gardening

 

  • [19] Many of the Indigenous gardening methods were and still are often overlooked by colonizers due to the lack of resemblance to western gardens with well defined borders
    and non-naturalized plant species.

  • Gardens take many forms, some only contain one type of plant while others involve a complex assortment of plants with no particular order.

  • This generally implies providing the plants with enough soil so they do not become root-bound (roots wrapping in circles around transplant container), providing a hardening-off
    period (slow exposure to sun, wind, and cold), providing sufficient light, water, and nutrients, and choosing the correct plants to start indoors as some plants do not do well with the transplanting process.

  • Individual monasteries might also have had a “green court”, a plot of grass and trees where horses could graze, as well as a cellarer’s garden or private gardens for obedientiaries,
    monks who held specific posts within the monastery.

  • [24] The substantial knowledge and use of these plants along with the communal harvesting sites and emphasis on reciprocity between humans and plants indicates a basic level
    of gardening.

  • three sisters, New World crops), creating berry patches and orchards, manipulation of plants to encourage desired traits(e.g.

  • [90][91] Many crops will not be harvestable unless they are started inside so if a gardener wants to plant these crops in their garden without starting the plants themselves,
    they will need to purchase transplants which are commonly available at garden centers, plant nurseries, and big-box stores.

  • [13] This shift from hunting and gathering to increasingly modifying the environment in a way which produces an abundance of edible plant species marks the beginning of gardening.

  • Farm workers were provided with cottages that had architectural quality set in a small garden—about 1 acre (0.40 hectares)—where they could grow food and keep pigs and chickens.

  • Gardening is the process of growing plants for their vegetables, fruits, flowers, herbs, and appearances within a designated space.

  • Historically a lack of plant breeding knowledge would have led to more hybridization and the creation of new genetically diverse landraces.

  • • Native plant gardening is concerned with the use of native plants with or without the intent of creating wildlife habitat.

  • Even the early cottage garden flowers typically had their practical use—violets were spread on the floor (for their pleasant scent and keeping out vermin); calendulas and
    primroses were both attractive and used in cooking.

  • [85] Gardeners remain vital in the preservation of diverse genetics whether they maintain a family heirloom variety bred to fit conditions from the distant past, or they breed
    new landraces with traits matching their modern climate and growing condition.

  • [80][81] Many landraces and heirloom varieties along with their genetics are being lost due to the decrease in seed saving by modern farmers.

  • [12] Many of these prehistoric hunter-gatherers had constructed a niche allowing for easier access to, or a higher amount of edible plant species.

  • [84] Despite the decrease in farmer seed saving, many landraces are also being created through artificial selection and genetic modification.

  • • Community gardening is a social activity in which an area of land is gardened by a group of people, providing access to fresh produce, herbs, flowers and plants as well
    as access to satisfying labor, neighborhood improvement, sense of community and connection to the environment.

  • [16] The modern study of fire ecology describes the many benefits off-site fires may have granted these early humans.

  • Cloning may result in highly vulnerable plant populations if they do not also reproduce sexually in order to create genetic diversity thus allowing for certain levels of natural
    selection and hybrid vigor.

  • [87] Gardeners may grow frustrated if they lack this crucial knowledge before attempting to propagate certain plants such as hard neck garlic (asexual reproduction), which
    requires a cold dormant period to sprout, or saskatoon berries which have improved germination after being digested by bears through a process called endozoochory.

  • [40] One theory is that they arose out of the Black Death of the 1340s, when the death of so many laborers made land available for small cottages with personal gardens.

  • At the same time, the gardens in the monasteries were a place to grow flowers and medicinal herbs but they were also a space where the monks could enjoy nature and relax.

  • [36] After the emergence of the first civilizations, wealthy individuals began to create gardens for aesthetic purposes.

  • [8] This evidence pushes early stage plant domestication to 23,000 years ago which aligns with research done by Allaby (2022) showing slight selection pressure of desirable
    traits in Southwest Asian cereals (einkorn, emmer, barley).

  • [35] History Ancient times [edit] Forest gardening, a forest-based food production system, is the world’s oldest form of gardening.

  • As it pertains to food production, gardening generally happens on a much smaller scale with the intent of personal or community consumption.

  • [21][18][22][23] The Arctic and Subarctic societies relied primarily on hunting and fishing due to the harsh climate although they have been known to collectively use at least
    311 different plants as foods or medicines.

  • [8][60][61][62] Up until the green revolution these simple tools, although continually improved upon, would continue to be the backbone of agricultural societies.

  • [41] According to the late 19th-century legend of origin,[42] these gardens were originally created by the workers that lived in the cottages of the villages, to provide them
    with food and herbs, with flowers planted among them for decoration.

  • [70] This effectively allows for much more efficiency in the artificial selection process as certain traits such as fruit taste can be ignored altogether in the rootstock
    allowing for a focused selection with less backcrossing to a plant that had good tasting fruit.

  • [71] Thirdly, this allows for quick reproduction where one mother plant can produce many semi-developed clones each year.

  • Mediterranean agriculture is also a common practice that commercial gardeners use.

  • The peasant cottager of medieval times was more interested in meat than flowers, with herbs grown for medicinal use rather than for their beauty.

  • Plant Propagation Plants may be propagated through many different methods.

  • Types Residential gardening takes place near the home, in a space referred to as the garden.

  • While there are very few studies on the Fuegians, Darwin mentioned wild edible plants such as fungi, kelp, and wild celery growing next to the various Fuegian shelters.

  • [15] When done intentionally, this is often called forest gardening or fire stick farming in Australia.

  • These shared gardens, typically front or back yards, are usually used to produce food that is divided between the two parties.

  • [9] Despite not qualifying as plant domestication, there are many archaeological studies pushing the potential date of hominin selective ecosystem disturbance back up to 125,000
    years ago.

  • This is also the time when the so-called “gardenesque” style of gardens evolved.

  • Bog gardens are also considered a type of water garden.

  • Many gardeners, especially those who live in colder climates, will start seeds indoors prior to transplanting the young plant outside.

  • Secondly, grafting allows for plants that require cross pollination for fruit generation, such as apples, to all grow together as one tree.

  • [86] Certain seeds may not sprout without certain environmental conditions.

  • • Water gardening is concerned with growing plants adapted to pools and ponds.

  • [25][26][27] Similarly, the Fuegian Indigenous groups in South America had developed seemingly comparable niches due to a similar tundra ecosystem.

  • [10] Much of these early recorded ecosystem disturbances were made through hominin use of fire, which dates back to 1.5 Mya (although at this time fire was not likely being
    wielded as a landscape-changing tool by hominids).

  • While the 12,000 year-old date is the commonly accepted timeline describing plant domestication, there is now evidence from the Ohalo II hunter-gatherer site showing earlier
    signs of disturbing the soil and cultivation of pre-domesticated crop species.

  • Every hunter-gatherer society has developed a niche of some sort, allowing them to thrive or even just survive amongst their environments.

  • [32][33] Indigenous gardens such as forest gardens therefore do not only serve as a producer of foods, medicines, or materials, but also pleasant aesthetics.

  • These gardens displayed a wide variety of flowers in a rather small space.

  • [43] Authentic gardens of the yeoman cottager would have included a beehive and livestock, and frequently a pig and sty, along with a well.

  • [5] This is primarily because subsistence agriculture has been the main method of farming throughout its 12,000 year history and is virtually indistinguishable from gardening.

  • This style of smooth undulating grass, which would run straight to the house, clumps, belts and scattering of trees and serpentine lakes formed by invisibly damming small
    rivers, were a new style within the English landscape.

  • Agriculture was built on the use of hands, stones, sticks, human ingenuity, and fire.

  • By the late 13th century, rich Europeans began to grow gardens for leisure and for medicinal herbs and vegetables.

  • These tended to be wide and large, some of them used for hunting game—rather like a game reserve today—and others as leisure gardens.

  • On a large scale pest control is often done through the use of pesticides and herbicides, which may be either organic or artificially synthesized.

  • Usually there is a variety of plants in a garden, therefore it is always best to learn about the best weather for your plants to have success with your planting.

  • Also gaining popularity is the concept of “Green Gardening” which involves growing plants using organic fertilizers and pesticides so that the gardening process – or the flowers
    and fruits produced thereby – doesn’t adversely affect the environment or people’s health in any manner.

  • Other means of control include the removal of infected plants, using fertilizers and bio stimulants to improve the health and vigor of plants so they better resist attack,
    practicing crop rotation to prevent pest build-up, using foliar sprays, companion planting, and practicing good garden hygiene, such as disinfecting tools and clearing debris and weeds which may harbor pests.

  • [109] In US and British usage, the production of ornamental plantings around buildings is called landscaping, landscape maintenance or grounds keeping, while international
    usage uses the term gardening for these same activities.

  • [106] Gardeners may rely on one type of pest in order to eliminate another.

  • Garden sharing, where urban landowners allow gardeners to grow on their property in exchange for a share of the harvest, is associated with the desire to control the quality
    of one’s food, and reconnect with soil and community.

  • weed control) should apply, or whether land should generally be allowed to exist in its natural wild state.

  • The Slow Food movement has sought in some countries to add an edible school yard and garden classrooms to schools, e.g.

  • [117][118] Laws protecting a homeowner’s right to grow food plants have been termed “right to garden” laws.

  • [103] Creating new pesticides in order to manage resistant organisms is an immense expense and is often heavily criticized as an ineffective method of pest control.

  • [114][115][116] Numerous challenges to these laws, ordinances and regulations have emerged in recent years, with some resulting in legislation protecting a homeowner’s right
    to cultivate native plants or grow vegetables.

  • [99] While farm workers are by far the most affected by the use of pesticides and herbicides, they are often under-informed or accept the consequences due to financial necessity.

  • [96] A natural ecosystem will typically regulate pest levels through many biological means whether that be the natural introduction of a disease or an increase in the population
    of a predator species of animal.

  • [128] Areas like golf courses, cemeteries, community gardens as well as residential gardens are all areas in urban settings that could benefit pollinator diversity by implementing
    native flowers to the landscape.

  • For example, snails may be dealt with through the use of a chemical pesticide, an organic pesticide, hand-picking, barriers, or simply growing snail-resistant plants.

  • In some lawns, lichens, especially very damp lawn lichens such as Peltigera lactucfolia and P. membranacea, can become difficult to control and are considered pests.

  • A pest may crowd out desirable plants, disturb soil, stunt the growth of young seedlings, steal or damage fruit, or otherwise kill plants, hamper their growth, damage their
    appearance, or reduce the quality of the edible or ornamental portions of the plant.

  • Tropaeolum speciosum, for example, may be considered a desirable and ornamental garden plant, or it may be considered a pest if it seeds and starts to grow where it is not
    wanted.

  • [113] In the United States, such rules may prohibit homeowners from growing vegetable gardens, prohibit xeriscaping or meadow gardens, or require garden plants to be chosen
    from a pre-approved list, to preserve the aesthetics of the neighborhood.

  • Including native flowers has shown to increase pollinators, and even protects bee populations against urbanization and landscapes that do not include flowers.

  • [105] Another common method of pest control, used frequently in market gardening, is using insect netting or plastic greenhouse covers.

  • [112] This range allows for optimal photosynthesis and overall growth for many common plant species.

  • [127] Small patches in urban landscapes that are diverse in flowers have been noted to match or even exceed wild landscapes when it comes to bees pollinating.

  • The lawn vs. garden issue is played out in urban planning as the debate over the “land ethic” that is to determine urban land use and whether hyper hygienist bylaws (e.g.

 

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