-
[54] The DM can either design an original adventure, or follow one of the many pre-made adventures (also known as “modules”) that have been published throughout the history
of Dungeons & Dragons. -
[72] Later in 1977, the first part of Advanced Dungeons & Dragons (AD&D) was published,[72] which brought together the various published rules, options and corrections, then
expanded them into a definitive, unified game for hobbyist gamers. -
This in turn inspired the creation of “retro-clones”, games which more closely recreate the original rule sets, using material placed under the OGL along with non-copyrightable
mechanical aspects of the older rules to create a new presentation of the games. -
[141][138][140] Licensing[edit] Early in the game’s history, TSR took no action against small publishers’ production of D&D compatible material, and even licensed Judges Guild
to produce D&D materials for several years, such as City State of the Invincible Overlord. -
The core of the 5th Edition rules have been made available under the OGL, while publishers and independent creators have also been given the opportunity to create licensed
materials directly for Dungeons & Dragons and associated properties like the Forgotten Realms under a program called the DM’s Guild. -
Thus miniatures were no longer required for game play, although some players continued to use them as a visual reference.
-
[97] The 3rd Edition rules were designed to be internally consistent and less restrictive than previous editions of the game, allowing players more flexibility to create the
characters they wanted to play. -
[13] The game has been supplemented by many pre-made adventures, as well as commercial campaign settings suitable for use by regular gaming groups.
-
[100] In early 2005, Wizards of the Coast’s R&D team started to develop Dungeons & Dragons 4th Edition, prompted mainly by the feedback obtained from the D&D playing community
and a desire to make the game faster, more intuitive, and with a better play experience than under the 3rd Edition. -
Software tools, including player character and monster building programs, became a major part of the game.
-
The new game was developed through a number of design phases spanning from May 2005 until its release.
-
TSR marketed them as an introductory game for new players and a more complex game for experienced ones; the Basic Set directed players who exhausted the possibilities of that
game to switch to the advanced rules. -
In part as a response to this, some publishers (such as Paizo Publishing with its Pathfinder Roleplaying Game) who previously produced materials in support of the D&D product
line, decided to continue supporting the 3rd Edition rules, thereby competing directly with Wizards of the Coast. -
[27] A game often continues over a series of meetings to complete a single adventure, and longer into a series of related gaming adventures, called a “campaign”.
-
[14] An accompanying Expert Set, originally written by David “Zeb” Cook, allowed players to continue using the simpler ruleset beyond the early levels of play.
-
Fantasy milieux specifically designed for gaming could be seen in Glorantha’s board games, among others.
-
As a result of this parallel development, the basic game included many rules and concepts which contradicted comparable ones in AD&D.
-
In the process, the characters earn experience points (XP) to rise in levels, and become increasingly powerful over a series of separate gaming sessions.
-
[88][89] Each set covered game play for more powerful characters than the previous.
-
Version 5.1 of the System Reference Document, released in 2023 Alongside the publication of the 5th Edition, Wizards of the Coast established a two-pronged licensing approach.
-
[93] The rules underwent minor changes, including the addition of non-weapon proficiencies – skill-like abilities that originally appeared in 1st Edition supplements.
-
[103] This edition added the D&D Encounters program; a weekly event held at local stores designed to draw players back to the game by giving “the busy gamer the chance to
play D&D once a week as their schedules allow. -
[4][6] D&D’s publication is commonly recognized as the beginning of modern role-playing games and the role-playing game industry,[5][7] and also deeply influenced video games,
especially the role-playing video game genre. -
It was the largest revision of the D&D rules to date, and served as the basis for a multi-genre role-playing system designed around 20-sided dice, called the d20 System.
-
[122][123] In August 2022, Wizards announced that the next phase of major changes for Dungeons & Dragons would occur under the One D&D initiative which includes a public playtest
of the next version of Dungeons & Dragons and an upcoming virtual tabletop simulator with 3D environments developed with the Unreal Engine. -
[70] A major difference was the promotion of various game settings beyond that of traditional fantasy.
-
A Dungeon Master (DM) serves as the game’s referee and storyteller, while maintaining the setting in which the adventures occur, and playing the role of the inhabitants of
the game world, also referred to as non-player characters (NPCs). -
Typically, one player takes on the role of Dungeon Master (DM) while the others each control a single character, representing an individual in a fictional setting.
-
[145] The OGL has allowed a wide range of unofficial commercial derivative work based on the mechanics of Dungeons and Dragons to be produced since 2000;[146] it is credited
with increasing the market share of d20 products[147] and leading to a “boom in the RPG industry in the early 2000s”. -
If resurrection is not possible or not desired, the player may instead create a new PC to resume playing the game.
-
[148] With the release of the fourth edition, Wizards of the Coast introduced its Game System License, which represented a significant restriction compared to the very open
policies embodied by the OGL. -
[24] When working together as a group, the player characters (PCs) are often described as a “party” of adventurers, with each member often having their own area of specialty
which contributes to the success of the whole. -
Many players also use miniature figures on a grid map as a visual aid if desired, particularly during combat.
-
[63] In the 1970s, numerous companies began to sell miniature figures specifically for Dungeons & Dragons and similar games.
-
[135][136] They highlighted the high engagement of fans with the brand, however, the majority of spending is by Dungeon Masters who are only roughly 20% of the player base.
-
[121] Sarah Parvini, for the Los Angeles Times, wrote, “players and scholars attribute the game’s resurgent popularity not only to the longueurs of the pandemic, but also
to its reemergence in pop culture—on the Netflix series Stranger Things, whose main characters play D&D in a basement; on the sitcom The Big Bang Theory; or via the host of celebrities who display their love for the game online”. -
The new release folded the Basic and Advanced lines back into a single unified game.
-
[142] This attitude changed in the mid-1980s when TSR took legal action to try to prevent others from publishing compatible material.
-
[132][133] Dicebreaker highlighted that Rawson’s role is “part of Wizards’ plans to apply more resources to the digital side of D&D” following the purchase of D&D Beyond by
Hasbro earlier in the year. -
The first, based on Stranger Things, was released in May 2019.
-
[135][136] Following an apology issued by Wizards of the Coast for offensive and racist material included in Spelljammer: Adventures in Space and the announced revisions to
the product in September 2022, Christopher Perkins – Wizards’ game design architect – announced a new inclusion review process for the Dungeons & Dragons studio in November 2022. -
[12][13] In 1977, the game was split into two branches: the relatively rules-light game system of basic Dungeons & Dragons, and the more structured, rules-heavy game system
of Advanced Dungeons & Dragons (abbreviated as AD&D). -
[32] The game’s extensive rules – which cover diverse subjects such as social interactions,[30] magic use,[33] combat,[30] and the effect of the environment on PCs[34] – help
the DM to make these decisions. -
[108] At Gen Con 2012 in August, Mike Mearls, lead developer for 5th Edition, said that Wizards of the Coast had received feedback from more than 75,000 playtesters, but that
the entire development process would take two years, adding, “I can’t emphasize this enough … we’re very serious about taking the time we need to get this right. -
A Dungeons & Dragons Basic Set boxed edition was introduced that cleaned up the presentation of the essential rules, made the system understandable to the general public,
and was sold in a package that could be stocked in toy stores. -
In January 2021, the Los Angeles Times reported that according to Liz Schuh, head of publishing and licensing for Dungeons & Dragons, “revenue was up 35% in 2020 compared
with 2019, the seventh consecutive year of growth,” and in 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, “virtual play rose 86% […] aided by online platforms such as Roll20 and Fantasy Grounds”. -
[13] In 2004, D&D remained the best-known,[18] and best-selling,[19] role-playing game in the US, with an estimated 20 million people having played the game and more than
US$1 billion in book and equipment sales worldwide. -
Many optional accessories are available to enhance the game, such as expansion rulebooks, pre-designed adventures and various campaign settings.
-
[35] The most recent versions of the game’s rules are detailed in three core rulebooks: The Player’s Handbook, the Dungeon Master’s Guide and the Monster Manual.
-
During the game, players describe their PCs’ intended actions to the DM, who then describes the result or response.
-
-
[3][4][5] The game was first published in 1974 by Tactical Studies Rules, Inc.
-
[7][28][29] The results of the party’s choices and the overall story line for the game are determined by the DM according to the rules of the game and the DM’s interpretation
of those rules. -
Development history Sources and influences[edit] An immediate predecessor of Dungeons & Dragons was a set of medieval miniature rules written by Jeff Perren.
-
[41][43] As the game is played, each PC changes over time and generally increases in capability.
-
All products being reprinted will also go through this new review process and be updated as needed.
-
With Encounters, players can come and go as they choose and new players can easily be integrated into the story continuity”.
-
[81] The original alignment system (which grouped all characters and creatures into ‘Law’, ‘Neutrality’ and ‘Chaos’) was derived from the novel Three Hearts and Three Lions
by Poul Anderson. -
[80] The D&D magic system, in which wizards memorize spells that are used up once cast and must be re-memorized the next day, was heavily influenced by the Dying Earth stories
and novels of Jack Vance. -
In the past, D&D games could take months, even years, and players generally had to attend every session so that the story flow wasn’t interrupted.
-
AD&D, on the other hand, was designed to create a tighter, more structured game system than the loose framework of the original game.
-
[21][25] Game mechanics[edit] Main articles: Dungeons & Dragons gameplay and Character class (Dungeons & Dragons) Before the game begins, each player creates their player
character and records the details (described below) on a character sheet. -
Roughly 1,000 copies of the game were sold in the first year followed by 3,000 in 1975, and many more in the following years.
-
Two-pronged strategy[edit] In early 1977, TSR created the first element of a two-pronged strategy that would divide D&D for nearly two decades.
-
[75] Although TSR took legal action against several publishers in an attempt to restrict third-party usage, it never brought any court cases to completion, instead settling
out of court in every instance. -
These altered the spell-using classes by adding abilities that could be used at will, per encounter, or per day.
-
[3][7][11] The early success of D&D led to a proliferation of similar game systems.
-
In addition to first-party campaigns and modules, two campaigns based on popular culture have been created.
-
[8][9][10] D&D departs from traditional wargaming by allowing each player to create their own character to play instead of a military formation.
-
Likewise, non-magic-using classes were provided with parallel sets of options.
-
[102] 4th Edition streamlined the game into a simplified form and introduced numerous rules changes.
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