garden

 

  • Types Types of gardens: Specific plant or purpose: Alpine garden, bog garden, cactus garden, fernery, flower garden, moss garden, orchard, physic garden (precursor to botanical
    gardens), pollinator garden, rose garden, water garden, wildlife garden (to sustain local wildlife), botanical garden, market garden (small-scale production of cash crops), victory garden (food grown to supplement wartime rations), butterfly
    garden, hydroponic garden (growing plants without soil), rain garden (reabsorption of rain run-off), and trial garden (testing and evaluating plants); Specific style or aesthetic: Bonsai, color garden (monochromatic gardens or gardens designed
    with a visually appealing color scheme), Dutch garden, Garden room (secluded garden that has a “room-like” effect), German garden, Greek garden, knot garden (formal garden that is within a square frame), Mary garden (garden with a statue of
    the virgin Mary), monastic garden, Mughal garden, natural landscaping (using plants native to the area), paradise garden, Pekarangan, Persian garden, philosophical garden, pleasure garden, Roman garden, sacred garden, sensory garden, Shakespeare
    garden (garden featuring plants mentioned in the works of Shakespeare), Spanish garden, tea garden, therapeutic garden, tropical garden, xeriscaping, zen garden, Chinampa, walled garden, woodland garden; Placement: Back garden, school garden,
    cottage garden, forest garden, front yard, community garden, square foot garden, residential garden, roof garden, kitchen garden, shade garden; Material: Bottle garden, terrarium, greenhouse, green wall, hanging garden, container garden, sculpture
    garden, raised bed gardening, rock garden, cold frame; Environmental impact Gardeners may cause environmental damage by the way they garden, or they may enhance their local environment.

  • [9] Uses A garden can have aesthetic, functional, and recreational uses: • Cooperation with nature • Plant cultivation • Garden-based learning • Observation of nature • Bird-
    and insect-watching • Reflection on the changing seasons • Relaxation • Placing down different types of garden gnomes • Family dinners on the terrace • Children playing in the garden • Reading and relaxing in a hammock • Maintaining the flowerbeds
    • Pottering in the shed • Basking in warm sunshine • Escaping oppressive sunlight and heat • Growing useful produce • Flowers to cut and bring inside for indoor beauty • Fresh herbs and vegetables for cooking HistoryAsia [edit] China [edit]
    Naturalistic design of a Chinese garden incorporated into the landscape, including a pavilion Main article: Chinese garden The earliest recorded Chinese gardens were created in the valley of the Yellow River, during the Shang dynasty (1600–1046
    BC).

  • The most important consideration in any garden design is how the garden will be used, followed closely by the desired stylistic genres, and the way the garden space will connect
    to the home or other structures in the surrounding areas.

  • Under the influence of the Italian Renaissance, Caroline gardens began to shed some of the chaos of earlier designs, marking the beginning of a trends towards symmetrical
    unified designs that took the building architecture into account, and featuring an elevated terrace from which home and garden could be viewed.

  • Britain’s homegrown domestic gardening traditions were mostly practical in purpose, rather than aesthetic, unlike the grand gardens found mostly on castle grounds, and less
    commonly in universities.

  • Landscape gardens, on the other hand, such as the English landscape gardens first developed in the 18th century, may omit flowers altogether.

  • Elements of garden design include the layout of hard landscape, such as paths, rockeries, walls, water features, sitting areas and decking, as well as the plants themselves,
    with consideration for their horticultural requirements, their season-to-season appearance, lifespan, growth habit, size, speed of growth, and combinations with other plants and landscape features.

  • A garden is a planned space, usually outdoors, set aside for the cultivation, display, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature.

  • Most gardens consist of a mixture of natural and constructed elements, although even very ‘natural’ gardens are always an inherently artificial creation.

  • The carefully prepared harmony of Anet, with its parterres and surfaces of water integrated with sections of greenery, became one of the earliest and most influential examples
    of the classic French garden.

  • Budget limitations can be addressed by a simpler garden style with fewer plants and less costly hard landscape materials, seeds rather than sod for lawns, and plants that
    grow quickly; alternatively, garden owners may choose to create their garden over time, area by area.

  • [2] The most common form today is a residential or public garden, but the term garden has traditionally been a more general one.

  • [19] Korea [edit] Main article: Korean garden Korean gardens are a type of garden described as being natural, informal, simple and unforced, seeking to merge with the natural
    world.

  • [24] Beginning in 1528, King Francis I created new gardens at the Château de Fontainebleau, which featured fountains, parterres, a forest of pine trees brought from Provence,
    and the first artificial grotto in France.

  • [13] According to the Shiji, one of the most famous features of this garden was the Wine Pool and Meat Forest.

  • [7] The term “garden” in British English refers to a small enclosed area of land, usually adjoining a building.

  • Some gardens are for ornamental purposes only, while others also produce food crops, sometimes in separate areas, or sometimes intermixed with the ornamental plants.

  • [32][33] United Kingdom [edit] Before the Grand Manner era, a few significant gardens were found in Britain which were developed under the influence of the continent.

  • Garden needs of maintenance are also taken into consideration.

  • [1] Gardens often have design features including statuary, follies, pergolas, trellises, stumperies, dry creek beds, and water features such as fountains, ponds (with or without
    fish), waterfalls or creeks.

  • They were not intended as a complement to home or architecture, but conceived as independent spaces, arranged to grow and display flowers and ornamental plants.

  • Garden design can be roughly divided into two groups, formal and naturalistic gardens.

  • [28] Typical French formal gardens had “parterres, geometrical shapes and neatly clipped topiary”, in contrast to the English style of garden in which “plants and shrubs seem
    to grow naturally without artifice.

  • [20] They have a history that goes back more than two thousand years,[21] but are little known in the west.

  • Damage by gardeners can include direct destruction of natural habitats when houses and gardens are created; indirect habitat destruction and damage to provide garden materials
    such as peat,[35] rock for rock gardens,[36] and by the use of tapwater to irrigate gardens; the death of living beings in the garden itself, such as the killing not only of slugs and snails but also their predators such as hedgehogs and song
    thrushes by metaldehyde slug killer; the death of living beings outside the garden, such as local species extinction by indiscriminate plant collectors; and climate change caused by greenhouse gases produced by gardening.

  • Gardens may be designed by garden owners themselves, or by professionals.

  • [16][17] Shilparatna, a text from the sixteenth century, states that flower gardens or public parks should be located in the northern portion of a town.

  • [10] The old character for yuan is a small picture of a garden; it is enclosed in a square which can represent a wall, and has symbols which can represent the plan of a structure,
    a small square which can represent a pond, and a symbol for a plantation or a pomegranate tree.

  • Climate change [edit] Gardeners can help to prevent climate change in many ways, including the use of trees, shrubs, ground cover plants and other perennial plants in their
    gardens, turning garden waste into soil organic matter instead of burning it, keeping soil and compost heaps aerated, avoiding peat, switching from power tools to hand tools or changing their garden design so that power tools are not needed,
    and using nitrogen-fixing plants instead of nitrogen fertiliser.

  • Gardening was not recognized as an art form in Europe until the mid 16th century when it entered the political discourse, as a symbol of the concept of the “ideal republic”.

  • The oldest records date to the Three Kingdoms period (57 BC – 668 AD) when architecture and palace gardens showed a development noted in the Korean History of the Three Kingdoms.

  • Main article: Japanese garden The earliest recorded Japanese gardens were the pleasure gardens of the Emperors and nobles.

  • [34] • Chehel Sotoun Garden, Isfahan, Iran • Parc de Bagatelle, a rose garden in Paris • Garden of the Taj Mahal, India • Example of a garden attached to a place of worship:
    the cloister of the Abbey of Monreale, Sicily, Italy • The Sunken Garden of Butchart Gardens, Victoria, British Columbia • Gardens of Versailles (France) • The back garden of the Umaid Bhawan Palace in Jodhpur, India • Garden with fountains,
    Villa d’Este, Italy • Gardens at Colonial Williamsburg, Williamsburg, Virginia, feature many heirloom varieties of plants.

  • Landscape architecture is a related professional activity with landscape architects tending to engage in design at many scales and working on both public and private projects.

  • Including the time or funds available for regular maintenance, (this can affect the choices of plants regarding speed of growth) spreading or self-seeding of the plants (annual
    or perennial), bloom-time, and many other characteristics.

  • “[30] A good example of the French formal style are the Tuileries gardens in Paris which were originally designed during the reign of King Henry II in the mid-sixteenth century.

  • Gardeners demonstrated their artistry in knot gardens, with complex arrangements most commonly included interwoven box hedges, and less commonly fragrant herbs like rosemary.

  • Some professional garden designers are also landscape architects, a more formal level of training that usually requires an advanced degree and often an occupational license.

  • [15] India [edit] Manasollasa is a twelfth century Sanskrit text that offers details on garden design and a variety of other subjects.

  • It was located on the side of a mountain, and included a series of terraces connected by galleries, along with a lake where boats in the form of blue dragons navigated.

  • Irrigation Some gardeners manage their gardens without using any water from outside the garden.

  • “[29] By the mid-17th century axial symmetry had ascended to prominence in the French gardening traditions of Andre Mollet and Jacques Boyceau, from which the latter wrote:
    “All things, however beautiful they may be chosen, will be defective if they are not ordered and placed in proper symmetry.

  • Food-producing gardens are distinguished from farms by their smaller scale, more labor-intensive methods, and their purpose (enjoyment of a hobby or self-sustenance rather
    than producing for sale, as in a market garden).

 

Works Cited

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Photo credit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/23155134@N06/17302463621/’]