol for particular deities and also as a general protective emblem.
A story about the samurai Minamoto no Mitsunaka tells that, while he was hunting in his own territory of Settsu, he dreamt under a tree and had a dream in which a beautiful
woman appeared to him and begged him to save her land from a giant serpent which was defiling it.
[63] The woman showed them to him,[63] but all of them ran away except for the youngest, who the dragon licked on the back and named Jiu Long, meaning “sitting back”.
[70] But most historians agree that the custom actually originated much earlier as a ritual to avert ill fortune.
Etymology The word dragon entered the English language in the early 13th century from Old French dragon, which, in turn, comes from the Latin: draco (genitive draconis) meaning
“huge serpent, dragon”, from Ancient Greek drákōn (genitive drákontos) “serpent”.
[44][45][46] Despite the negative aspect of Aži Dahāka in mythology, dragons have been used on some banners of war throughout the history of Iranian peoples.
[70] After the last Chinese emperor was overthrown in 1911, this situation changed and now many ordinary Chinese people identify themselves as descendants of dragons.
[30] It seems to have originally been the attendant of the Underworld god Ninazu,[30] but later became the attendant to the Hurrian storm-god Tishpak, as well as, later, Ninazu’s
son Ningishzida, the Babylonian national god Marduk, the scribal god Nabu, and the Assyrian national god Ashur.
[58] According to the Huainanzi, an evil black dragon once caused a destructive deluge,[58] which was ended by the mother goddess Nüwa by slaying the dragon.
[24] Nehebkau was so massive in some stories that the entire earth was believed to rest atop his coils.
[59] Li burst through the ceiling and flew away to the Black Dragon River in northeast China, where he became the god of that river.
[70] The original purpose of this ritual was to bring good weather and a strong harvest,[70] but now it is done mostly only for entertainment.
By other accounts, an Imugi is a proto-dragon which must survive one thousand years in order to become a fully-fledged dragon.
Draconic creatures are first described in the mythologies of the ancient Near East and appear in ancient Mesopotamian art and literature.
[12] He cites a study which found that approximately 39 people in a hundred are afraid of snakes[13] and notes that fear of snakes is especially prominent in children, even
in areas where snakes are rare.
It differs from the Chinese dragon in that it developed a longer beard.
[33][34] Nonetheless, in some texts, she seems to be described with horns, a tail, and a hide that no weapon can penetrate,[33] all features which suggest she was conceived
as some form of dragoness.
[61] The rakan Handaka is said to have been able to conjure a dragon out of a bowl, which he is often shown playing with on kagamibuta.
[9] Historic tales and records Draconic creatures appear in virtually all cultures around the globe[10] and the earliest attested reports of draconic creatures resemble giant
snakes.
[32] A slightly different lion-dragon with two horns and the tail of a scorpion appears in art from the Neo-Assyrian Period (911 BC–609 BC).
[68] Prayers invoking dragons to bring rain are common in Chinese texts.
[71] The impression of dragons in a large number of Asian countries has been influenced by Chinese culture, such as Korea, Vietnam, Japan, and so on.
[84] Southeast Asia [edit] Vietnam [edit] Main article: Vietnamese dragon Stylised map of Đại Nam (Minh Mạng period) Dragon on a porcelain plate during the reign of Lord Trịnh
Doanh, Revival Lê dynasty The Vietnamese dragon (Vietnamese: rồng ) was a mythical creature that was often used as a deity symbol and was associated with royal
[69] During various holidays, including the Spring Festival and Lantern Festival, villagers will construct an approximately sixteen-foot-long dragon from grass, cloth, bamboo
strips, and paper, which they will parade through the city as part of a dragon dance.
[59] In Chinese legend, the culture hero Fu Hsi is said to have been crossing the Lo River, when he saw the lung ma, a Chinese horse-dragon with seven dots on its face, six
on its back, eight on its left flank, and nine on its right flank.
c. 1377 A large number of ethnic myths about dragons are told throughout China.

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