family

 

  • [40] Family of choice [edit] The term family of choice, also sometimes referred to as “chosen family” or “found family”, is common within the LGBT community, veterans, individuals
    who have suffered abuse, and those who have no contact with their biological parents.

  • Typically, societies with conjugal families also favor neolocal residence; thus upon marriage, a person separates from the nuclear family of their childhood (family of orientation)
    and forms a new nuclear family (family of procreation).

  • Observing, “Human beings have learned, laboriously, to be human”, she adds: “we hold our present form of humanity on trust, [and] it is possible to lose it” … “It is not
    without significance that the most successful large-scale abrogations of the family have occurred not among simple savages, living close to the subsistence edge, but among great nations and strong empires, the resources of which were ample,
    the populations huge, and the power almost unlimited”[90] Many countries (particularly Western) have, in recent years, changed their family laws in order to accommodate diverse family models.

  • [52] The transition from an old family to a new family that falls under blended families would also become problematic as the activities that were once performed in the old
    family may not transfer well within the new family for adolescents.

  • It refers to the group of people in an individual’s life that satisfies the typical role of family as a support system.

  • “[87] In the Western World, marriages are no longer arranged for economic, social or political gain, and children are no longer expected to contribute to family income.

  • [82][83][84] “The popular wisdom”, according to Zinn and Eitzen, sees the family structures of the past as superior to those today, and families as more stable and happier
    at a time when they did not have to contend with problems such as illegitimate children and divorce.

  • [32] The parent may have sole custody of the children, or separated parents may have a shared-parenting arrangement where the children divide their time (possibly equally)
    between two different single-parent families or between one single-parent family and one blended family.

  • [3][4][5][6] Anthropologists classify most family organizations as matrifocal (a mother and her children), patrifocal (a father and his children), conjugal (a married couple
    with children, also called the nuclear family), avuncular (a man, his sister, and her children), or extended (in addition to parents, spouse and children, may include grandparents, aunts, uncles, or cousins).

  • “[85] The postmodern family [edit] Percentage of births to unmarried women, selected countries, 1980 and 2007 Others argue that whether or not one views the family as “declining”
    depends on one’s definition of “family”.

  • [19] Types Although early western cultural anthropologists and sociologists considered family and kinship to be universally associated with relations by “blood” (based on
    ideas common in their own cultures) later research[8] has shown that many societies instead understand family through ideas of living together, the sharing of food (e.g.

  • There is another measure for the degree of relationship, which is determined by counting up generations to the first common ancestor and back down to the target individual,
    which is used for various genealogical and legal purposes.

  • [43] The term family of choice is also used by individuals in the 12 step communities, who create close-knit “family” ties through the recovery process.

  • There are different perspectives of the term ‘family’, from the perspective of children, the family is a “family of orientation”: the family serves to locate children socially
    and plays a major role in their enculturation and socialization.

  • Family (from Latin: familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship).

  • The term “sister-in-law” refers to two essentially different relationships, either the wife of one’s brother, or the sister of one’s spouse.

  • [41] The family of choice may or may not include some or all of the members of the family of origin.

  • [22] Multigenerational family [edit] Historically, the most common family type was one in which grandparents, parents, and children lived together as a single unit.

  • [65] Morgan identified six basic patterns of kinship terminologies: • Hawaiian: only distinguishes relatives based upon sex and generation.

  • For collateral relatives with one additional removal, one generation more distant from a common ancestor on one side, more classificatory terms come into play.

  • [62] Terminologies [edit] Main article: Kinship terminology Family tree with some family members Family tree with other family members Swedish family eating, 1902 In his book
    Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family, anthropologist Lewis Henry Morgan (1818–1881) performed the first survey of kinship terminologies in use around the world.

  • [43] Blended family [edit] The term blended family or stepfamily describes families with mixed parents: one or both parents remarried, bringing children of the former family
    into the new family.

  • This is family as a group of people that rely on each other like a family of origin would.

  • [44] Also in sociology, particularly in the works of social psychologist Michael Lamb,[45] traditional family refers to “a middle-class family with a bread-winning father
    and a stay-at-home mother, married to each other and raising their biological children,” and nontraditional to exceptions to this rule.

  • [61] Kinship terminology Degrees of kinship [edit] Main article: Coefficient of relationship Family in India, 1870s Family in a wagon, Lee County, Mississippi, United States,
    August 1935 A first-degree relative is one who shares 50% of your DNA through direct inheritance, such as a full sibling, parent or progeny.

  • [15] Olivia Harris states this confusion is not accidental, but indicative of the familial ideology of capitalist, western countries that pass social legislation that insists
    members of a nuclear family should live together, and that those not so related should not live together.

  • [46] Critics of the term “traditional family” point out that in most cultures and at most times, the extended family model has been most common, not the nuclear family,[47]
    though it has had a longer tradition in England[48] than in other parts of Europe and Asia which contributed large numbers of immigrants to the Americas.

  • As a family system, families of choice face unique issues.

  • When only the subject has the additional removal, the relative is the subject’s parents’ siblings, the terms Aunt and Uncle are used for female and male relatives respectively.

  • The terms “half-brother” and “half-sister” indicate siblings who share only one biological parent.

  • These terms (Aunt, Uncle, Niece, and Nephew) do not build on the terms used within the nuclear family as most are not traditionally members of the household.

  • The degree is the number of generations subsequent to the common ancestor before a parent of one of the cousins is found, while the removal is the difference between the number
    of generations from each cousin to the common ancestor (the difference between the generations the cousins are from).

  • This family is not one that follows the “normal” familial structure like having a father, a mother, and children.

  • Anthropologists believe that a tribal structure based on bilateral descent helps members live in extreme environments because it allows individuals to rely on two sets of
    families dispersed over a wide area.

  • [27][28] A father with his children in the United States in the 1940s Other family structures – with (for example) blended parents, single parents, and domestic partnerships
    – have begun to challenge the normality of the nuclear family.

  • [2] Historically, most human societies use family as the primary purpose of attachment, nurturance, and socialization.

  • [49] In terms of communication patterns in families, there are a certain set of beliefs within the family that reflect how its members should communicate and interact.

  • [43] If members of the chosen family have been disowned by their family of origin, they may experience surrogate grief, displacing anger, loss, or anxious attachment onto
    their new family.

  • Despite the ideological and legal pressures, a large percentage of families do not conform to the ideal nuclear family type.

  • Polyandry is most common in societies marked by high male mortality or where males will often be apart from the rest of the family for a considerable period of time.

  • This kind of family occurs commonly where women have the resources to rear their children by themselves, or where men are more mobile than women.

  • The nuclear family in industrial society [edit] Family arrangements in the United States have become more diverse with no particular household arrangement representing half
    of the United States population.

  • [33][34] The number of single-parent families have been increasing due to the divorce rate climbing drastically during the years 1965–1995, and about half of all children
    in the United States will live in a single-parent family at some point before they reach the age of 18.

  • [37] Generally, these children are her biological offspring, although adoption of children occurs in nearly every society.

  • [93] In the United States, one in five mothers has children by different fathers; among mothers with two or more children the figure is higher, with 28% having children with
    at least two different men.

  • [67][68] Cousins of an older generation (in other words, one’s parents’ first cousins), although technically first cousins once removed, are often classified with “aunts”
    and “uncles”.

  • The family is also an important economic unit studied in family economics.

  • The term differentiates between the “family of origin” (the biological family or that in which people are raised) and those that actively assume that ideal role.

  • [54] This means that a person may not have several different legal spouses at the same time, as this is usually prohibited by bigamy laws, (the act of entering into a marriage
    with one person while still legally married to another[55]) in jurisdictions that require monogamous marriages.

  • It may also correlate with a societal system in which each person is identified with their matriline—their mother’s lineage—and which can involve the inheritance of property
    and titles.

  • • Eskimo: in addition to distinguishing relatives based upon sex and generation, also distinguishes between lineal relatives and collateral relatives.

  • [23] Settled Sami (Lapplander) family of farmers in Stensele, Västerbotten, Sweden, early 20th century In the US, this arrangement declined after World War II, reaching a
    low point in 1980, when about one out of every eight people in the US lived in a multigenerational family.

  • Only a fifth of households were following traditional ways of having married couples raising a family together.

  • Zinn and Eitzen discuss the image of the “family as haven … a place of intimacy, love and trust where individuals may escape the competition of dehumanizing forces in modern
    society”.

  • Such systems generally assume that the mother’s husband is also the biological father.

  • In this case, the father(s) of these children are intermittently present in the life of the group and occupy a secondary place.

  • [11] However, producing children is not the only function of the family; in societies with a sexual division of labor, marriage, and the resulting relationship between two
    people, it is necessary for the formation of an economically productive household.

  • The way roles are balanced between the parents will help children grow and learn valuable life lessons.

  • Social One of the primary functions of the family involves providing a framework for the production and reproduction of persons biologically and socially.

  • Although much of his work is now considered dated, he argued that kinship terminologies reflect different sets of distinctions.

  • [18] A parent’s number of children strongly correlates with the number of children that their children will eventually have.

  • Classificatory systems are generally and erroneously understood to be those that “class together” with a single term relatives who actually do not have the same type of relationship
    to ego.

  • Kin, for whom these are family, refer to them in descriptive terms that build on the terms used within the nuclear family or use the nuclear family term directly.

  • As compared to sole custody, physical, mental and social well-being of children may be improved by shared-parenting arrangements and by children having greater access to both
    parents.

  • When only the relative has the additional removal, the relative is the subjects siblings child, the terms Niece and Nephew are used for female and male relatives respectively.

  • [78] Engels’ theory of resource control, and later that of Karl Marx, was used to explain the cause and effect of change in family structure and function.

  • [23] The numbers have risen since then, with one in five people in the US living in a multigenerational family as of 2016.

 

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