• The Parliament threatened to take the Council to the European Court of Justice; this led to a compromise whereby the Council would agree to elections, but the issue of voting
  systems would be put off until a later date.

• [38][39] Recent history[edit] Further information: Barroso Commission The Lisbon Treaty came into force on 1 December 2009, granting Parliament powers over the entire EU budget,
  making Parliament’s legislative powers equal to the Council’s in nearly all areas and linking the appointment of the Commission President to Parliament’s own elections.

• There are a few other controls, such as: the requirement of Commission to submit reports to the Parliament and answer questions from MEPs; the requirement of the President-in-office
  of the Council to present its programme at the start of their presidency; the obligation on the President of the European Council to report to Parliament after each of its meetings; the right of MEPs to make requests for legislation and policy
  to the Commission; and the right to question members of those institutions (e.g.

• [71] Under the Lisbon Treaty, seats are allocated to each state according to population and the maximum number of members is set at 751 (however, as the President cannot vote
  while in the chair there will only be 750 voting members at any one time).

• [33] Parliament pressure on the Commission[edit] In 2004, following the largest trans-national election in history, despite the European Council choosing a President from
  the largest political group (the EPP), the Parliament again exerted pressure on the Commission.

• One major internal power was that Parliament wanted a pledge from the Commission that it would put forward legislation when parliament requests.

• By this document, the Ad Hoc Assembly was established on 13 September 1952[17] with extra members, but after the failure of the negotiated and proposed European Defence Community
  (French parliament veto) the project was dropped.

• Last week’s vote suggests that the directly elected MEPs, in spite of their multitude of ideological, national and historical allegiances, have started to coalesce as a serious
  and effective EU institution, just as enlargement has greatly complicated negotiations inside both the Council and Commission.

• — ”How the European parliament got serious”, Financial Times (23 February 2006) In 2007, for the first time, Justice Commissioner Franco Frattini included Parliament in talks
  on the second Schengen Information System even though MEPs only needed to be consulted on parts of the package.

• [5] Although the European Parliament has legislative power, as does the Council, it does not formally possess the right of initiative as most national parliaments of the member
  states do, with the right of initiative only being a prerogative of the European Commission.

• [28] Furthermore, the Parliament began holding votes on proposed Commission Presidents from the 1980s, before it was given any formal right to veto.

• [72] Since 1 February 2020, 705 MEPs (including the president of the Parliament) sit in the European Parliament, the reduction in size due to the United Kingdom leaving the
  EU.

• In particular, under the procedure, the Commission presents a proposal to Parliament and the Council which can only become law if both agree on a text, which they do (or not)
  through successive readings up to a maximum of three.

• The EU budget is subject to a form of the ordinary legislative procedure with a single reading giving Parliament power over the entire budget (before 2009, its influence was
  limited to certain areas) on an equal footing to the Council.

• [50] However, there are some differences from national legislatures; for example, neither the Parliament nor the Council have the power of legislative initiative (except for
  the fact that the Council has the power in some intergovernmental matters).

• Parliament will have a seat in the EU’s Commission-led international negotiations and have a right to information on agreements.

• [6][7] The Parliament is the “first institution” of the European Union (mentioned first in its treaties and having ceremonial precedence over the other EU institutions),[8]
  and shares equal legislative and budgetary powers with the Council (except on a few issues where the special legislative procedures apply).

• After that experiment, Frattini indicated he would like to include Parliament in all justice and criminal matters, informally pre-empting the new powers they were due to gain
  in 2009 as part of the Treaty of Lisbon.

• [51] The value of such a power has been questioned by noting that in the national legislatures of the member states 85% of initiatives introduced without executive support
  fail to become law.

• Furthermore, in voting on the Commission, MEPs also voted along party lines, rather than national lines, despite frequent pressure from national governments on their MEPs.

• [62] The Parliament also has the power to censure the Commission if they have a two-thirds majority which will force the resignation of the entire Commission from office.

• It stated the Parliament would retain its formal seat in Strasbourg, where twelve sessions a year would be held, but with all other parliamentary activity in Brussels.

• [45] Control of the executive[edit] The President of the European Commission is proposed by the European Council on the basis of the European elections to Parliament.

• [1][2][3] Since 1979, the Parliament has been directly elected every five years by the citizens of the European Union through universal suffrage.

• [43] Before the final vote, Parliament demanded a number of concessions as part of a future working agreement under the new Lisbon Treaty.

• However, from 2009 a new members statute came into force, after years of attempts, which gave all members an equal monthly pay, of €8,484.05 each in 2016, subject to a European
  Union tax and which can also be taxed nationally.

• This sets it apart from similar institutions such as those of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe or Pan-African Parliament which are appointed.

• It was assumed or hoped that difficulties with the British[clarification needed] would be resolved to allow the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe to perform
  the task.

• This cohesion and willingness to use the Parliament’s power ensured greater attention from national leaders, other institutions and the public – who previously gave the lowest
  ever turnout for the Parliament’s elections.

• [34][35] Parliament’s overhaul of the Bolkestein directive signalled a major growth in status for Parliament Along with the extension of the ordinary legislative procedure,
  the Parliament’s democratic mandate has given it greater control over legislation against the other institutions.

• All member states hold elections to the European Parliament using various forms of proportional representation.

• [12] The wording of the ECSC Treaty demonstrated the leaders’ desire for more than a normal consultative assembly by using the term “representatives of the people” and allowed
  for direct election.

• [29] Since it became an elected body, the membership of the European Parliament has simply expanded whenever new nations have joined (the membership was also adjusted upwards
  in 1994 after German reunification).

• The European Parliament (EP) is one of the legislative bodies of the European Union and one of its seven institutions.

• A separate Assembly was introduced during negotiations on the Treaty as an institution which would counterbalance and monitor the executive while providing democratic legitimacy.

• Its early importance was highlighted when the Assembly was given the task of drawing up the draft treaty to establish a European Political Community.

• [22][33][59] Parliament also makes extensive use of its budgetary, and other powers, elsewhere; for example in the setting up of the European External Action Service, Parliament
  has a de facto veto over its design as it has to approve the budgetary and staff changes.

• [52] Yet it has been argued by former Parliament president Hans-Gert Pöttering that as the Parliament does have the right to ask the Commission to draft such legislation,
  and as the Commission is following Parliament’s proposals more and more Parliament does have a de facto right of legislative initiative.

• [7] The Parliament also has a great deal of indirect influence, through non-binding resolutions and committee hearings, as a “pan-European soapbox” with the ear of thousands
  of Brussels-based journalists.

• In 1985 the Parliament, wishing to be closer to these institutions, built a second chamber in Brussels and moved some of its work there despite protests from some states.

• [40] Barroso gained the support of the European Council for a second term and secured majority support from the Parliament in September 2009.

• It is a document proposed by up to five MEPs on a matter within the EU’s activities used to launch a debate on that subject.

• [10][11] History The Parliament, like the other institutions, was not designed in its current form when it first met on 10 September 1952.

• [60][61] In practice, the Parliament has never voted against a President or his Commission, but it did seem likely when the Barroso Commission was put forward.

• [12] The first meeting was held on 19 March 1958 having been set up in Luxembourg City, it elected Schuman as its president and on 13 May it rearranged itself to sit according
  to political ideology rather than nationality.

• The Common Assembly was shared by all three communities (which had separate executives) and it renamed itself the European Parliamentary Assembly.

• [6][55] This is also aided by Parliament’s mandate as the only directly democratic institution, which has given it leeway to have greater control over legislation than other
  institutions, for example over its changes to the Bolkestein directive in 2006.

• [27] Veil was also the first female president of the Parliament since it was formed as the Common Assembly.

• Barroso considered this an infringement on the Commission’s powers but did agree to respond within three months.

• [79] As a result of being broad alliances of national parties, European group parties are very decentralised and hence have more in common with parties in federal states like
  Germany or the United States than unitary states like the majority of the EU states.

• The Financial Times described it in the following terms:[36] That is where the European parliament has suddenly come into its own.

• Parliament also did not secure a say over the appointment of delegation heads and special representatives for foreign policy.

• Although most MEPs would prefer to be based just in Brussels, at John Major’s 1992 Edinburgh summit, France engineered a treaty amendment to maintain Parliament’s plenary
  seat permanently at Strasbourg.

• Once a position is agreed, it has to be approved by Parliament, by a simple majority.

• On the latter occasion it led to the resignation of the Santer Commission; highlighting how the budgetary power gives Parliament a great deal of power over the Commission.

• In its first reading, Parliament may send amendments to the Council which can either adopt the text with those amendments or send back a “common position”.

• The two main parties took on a government-opposition dynamic for the first time during the crisis which ended in the Commission resigning en masse, the first of any forced
  resignation, in the face of an impending censure from the Parliament.

• That position may either be approved by Parliament, or it may reject the text by an absolute majority, causing it to fail, or it may adopt further amendments, also by an absolute
  majority.

• The Parliament can call other institutions to answer questions and if necessary to take them to court if they break EU law or treaties.

• [30] The Parliament gained more powers from successive treaties, namely through the extension of the ordinary legislative procedure (then called the codecision procedure),[31]
  and in 1999, the Parliament forced the resignation of the Santer Commission.

• During this period the two parties took on similar roles to a government-opposition dynamic, with the Socialists supporting the executive and EPP renouncing its previous coalition
  support and voting it down.

• The deal includes that Parliament’s President will attend high level Commission meetings.

• Following the approval of the Commission President, the members of the Commission are proposed by the President in accord with the member states.

• The procedure which has slowly become dominant is the “ordinary legislative procedure” (previously named “codecision procedure”), which provides an equal footing between Parliament
  and Council.

• There is also an indirect effect on foreign policy; the Parliament must approve all development grants, including those overseas.

• As an elected body, the Parliament began to draft proposals addressing the functioning of the EU.

• [53] Finally, Parliament holds a non-binding vote on new EU treaties but cannot veto it.

• In these areas, the Council or Parliament decide law alone.

• [15] Even the Parliament’s two seats, which have switched several times, are a result of various agreements or lack of agreements.

• [19] This is seen as the birth of the modern European Parliament, with Parliament’s 50 years celebrations being held in March 2008 rather than 2002.

 

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