• [53] Two Polish friends in Paris were also to play important roles in Chopin’s life there.

• Most biographers of Chopin state that after this the two had little to do with each other, although in his letters dated as late as 1848 he still referred to him as “my friend
  Liszt”.

• [99] Late in 1844, Charles Hallé visited Chopin and found him “hardly able to move, bent like a half-opened penknife and evidently in great pain”, although his spirits returned
  when he started to play the piano for his visitor.

• Chopin’s music soon found success with publishers, and in 1833 he contracted with Maurice Schlesinger, who arranged for it to be published not only in France but, through
  his family connections, also in Germany and England.

• Chopin’s music, his status as one of music’s earliest celebrities, his indirect association with political insurrection, his high-profile love-life, and his early death have
  made him a leading symbol of the Romantic era.

• [21] Chopin’s successes as a composer and performer opened the door to western Europe for him, and on 2 November 1830, he set out, in the words of Zdzisław Jachimecki, “into
  the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever”.

• [79] Sand, in a letter to Grzymała of June 1838, admitted strong feelings for the composer and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship
  with Chopin; she asked Grzymała to assess Chopin’s relationship with Maria Wodzińska, without realising that the affair, at least from Maria’s side, was over.

• [72] Some commentators point to events in the two men’s romantic lives which led to a rift between them; there are claims that Liszt had displayed jealousy of his mistress
  Marie d’Agoult’s obsession with Chopin, while others believe that Chopin had become concerned about Liszt’s growing relationship with George Sand.

• [46] Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831; he would never return to Poland,[47] thus becoming one of many expatriates of the Polish Great Emigration.

• In a letter to Woyciechowski of 3 October 1829 he refers to his “ideal, whom I have served faithfully for six months, though without ever saying a word to her about my feelings;
  whom I dream of, who inspired the Adagio of my Concerto”.

• [28] Chopin’s final Conservatory report (July 1829) read: “Chopin F., third-year student, exceptional talent, musical genius.

• A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak
  of the November 1830 Uprising.

• The critic François-Joseph Fétis wrote in the Revue et gazette musicale: “Here is a young man who … taking no model, has found, if not a complete renewal of piano music,
  … an abundance of original ideas of a kind to be found nowhere else …”[57] After this concert, Chopin realised that his essentially intimate keyboard technique was not optimal for large concert spaces.

• [105] As the composer’s illness progressed, Sand had become less of a lover and more of a nurse to Chopin, whom she called her “third child”.

• [94] During the summers at Nohant, particularly in the years 1839–43, Chopin found quiet, productive days during which he composed many works, including his Polonaise in A-flat
  major, Op.

• The latter two would become part of his Paris milieu.

• [82] Sand, who was six years older than the composer and had had a series of lovers, wrote at this time: “I must say I was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature
  had on me …

• He gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews – in addition to some commenting (in Chopin’s own words) that he was “too delicate for those accustomed to
  the piano-bashing of local artists”.

• [33][34] Probably in early 1829 Chopin met the singer Konstancja Gładkowska and developed an intense affection for her, although it is not clear that he ever addressed her
  directly on the matter.

• [63] In 1835 Chopin went to Carlsbad, where he spent time with his parents; it was the last time he would see them.

• Chopin would die two years later at thirty-nine; the composer Luigi Cherubini had died in Paris in 1

• [54] Albert Grzymała, who in Paris became a wealthy financier and society figure, often acted as Chopin’s adviser and, in Zamoyski’s words, “gradually began to fill the role
  of elder brother in [his] life”.

• “[74] However, Chopin expressed annoyance in 1843 when Liszt performed one of his nocturnes with the addition of numerous intricate embellishments, at which Chopin remarked
  that he should play the music as written or not play it at all, forcing an apology.

• “[58] The list of musicians who took part in some of his concerts indicates the richness of Parisian artistic life during this period.

• “[70] Liszt was in attendance at Chopin’s Parisian debut on 26 February 1832 at the Salle Pleyel, which led him to remark: “The most vigorous applause seemed not to suffice
  to our enthusiasm in the presence of this talented musician, who revealed a new phase of poetic sentiment combined with such happy innovation in the form of his art.

• “[76] However, by early 1837 Maria Wodzińska’s mother had made it clear to Chopin in correspondence that a marriage with her daughter was unlikely to proceed.

• Thereafter – in the last 18 years of his life – he gave only 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon.

• “[21] In 1829 the artist Ambroży Mieroszewski executed a set of portraits of Chopin family members, including the first known portrait of the composer.

• I have still not recovered from my astonishment, and if I were a proud person I should be feeling humiliated at having been carried away …”[83] The two spent a miserable
  winter on Majorca (8 November 1838 to 13 February 1839), where, together with Sand’s two children, they had journeyed in the hope of improving Chopin’s health and that of Sand’s 15-year-old son Maurice, and also to escape the threats of Sand’s
  former lover Félicien Mallefille.

• [64] The sixteen-year-old girl’s portrait of the composer has been considered, along with Delacroix’s, as among the best likenesses of Chopin.

• After what was to be Chopin’s farewell concert in Warsaw in October 1830, which included the concerto, played by the composer, and Gładkowska singing an aria by Gioachino
  Rossini, the two exchanged rings, and two weeks later she wrote in his album some affectionate lines bidding him farewell.

• [106][107] In 1847 Sand published her novel Lucrezia Floriani, whose main characters – a rich actress and a prince in weak health – could be interpreted as Sand and Chopin.

• [43] Paris[edit] Chopin at 25, by his fiancée Maria Wodzińska, 1835 When he left Warsaw in late 1830, Chopin had intended to go to Italy, but violent unrest there made that
  a dangerous destination.

• [n 9] Career Travel and domestic success[edit] In September 1828 Chopin, while still a student, visited Berlin with a family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, enjoying operas
  directed by Gaspare Spontini and attending concerts by Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn, and other celebrities.

• [7] Chopin’s father, Nicolas Chopin, by Mieroszewski, 1829 In October 1810, six months after Chopin’s birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching
  French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace.

• [55] On 7 December 1831, Chopin received the first major endorsement from an outstanding contemporary when Robert Schumann, reviewing the Op.

• [69] Chopin placed the letters he had received from Maria and her mother into a large envelope, wrote on it the words “My sorrow” (“Moja bieda”), and to the end of his life
  retained in a desk drawer this keepsake of the second love of his life.

• [78] Chopin finally placed the letters from Maria and her mother in a package on which he wrote, in Polish, “My tragedy”.

• [60] Chopin was also involved in the composition of Liszt’s Hexameron; he wrote the sixth (and final) variation on Bellini’s theme.

• Chopin’s biographer Adam Zamoyski writes that he never considered himself to be French, despite his father’s French origins, and always saw himself as a Pole.

• [82] George Sand sewing, from Delacroix’s joint portrait of Chopin and Sand, 1838 On 3 December 1838, Chopin complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors
  in Majorca, commenting: “Three doctors have visited me …

• [110] Grzymała, who had followed their romance from the beginning, commented, “If [Chopin] had not had the misfortune of meeting G.S.

• 10 Études, and his performance of them prompted the composer to write to Hiller, “I should like to rob him of the way he plays my studies.

• By the age of seven he had begun giving public concerts, and in 1817 he composed two polonaises, in G minor and B-flat major.

• After a failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska from 1836 to 1837, he maintained an often troubled relationship with the French writer Aurore Dupin (known by her pen name George
  Sand).

• [49] In Paris, Chopin encountered artists and other distinguished figures and found many opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity.

• Here, for the first time, he encountered Polish rural folk music.

• In later years he generally gave a single annual concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that seated three hundred.

• Most are for solo piano, though he also wrote two piano concertos, a few chamber pieces, and some 19 songs set to Polish lyrics.

• [n 10] However, Chopin remained close to his fellow Poles in exile as friends and confidants and he never felt fully comfortable speaking French.

• [19] His next work, a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821, dedicated to Żywny, is his earliest surviving musical manuscript.

• [51] This was the beginning of a long and close association between the composer and Pleyel’s instruments.

• He no longer depended financially upon his father, and in the winter of 1832, he began earning a handsome income from publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students
  from all over Europe.

• In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer Józef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass, and composition.

• He played more frequently at salons but preferred playing at his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends.

• [81] On his return to Paris his association with Sand began in earnest, and by the end of June 1838 they had become lovers.

• After a solo recital in Paris on 21 February 1842, he wrote to Grzymała: “I have to lie in bed all day long, my mouth and tonsils are aching so much.

• [66] In July 1836 Chopin travelled to Marienbad and Dresden to be with the Wodziński family, and in September he proposed to Maria, whose mother Countess Wodzińska approved
  in principle.

• In his final years, he was supported financially by his admirer Jane Stirling, who also arranged for him to visit Scotland in 1848.

• [65] In October he finally reached Leipzig, where he met Schumann, Clara Wieck, and Mendelssohn, who organised for him a performance of his own oratorio St. Paul, and who
  considered him “a perfect musician”.

• I finished them on your little piano, which arrived in the best possible condition in spite of the sea, the bad weather and the Palma customs.

• On his way back to Paris, he met old friends from Warsaw, the Wodzińskis.

• The success of this concert led to an invitation to give a recital on a similar instrument (the “aeolopantaleon”) before Tsar Alexander I, who was visiting Warsaw; the Tsar
  presented him with a diamond ring.

• Later joint appearances included a benefit concert for the Benevolent Association of Polish Ladies in Paris.

• “[30] Chopin’s biographer Alan Walker considers that, insofar as such expressions could be perceived as homosexual in nature, they would not denote more than a passing phase
  in Chopin’s life, or be the result – in Walker’s words – of a “mental twist”.

• “[44] When in September 1831 he learned, while travelling from Vienna to Paris, that the uprising had been crushed, he expressed his anguish in the pages of his private journal:
  “Oh God!

• [24] His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title “The Szafarnia Courier”), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing
  of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster’s literary gift.

• — Frédéric Chopin to Tytus Woyciechowski (4.9.1830)[29] According to Adam Zamoyski, such expressions “were, and to some extent still are, common currency in Polish and carry
  no greater implication than the ‘love'” concluding letters today.

• [52] Chopin was also acquainted with the poet Adam Mickiewicz, principal of the Polish Literary Society, some of whose verses he set as songs.

• A fellow student at the Warsaw Conservatory, Julian Fontana, had originally tried unsuccessfully to establish himself in England; Fontana was to become, in the words of the
  music historian Jim Samson, Chopin’s “general factotum and copyist”.

• [40] Back in Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccolò Paganini play the violin, and composed a set of variations, Souvenir de Paganini.

• Their last appearance together in public was for a charity concert conducted for the Beethoven Monument in Bonn, held at the Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory on 25
  and 26 April 1841.

• He has maintained worldwide renown as a leading musician of his era, one whose “poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation”.

 

Works Cited

[‘UK: /ˈʃɒpæ̃, ˈʃɒpæn/, US: /ˈʃoʊpæn, ʃoʊˈpæn/,[1] French: [fʁedeʁik fʁɑ̃swa ʃɔpɛ̃].
2. ^ Polish: [frɨˈdɛrɨk fraɲˈt͡ɕiʂɛk ˈʂɔpɛn].
3. ^ Though none of Chopin’s family spelled their surname in the Polonised form Szopen,[2] the latter spelling has
been used by many Poles since his own day, including by his poet contemporaries Juliusz Słowacki[3] and Cyprian Norwid.[4]
4. ^ According to his letter of 16 January 1833 to the chairman of the Société historique et littéraire polonaise (Polish
Literary Society) in Paris, he was “born 1 March 1810 at the village of Żelazowa Wola in the Province of Mazowsze”.[9]
5. ^ The Conservatory was affiliated with the University of Warsaw; hence Chopin is counted among the university’s alumni
6. ^
At Szafarnia (in 1824 – perhaps his first solo travel away from home – and in 1825), Duszniki (1826), Pomerania (1827), and Sanniki (1828).[23]
7. ^ The Krasiński Palace, now known as the Czapski Palace, is now the Warsaw Academy of Fine Arts. In
1960 the Chopin family parlour (salonik Chopinów), a room once occupied by the Chopin household in the Palace, was opened as a museum.[26]
8. ^ An 1837–39 resident here, the artist-poet Cyprian Norwid, would later write a poem, “Chopin’s Piano”,
about the instrument’s defenestration by Russian troops during the January 1863 Uprising.[27]
9. ^ The originals perished in World War II. Only photographs survive.[39]
10. ^ A French passport used by Chopin is shown at Emmanuel Langavant,[48]
11. ^
For Schlesinger’s international network see Conway(2012), pp. 185–187, 238–239[62]
12. ^ A photo of the letters packet survives, though the originals seem to have been lost during World War II. See image on Chopin Institute Facebook page, archived
at ghostarchive.org (accessed 28 March 2021)
13. ^ The Bauza piano eventually entered the collection of Wanda Landowska in Paris and was seized following the Fall of Paris in 1940 and transported by the invaders to Leipzig in 1943. It was returned
to France in 1946, but subsequently went missing.[87]
14. ^ Two neighbouring apartments at the Valldemossa monastery, each long hosting a Chopin museum, have been claimed to be the retreat of Chopin and Sand, and to hold Chopin’s Pleyel piano.
In 2011 a Spanish court on Majorca, partly by ruling out a piano that had been built after Chopin’s visit there – probably after his death – decided which was the correct apartment.[89]
15. ^ Nourrit’s body was being escorted via Marseilles to
his funeral in Paris, following his suicide in Naples.[93]
16. ^ See the photo in the article on memorials to Frédéric Chopin, of the plaque on the Hôtel Baudard de Saint-James, commemorating Chopin’s death there.
17. ^ In 1879 the heart was
sealed within a pillar of the Holy Cross Church, behind a tablet carved by Leonard Marconi.[134] During the German invasion of Warsaw in World War II, the heart was removed for safekeeping and held in the quarters of the German commander, Erich von
dem Bach-Zelewski. It was later returned to the church authorities, but it was not deemed safe yet to put it back in its former resting place. It was taken to the town of Milanówek, where the casket was opened and the heart was viewed (its large size
was noted). It was stored in St. Hedwig’s Church there. On 17 October 1945, the 96th anniversary of Chopin’s death, it was returned to its place in Holy Cross Church.[135]
18. ^ The piano in the picture, a Pleyel from the period 1830–1849, was
not Chopin’s.
19. ^ In 2018 a copy of Chopin’s Buchholtz piano was first presented publicly at the Teatr Wielki, Warsaw – Polish National Opera[201] and was used by Warsaw Chopin Institute for their First International Chopin Competition on Period
Instruments.[202]
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71. ^ Eigeldinger 2001, passim.
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96. ^ Chopin 1962, p. 141.
97. ^ Zamoyski 2010, pp. 137–138.
98. ^
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100. ^ Załuski & Załuski 1992, p. 226.
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112. ^ Rogers 1939, p. 25.
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118. ^ Eddie 2013, p. 8.
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128. ^ Miller 2003, §8.
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