greek mythology

 

  • As far as Oedipus is concerned, early epic accounts seem to have him continuing to rule at Thebes after the revelation that Iokaste was his mother, and subsequently marrying
    a second wife who becomes the mother of his children—markedly different from the tale known to us through tragedy (e.g.

  • [43] Others point to earlier myths from other cultures, showing the story of Heracles as a local adaptation of hero myths already well established.

  • [1] The Greek myths were initially propagated in an oral-poetic tradition most likely by Minoan and Mycenaean singers starting in the 18th century BC;[2] eventually the myths
    of the heroes of the Trojan War and its aftermath became part of the oral tradition of Homer’s epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey.

  • By the end of the fifth-century BC, poets had assigned at least one eromenos, an adolescent boy who was their sexual companion, to every important god except Ares and many
    legendary figures.

  • [36]: 50  The story of the arrival of Dionysus to establish his cult in Thrace was also the subject of an Aeschylean trilogy.

  • Two poems by Homer’s near contemporary Hesiod, the Theogony and the Works and Days, contain accounts of the genesis of the world, the succession of divine rulers, the succession
    of human ages, the origin of human woes, and the origin of sacrificial practices.

  • “[20]: 182  Regardless of their underlying forms, the Ancient Greek gods have many fantastic abilities; most significantly, the gods are not affected by disease, and can be
    wounded only under highly unusual circumstances.

  • The first philosophical cosmologists reacted against, or sometimes built upon, popular mythical conceptions that had existed in the Greek world for some time.

  • [8]: 35  While the age of gods often has been of more interest to contemporary students of myth, the Greek authors of the archaic and classical eras had a clear preference
    for the age of heroes, establishing a chronology and record of human accomplishments after the questions of how the world came into being were explained.

  • The evidence about myths and rituals at Mycenaean and Minoan sites is entirely monumental, as the Linear B script (an ancient form of Greek found in both Crete and mainland
    Greece) was used mainly to record inventories, although certain names of gods and heroes have been tentatively identified.

  • Although Apollonius wrote his poem in the 3rd century BC, the composition of the story of the Argonauts is earlier than Odyssey, which shows familiarity with the exploits
    of Jason (the wandering of Odysseus may have been partly founded on it).

  • To the Heroic Age are also ascribed three great events: the Argonautic expedition, the Theban Cycle, and the Trojan War.

  • Finally, several Byzantine Greek writers provide important details of myth, much derived from earlier now lost Greek works.

  • Greek mythology is the body of myths originally told by the ancient Greeks, and a genre of ancient Greek folklore, today absorbed alongside Roman mythology into the broader
    designation of classical mythology.

  • [6] Literary sources Mythical narration plays an important role in nearly every genre of Greek literature.

  • This work attempts to reconcile the contradictory tales of the poets and provides a grand summary of traditional Greek mythology and heroic legends.

  • Sending a hero to his presumed death is also a recurrent theme of this early heroic tradition, used in the cases of Perseus and Bellerophon.

  • [16]: 18  After the middle of the Archaic period, myths about relationships between male gods and male heroes became more and more frequent, indicating the parallel development
    of pedagogic pederasty, thought to have been introduced around 630 BC.

  • Theogony also was the subject of many lost poems, including those attributed to Orpheus, Musaeus, Epimenides, Abaris, and other legendary seers, which were used in private
    ritual purifications and mystery-rites.

  • The last and greatest of the heroic legends is the story of the Trojan War and after (which is regarded by some researchers as a separate, fourth period).

  • Great gods are no longer born, but new heroes can always be raised up from the army of the dead.”

  • Many cities also honored the more well-known gods with unusual local rites and associated strange myths with them that were unknown elsewhere.

  • When these gods are called upon in poetry, prayer, or cult, they are referred to by a combination of their name and epithets, that identify them by these distinctions from
    other manifestations of themselves (e.g., Apollo Musagetes is “Apollo, [as] leader of the Muses”).

  • Firstly, many Greek myths are attested on vases earlier than in literary sources: of the twelve labors of Heracles, for example, only the Cerberus adventure occurs in a contemporary
    literary text.

  • In Homer’s works, such as the Iliad, the chief stories have already taken shape and substance, and individual themes were elaborated later, especially in Greek drama.

  • [20] While his tragic end provided much material for tragedy—Heracles is regarded by Thalia Papadopoulou as “a play of great significance in examination of other Euripidean
    dramas.”   In art and literature Heracles was represented as an enormously strong man of moderate height; his characteristic weapon was the bow but frequently also the club.

  • “[35]: 291  An anonymous papyrus fragment, dated to the third century, vividly portrays Dionysus’ punishment of the king of Thrace, Lycurgus, whose recognition of the new
    god came too late, resulting in horrific penalties that extended into the afterlife.

  • Poets and artists from ancient times to the present have derived inspiration from Greek mythology and have discovered contemporary significance and relevance in the themes.

  • [41] The epic and genealogical poetry created cycles of stories clustered around particular heroes or events and established the family relationships between the heroes of
    different stories; they thus arranged the stories in sequence.

  • In some cases, the first known representation of a myth in geometric art predates its first known representation in late archaic poetry, by several centuries.

  • These stories concern the ancient Greek religion’s view of the origin and nature of the world; the lives and activities of deities, heroes, and mythological creatures; and
    the origins and significance of the ancient Greeks’ cult and ritual practices.

  • Eventually, these vague spirits assumed human forms and entered the local mythology as gods.

  • Alternatively, the epithet may identify a particular and localized aspect of the god, sometimes thought to be already ancient during the classical epoch of Greece.

  • [38]: 195  Demeter and Metanira in a detail on an Apulian red-figure hydria, circa 340 BC (Altes Museum, Berlin) In another story, based on an old folktale-motif,[39] and
    echoing a similar theme, Demeter was searching for her daughter, Persephone, having taken the form of an old woman called Doso, and received a hospitable welcome from Celeus, the King of Eleusis in Attica.

  • [53] The Theban Cycle deals with events associated especially with Cadmus, the city’s founder, and later with the doings of Laius and Oedipus at Thebes; a series of stories
    that lead to the war of the Seven against Thebes and the eventual pillage of that city at the hands of the Epigoni.

  • This generation also included Theseus, who went to Crete to slay the Minotaur; Atalanta, the female heroine, and Meleager, who once had an epic cycle of his own to rival the
    Iliad and Odyssey.

  • His writings may have formed the basis for the collection; however, the “Library” discusses events that occurred long after his death, hence the name Pseudo-Apollodorus.

  • Among the earliest literary sources are Homer’s two epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey.

  • Age of gods and mortals “The origins of humanity [were] ascribed to various figures, including Zeus and Prometheus.

  • [8]: 7  Hesiod, a possible contemporary with Homer, offers in his Theogony (Origin of the Gods) the fullest account of the earliest Greek myths, dealing with the creation
    of the world, the origin of the gods, Titans, and Giants, as well as elaborate genealogies, folktales, and aetiological myths.

  • In Greek mythology’s surviving literary forms, as found mostly at the end of the progressive changes, it is inherently political, as Gilbert Cuthbertson (1975) has argued.

  • According to Walter Burkert, the defining characteristic of Greek anthropomorphism is that “the Greek gods are persons, not abstractions, ideas or concepts.

  • [25]: 108  The earliest Greek thought about poetry considered the theogonies to be the prototypical poetic genre—the prototypical mythos—and imputed almost magical powers
    to it.

  • [9]: xii  Herodotus in particular, searched the various traditions he encountered and found the historical or mythological roots in the confrontation between Greece and the
    East.

  • [8]: 8  Historians Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus, and geographers Pausanias and Strabo, who traveled throughout the Greek world and noted the stories they heard, supplied
    numerous local myths and legends, often giving little-known alternative versions.

  • “[33] Bridging the age when gods lived alone and the age when divine interference in human affairs was limited was a transitional age in which gods and mortals moved together.

  • [51][52] In ancient times the expedition was regarded as a historical fact, an incident in the opening up of the Black Sea to Greek commerce and colonization.

  • In fact, literary and archaeological sources integrate, sometimes mutually supportive and sometimes in conflict; however, in many cases, the existence of this corpus of data
    is a strong indication that many elements of Greek mythology have strong factual and historical roots.

  • [18]: 54  Alexandrian poets at first, then more generally literary mythographers in the early Roman Empire, often re-adapted stories of Greek mythological characters in this
    fashion.

  • “[32]: 54  The gods of Greek mythology are described as having essentially corporeal but ideal bodies.

  • Another important difference between the hero cult and the cult of gods is that the hero becomes the centre of local group identity.

  • Hyllus, the eponymous hero of one Dorian phyle, became the son of Heracles and one of the Heracleidae or Heraclids (the numerous descendants of Heracles, especially the descendants
    of Hyllus—other Heracleidae included Macaria, Lamos, Manto, Bianor, Tlepolemus, and Telephus).

  • [20]: 205  In the Works and Days, Hesiod makes use of a scheme of Four Ages of Man (or Races): Golden, Silver, Bronze, and Iron.

  • Under the influence of Homer the “hero cult” leads to a restructuring in spiritual life, expressed in the separation of the realm of the gods from the realm of the dead (heroes),
    of the Chthonic from the Olympian.

  • [29]: 4  Each god descends from his or her own genealogy, pursues differing interests, has a certain area of expertise, and is governed by a unique personality; however, these
    descriptions arise from a multiplicity of archaic local variants, which do not always agree with one another.

  • Heracles and the Heracleidae Further information: Heracles, Heracleidae, and Hercules Heracles with his baby Telephus (Louvre Museum, Paris) Some scholars believe[42]: 10
    that behind Heracles’ complicated mythology there was probably a real man, perhaps a chieftain-vassal of the kingdom of Argos.

  • The discovery of the Mycenaean civilization by the German amateur archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann in the nineteenth century, and the discovery of the Minoan civilization
    in Crete by the British archaeologist Arthur Evans in the twentieth century, helped to explain many existing questions about Homer’s epics and provided archaeological evidence for many of the mythological details about gods and heroes.

  • Many of the great tragic stories (e.g.

  • [20]: 211  In Italy he was worshipped as a god of merchants and traders, although others also prayed to him for his characteristic gifts of good luck or rescue from danger.

  • Other poets completed the Epic Cycle, but these later and lesser poems now are lost almost entirely.

  • Modern scholars study the myths to shed light on the religious and political institutions of ancient Greece, and to better understand the nature of myth-making itself.

  • Behind the myth of the house of Atreus (one of the two principal heroic dynasties with the house of Labdacus) lies the problem of the devolution of power and of the mode of
    accession to sovereignty.

  • [3] Lyrical poets often took their subjects from myth, but their treatment became gradually less narrative and more allusive.

  • Greek pantheon Further information: Ancient Greek religion, Twelve Olympians, Family Tree of the Greek Gods, and List of Mycenaean gods Zeus, disguised as a swan, seduces
    Leda, the Queen of Sparta.

  • [24] Attic black-figured amphora depicting Athena being “reborn” from the head of Zeus, who had swallowed her mother Metis, on the right, Eileithyia, the goddess of childbirth,
    assists, circa 550–525 BC (Musée du Louvre, Paris) Zeus was plagued by the same concern, and after a prophecy that the offspring of his first wife, Metis, would give birth to a god “greater than he”, Zeus swallowed her.

  • [20]: 211  Heracles also entered Etruscan and Roman mythology and cult, and the exclamation “mehercule” became as familiar to the Romans[clarification needed] as “Herakleis”
    was to the Greeks.

  • [3] Greek mythology has had an extensive influence on the culture, arts, and literature of Western civilization and remains part of Western heritage and language.

  • Hesiod’s Works and Days, a didactic poem about farming life, also includes the myths of Prometheus, Pandora, and the Five Ages.

  • [51] It was also extremely popular, forming a cycle to which a number of local legends became attached.

  • Prose writers from the same periods who make reference to myths include Apuleius, Petronius, Lollianus, and Heliodorus.

  • [3] Survey of mythic history Greek mythology has changed over time to accommodate the evolution of their culture, of which mythology, both overtly and in its unspoken assumptions,
    is an index of the changes.

 

Works Cited

[‘1. Cuthbertson (1975) selects a wider range of epic, from Gilgamesh to Voltaire’s Henriade, but his central theme—that myths encode mechanisms of cultural dynamics structure community by the creation of moral consensus—is a familiar mainstream view
that applies to Greek myth.
2. “Volume: Hellas, Article: Greek Mythology”. Encyclopaedia The Helios. 1952.
3. ^ Cartwirght, Mark. “Greek Mythology”. World History Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
4. ^
Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l Adkins, A. W. H.; Pollard, John R. T. (2002) [1998]. “Greek Mythology”. Encyclopædia Britannica.
5. ^ Foley, John Miles (1999). “Homeric and South Slavic Epic”. Homer’s Traditional Art. Penn State Press. ISBN
978-0-271-01870-6.
6. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Graf, Fritz. 2009 [1993]. Greek Mythology: An Introduction, translated by T. Marier. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 9780801846571.
7. ^ Alms, Anthony. 2007. Theology, Trauerspiel,
and the Conceptual Foundations of Early German Opera. City University of New York.
8. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Hard, Robin (2003). “Sources of Greek Myth”. The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: based on H. J. Rose’s “A Handbook of Greek mythology”.
London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-18636-0.
9. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g Miles, Geoffrey (1999). “The Myth-kitty” in Classical Mythology in English Literature: A Critical Anthology. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-415-14754-5.
10. ^
Jump up to:a b c d Klatt, Mary J., and Antoinette Brazouski. 1994. “Preface” in Children’s Books on Ancient Greek and Roman Mythology: An Annotated Bibliography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-28973-6.
11. ^ Cartledge, Paul A. 2004. The Spartans
(translated in Greek). Livanis. ISBN 978-960-14-0843-9.
12. ^ Cartledge, Paul A. 2002. “Inventing the Past: History v. Myth” in The Greeks. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280388-7.
13. ^ Pasiphae Archived 15 May 2018 at the Wayback
Machine, Encyclopedia: Greek Gods, Spirits, Monsters
14. ^ Jane Henle, Greek Myths: A Vase Painter’s Notebook (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1973) ISBN 0-253-32636-2
15. ^ Homer, Iliad, 8. An epic poem about the Battle of Troy. 366–369
16. ^
Cuthbertson, Gilbert (1975) Political Myth and Epic. Ann Arbor: Michigan State University Press.
17. ^ Jump up to:a b c Albala, Ken G, Claudia Durst Johnson, and Vernon E. Johnson. 2000. Understanding the Odyssey. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN
978-0-486-41107-1.
18. ^ Calimach, Andrew, ed. 2002. “The Cultural Background.” Pp. 12–109 in Lovers’ Legends: The Gay Greek Myths. New Rochelle, NY: Haiduk Press. ISBN 978-0-9714686-0-3.
19. ^ Percy, William A. 1999. “The Institutionalization
of Pederasty” in Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-252-06740-2.
20. ^ Jump up to:a b Dowden, Ken. 1992. “Myth and Mythology” in The Uses of Greek Mythology. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-06135-3.
21. ^
Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l Burkert, Walter. 2002. “Prehistory and the Minoan Mycenaen Era” in Greek Religion: Archaic and Classical, translated by J. Raffan. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-15624-6.
22. ^ Hesiod, Works and Days, 90–105
Archived 12 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine
23. ^ Ovid, Metamorphoses, I, 89–162 Archived 23 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine
24. ^ Jump up to:a b Hesiod, Theogony, 116–138
25. ^ Hesiod, Theogony, 713–735
26. ^ Jump up to:a b Guirand, Felix
(1987) [1959]. “Greek Mythology”. In Guirand, Felix (ed.). New Larousse Encyclopedia of Mythology. Translated by R. Aldington and D. Ames. Hamlyn. ISBN 978-0-600-02350-0.
27. ^ Homeric Hymn to Hermes, 414–435 Archived 25 October 2008 at the Wayback
Machine
28. ^ Jump up to:a b Betegh, Gábor. 2004. “The Interpretation of the poet” in The Derveni Papyrus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80108-9.
29. ^ Algra, Keimpe. 1999. “The Beginnings of Cosmology” in The Cambridge
Companion to Early Greek Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-44667-9.
30. ^ Jump up to:a b c Stoll, Heinrich Wilhelm. 1852. Handbook of the Religion and Mythology of the Greeks, translated by R. B. Paul. Francis & John
Rivington.
31. ^ Adkins, A. W. H.; Pollard, John R. T. (2 March 2020) [2002]. “Greek Religion”. Encyclopædia Britannica.
32. ^ J. Cashford, The Homeric Hymns, vii
33. ^ Nagy, Gregory. 1992. “The Hellenization of the Indo-European Poetics” in
Greek Mythology and Poetics. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8048-5.
34. ^ Dell, Christopher (2012). Mythology: The Complete Guide to our Imagined Worlds. New York: Thames & Hudson. p. 342. ISBN 978-0-500-51615-7.
35. ^ Homeric Hymn
to Aphrodite, 75–109 Archived 12 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine
36. ^ Morris, Ian. 2000. Archaeology As Cultural History. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-19602-0.
37. ^ Weaver, John B. 1998. “Introduction” in The Plots of Epiphany.
Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-018266-8.
38. ^ Bushnell, Rebecca W. 2005. “Helicocentric Stoicism in the Saturnalia: The Egyptian Apollo” in Medieval: A Companion to Tragedy. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-0735-8.
39. ^ Trobe,
Kala. 2001. “Dionysus” in Invoke the Gods. Llewellyn Worldwide. ISBN 978-0-7387-0096-0.
40. ^ Nilsson, Martin P. 1940. “The Religion of Eleusis” in Greek Popular Religion Archived 1 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine. New York: Columbia University
Press. p. 50 Archived 1 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
41. ^ Homeric Hymn to Demeter, 255–274 Archived 16 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine
42. ^ Jump up to:a b Kelsey, Francis W. (1889). A Handbook of Greek Mythology. Allyn and Bacon. p.
30.
43. ^ Jump up to:a b Rose, Herbert Jennings. 1991. A Handbook of Greek Mythology. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-04601-5.
44. ^ Dupuis, C. F. The Origin of All Religious Worship. p. 86.
45. ^ Jump up to:a b “Heracles”. Encyclopædia Britannica.
6 February 2020 [1999].
46. ^ Papadopoulou, Thalia. 2005. “Introduction” in Heracles and Euripidean Tragedy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85126-8. p. 1.
47. ^ Herodotus, The Histories, I, 6–7 Archived 16 November 2017
at the Wayback Machine.
48. ^ Kirk, Geoffrey Stephen. 1973. “The Thematic Simplicity of the Myths” in Myth: Its Meaning and Functions in Ancient and Other Cultures Archived 27 December 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Berkeley: University of California
Press. ISBN 978-0-520-02389-5. p. 183.
49. ^ Apollodorus, Library and Epitome, 1.9.16 Archived 17 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
50. ^ Apollonius, Argonautica, I, 20ff Archived 12 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
51. ^ Pindar, Pythian
Odes, Pythian 4.1 Archived 17 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
52. ^ Jump up to:a b “Argonaut”. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.
53. ^ Jump up to:a b Grimal, Pierre. 1986. “Argonauts.” P. 58 in The Dictionary of Classical Mythology. Blackwell
Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-20102-1.
54. ^ Bonnefoy, Yves. 1992. “Kinship Structures in Greek Heroic Dynasty” in Greek and Egyptian Mythologies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-06454-3. p. 103.
55. ^ Jump up to:a b c “Trojan
War”. Encyclopaedia The Helios. 1952.
56. ^ Jump up to:a b c “Troy (Ancient City)”. Encyclopædia Britannica. 25 April 2019 [1998].
57. ^ Dunlop, John. 1842. “Romances of Chivalry” in The History of Fiction. Carey and Hart. ISBN 978-1-149-40338-9.
p. 355.
58. ^ Kelly, Douglas. The Conspiracy of Allusion. p. 121.
59. ^ Jump up to:a b c Hanson, Victor Davis, and John Heath. 1999. Who Killed Homer, with translations by R. Karakatsani. Kakos. ISBN 978-960-352-545-5. p. 37.
60. ^ Jump up to:a
b c Griffin, Jasper. 1986. “Greek Myth and Hesiod” in The Oxford Illustrated History of Greece and the Hellenistic World, edited by J. Boardman, J. Griffin, and O. Murray. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285438-4. p. 80.
61. ^ Veyne,
Paul (15 June 1988) [1983]. Did the Greeks Believe in Their Myths?: An Essay on the Constitutive Imagination. Translated by Wissing, Paula. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 1. ISBN 9780226854342. Retrieved 14 November 2023. Did the Greeks
believe in their mythology? The answer is difficult, for ‘believe’ means so many things. Not everyone believed that Minos, after his death, continued being a judge in Hell or that Theseus fought the Minotaur, and they knew that poets ‘lie’ […]
[I]n the minds of the Greeks, Theseus had, nonetheless, existed. […] Why did the Greeks go to the trouble of wishing to separate the wheat from the chaff in myth […]? We see the extent of the problem when we realize that this attitude toward myth
lasted for over two millennia.
62. ^ Plato, Theaetetus, 176b Archived 8 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine
63. ^ Plato, Apology, 28b-d Archived 8 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine
64. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Gale, Monica R. 1994. Myth and Poetry
in Lucretius. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-45135-2.
65. ^ “Euhemerus”. Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 January 2020 [1998].
66. ^ Jump up to:a b Chance, Jane. 1994. Medieval Mythography. University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-1256-8.
p. 69.
67. ^ Jump up to:a b c Walsh, Patrick Gerald. 1998. The Nature of the Gods. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-282511-7.
68. ^ Jump up to:a b Barfield, Raymond (2011). The Ancient Quarrel Between Philosophy and Poetry. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. pp. 75–76. ISBN 978-1-139-49709-1.
69. ^ Cicero, Tusculanae Disputationes, 1.11 Archived 15 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine
70. ^ Cicero, De Divinatione, 2.81 Archived 10 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine
71. ^
Janson, Horst Woldemar; Janson, Anthony F. (2004). Touborg, Sarah; Moore, Julia; Oppenheimer, Margaret; Castro, Anita (eds.). History of Art: The Western Tradition. Vol. 1 (Revised 6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education. p. 111.
ISBN 0-13-182622-0.
72. ^ North John A., Mary Beard, and Simon R. F. Price. 1998. “The Religions of Imperial Rome” in Classical Mythology in English Literature: A Critical Anthology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-31682-8.
p. 259.
73. ^ Hacklin, Joseph. 1994. “The Mythology of Persia” in Asiatic Mythology. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-0920-4. p. 38.
74. ^ Sacred Texts, Orphic Hymns Archived 18 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine
75. ^ Ackerman,
Robert. 1991. Introduction to Jane Ellen Harrison’s ‘A Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion’. p. xv.
76. ^ “Griechische und römische götter- und heldensage; von dr. Hermann Steuding …” HathiTrust. hdl:2027/nnc1.cu01992929. Retrieved 25
August 2023.
77. ^ “OGND – results/titledata”. swb.bsz-bw.de. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
78. ^ “Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek”. portal.dnb.de. Retrieved 25 August 2023.
79. ^ “Theologische Literaturzeitung, 37 – OpenDigi”. idb.ub.uni-tuebingen.de.
Retrieved 5 September 2023.
80. ^ Steuding, Hermann (1903). Greek and Roman Mythology & Heroic Legend, by Prof. H. Steuding. J.M. Dent & Company.
81. ^ Jump up to:a b Buxton, Richard G. A.; Bolle, Kees W.; Smith, Jonathan Z. (2002). “myth”. Encyclopædia
Britannica.
82. ^ Segal, Robert A. 1999. Theorizing about Myth. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1-55849-191-5. p. 16.
83. ^ Jump up to:a b Allen, Douglas. 1978. Structure & Creativity in Religion: Hermeneutics in Mircea Eliade’s Phenomenology
and New Directions. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-90-279-7594-2.
84. ^ Caldwell, Richard. 1990. “The Psychoanalytic Interpretation of Greek Myth” in Approaches to Greek Myth. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-3864-4.
p. 344.
85. ^ Jung, Carl. The Psychology of the Child Archetype. p. 85.
86. ^ Segal, Robert A. (1990). “The Romantic Appeal of Joseph Campbell.” Christian Century (April 1990):332–5. Archived from the original on 7 January 2007.
87. ^ H.I. Poleman,
Review, 78–79
88. ^ A. Winterbourne, When the Norns Have Spoken, 87
89. ^ Nilsson, Martin Persson. 1967. Geschichte der Griechischen Religion (3rd ed.). Munich: C.H. Beck Verlag. Volume I, p. 339.
90. ^ Paul, Adams John (10 January 2010). “Mycenaean
Divinities”. Northridge, CA: California State University. Archived from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
91. ^ Puhvel, Jaan. 1987. Comparative Mythology. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 138, 143.
92. ^
Mallory, J.P., and Douglas Q. Adams. 2006. Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World. London: Oxford University Press. p. 440.
93. ^ L. Edmunds, Approaches to Greek Myth, 184
94. ^ Segal, Robert A. 1991. “A Greek
Eternal Child” in Myth and the Polis, edited by D. C. Pozzi and J. M. Wickersham. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-2473-1. p. 64.
95. ^ M. Reinhold, The Generation Gap in Antiquity, 349
96. ^ Martin P. Nilsson (1927) The Minoan-Mycenaean
Religion and Its Survival in Greek Religion
97. ^ M. Wood, In Search of the Trojan War, 112
98. ^ Jump up to:a b c L. Burn, Greek Myths, 75
99. ^ Miles, Geoffrey, ed. (2006). Classical Mythology in English literature: A Critical Anthology. Routledge.
ISBN 0415147557. OCLC 912455670.
100. ^ l. Burn, Greek Myths, 75
101. ^ l. Burn, Greek Myths, 75–76
Primary sources (Greek and Roman)
• Aeschylus, The Persians. See original text in Perseus program Archived 17 September 2008 at the Wayback
Machine.
• Aeschylus, Prometheus Bound. See original text in Perseus program Archived 2 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
• Apollodorus, Library and Epitome. See original text in Perseus program Archived 2 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
• Apollonius
of Rhodes, Argonautica, Book I. See original text in Sacred Texts Archived 12 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine.
• Cicero, De Divinatione. See original text in the Latin Library Archived 10 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
• Cicero, Tusculanae
resons. See original text in the Latin Library Archived 15 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
• Herodotus, The Histories, I. See original text in the Sacred Texts Archived 16 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
• Hesiod, Works and Days. Translated
into English Archived 12 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine by Hugh G. Evelyn-White.
• Hesiod (1914). Theogony . Translated by Hugh Gerard Evelyn-White – via Wikisource.
• Homer, Iliad. See original text in Perseus program Archived 27 March 2008
at the Wayback Machine.
• Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite. Translated into English by Gregory Nagy.
• Homeric Hymn to Demeter. See original text in Perseus project Archived 11 February 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
• Homeric Hymn to Hermes. See the
English translation in the Medieval and Classical Literature Library Archived 25 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
• Ovid, Metamorphoses. See original text in the Latin Library Archived 23 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
• Pausanias, Description
of Greece See original text in Perseus program Archived 20 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
• Pindar, Pythian Odes, Pythian 4: For Arcesilas of Cyrene Chariot Race 462 BC. See original text in the Perseus program Archived 17 September 2008 at the
Wayback Machine.
• Plato, Apology. See original text in Perseus program Archived 17 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
• Plato, Theaetetus. See original text in Perseus program Archived 29 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Secondary sources
• Ackerman,
Robert (1991). “Introduction”. Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion by Jane Ellen Harrison (Reprint ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01514-9.
• Albala Ken G; Johnson Claudia Durst; Johnson Vernon E. (2000). “Origin of Mythology”.
Understanding the Odyssey. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-41107-1.
• Algra, Keimpe (1999). “The Beginnings of Cosmology”. The Cambridge Companion to Early Greek Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-44667-9.
• Allen,
Douglas (1978). “Early Methological Approaches”. Structure & Creativity in Religion: Hermeneutics in Mircea Eliade’s Phenomenology and New Directions. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-90-279-7594-2.
• “Argonaut”. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.
• Betegh,
Gábor (2004). “The Interpretation of the poet”. The Derveni Papyrus. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80108-9.
• Bonnefoy, Yves (1992). “Kinship Structures in Greek Heroic Dynasty”. Greek and Egyptian Mythologies. University of Chicago
Press. ISBN 978-0-226-06454-3.
• Bulfinch, Thomas (2003). “Greek Mythology and Homer”. Bulfinch’s Greek and Roman Mythology. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-30881-9.
• Burkert, Walter (2002). “Prehistory and the Minoan Mycenaen Era”. Greek Religion:
Archaic and Classical (translated by John Raffan). Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-15624-6.
• Burn, Lucilla (1990). Greek Myths. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-72748-9.
• Bushnell, Rebecca W. (2005). “Helicocentric Stoicism in
the Saturnalia: The Egyptian Apollo”. Medieval A Companion to Tragedy. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4051-0735-8.
• Chance, Jane (1994). “Helicocentric Stoicism in the Saturnalia: The Egyptian Apollo”. Medieval Mythography. University Press of
Florida. ISBN 978-0-8130-1256-8.
• Caldwell, Richard (1990). “The Psychoanalytic Interpretation of Greek Myth”. Approaches to Greek Myth. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-3864-4.
• Calimach, Andrew (2002). “The Cultural Background”.
Lovers’ Legends: The Gay Greek Myths. Haiduk Press. ISBN 978-0-9714686-0-3.
• Cartledge, Paul A. (2002). “Inventing the Past: History v. Myth”. The Greeks. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280388-7.
• Cartledge, Paul A. (2004). The Spartans
(translated in Greek). Livanis. ISBN 978-960-14-0843-9.
• Cashford, Jules (2003). “Introduction”. The Homeric Hymns. Penguin Classics. ISBN 978-0-14-043782-9.
• Dowden, Ken (1992). “Myth and Mythology”. The Uses of Greek Mythology. Routledge (UK).
ISBN 978-0-415-06135-3.
• Dunlop, John (1842). “Romances of Chivalry”. The History of Fiction. Carey and Hart. ISBN 978-1-149-40338-9.
• Edmunds, Lowell (1980). “Comparative Approaches”. Approaches to Greek Myth. Johns Hopkins University Press.
ISBN 978-0-8018-3864-4.
• “Euhemerus”. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.
• Foley, John Miles (1999). “Homeric and South Slavic Epic”. Homer’s Traditional Art. Penn State Press. ISBN 978-0-271-01870-6.
• Gale, Monica R. (1994). “The Cultural Background”.
Myth and Poetry in Lucretius. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-45135-2.
• “Greek Mythology”. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.
• “Greek Religion”. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.
• Griffin, Jasper (1986). “Greek Myth and Hesiod”. The Oxford
Illustrated History of Greece and the Hellenistic World edited by John Boardman, Jasper Griffin and Oswyn Murray. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285438-4.
• Grimal, Pierre (1986). “Argonauts”. The Dictionary of Classical Mythology. Blackwell
Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-20102-1.
• Hacklin, Joseph (1994). “The Mythology of Persia”. Asiatic Mythology. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 978-81-206-0920-4.
• Hanson, Victor Davis; Heath, John (1999). Who Killed Homer (translated in Greek by
Rena Karakatsani). Kakos. ISBN 978-960-352-545-5.
• Hard, Robin (2003). “Sources of Greek Myth”. The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: based on H. J. Rose’s “A Handbook of Greek mythology”. Routledge (UK). ISBN 978-0-415-18636-0.
• “Heracles”.
Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.
• Jung Carl Gustav, Kerényi Karl (2001). “Prolegomena”. Essays on a Science of Mythology (Reprint ed.). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01756-3.
• Jung, C.J. (2002). “Troy in Latin and French Joseph of
Exeter’s “Ylias” and Benoît de Sainte-Maure’s “Roman de Troie””. Science of Mythology. Routledge (UK). ISBN 978-0-415-26742-7.
• Kelly, Douglas (2003). “Sources of Greek Myth”. An Outline of Greek and Roman Mythology. Douglas Kelly. ISBN 978-0-415-18636-0.
• Kelsey,
Francis W. (1889). A Handbook of Greek Mythology. Allyn and Bacon.
• Kirk, Geoffrey Stephen (1973). “The Thematic Simplicity of the Myths”. Myth: Its Meaning and Functions in Ancient and Other Cultures. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-02389-5.
• Kirk,
Geoffrey Stephen (1974). The Nature of Greek Myths. Harmondsworth: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-021783-4.
• Klatt J. Mary, Brazouski Antoinette (1994). “Preface”. Children’s Books on Ancient Greek and Roman Mythology: An Annotated Bibliography. Greenwood
Press. ISBN 978-0-313-28973-6.
• Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae, Artemis-Verlag, 1981–1999
• Miles, Geoffrey (1999). “The Myth-kitty”. Classical Mythology in English Literature: A Critical Anthology. University of Illinois Press.
ISBN 978-0-415-14754-5.
• Morris, Ian (2000). Archaeology As Cultural History. Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-631-19602-0.
• “myth”. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.
• Nagy, Gregory (1992). “The Hellenization of the Indo-European Poetics”. Greek
Mythology and Poetics. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-8048-5.
• Nilsson, Martin P. (1940). “The Religion of Eleusis”. Greek Popular Religion. Columbia University Press. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 20 November
2006.
• North John A.; Beard Mary; Price Simon R.F. (1998). “The Religions of Imperial Rome”. Classical Mythology in English Literature: A Critical Anthology. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-31682-8.
• Papadopoulou, Thalia (2005). “Introduction”.
Heracles and Euripidean Tragedy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85126-8.
• Percy, William Armostrong III (1999). “The Institutionalization of Pederasty”. Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece. Routledge (UK). ISBN 978-0-252-06740-2.
• Poleman,
Horace I. (March 1943). “Review of “Ouranos-Varuna. Etude de mythologie comparee indo-europeenne by Georges Dumezil””. Journal of the American Oriental Society. 63 (1): 78–79. doi:10.2307/594160. JSTOR 594160.
• Reinhold, Meyer (20 October 1970).
“The Generation Gap in Antiquity”. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 114 (5): 347–65. JSTOR 985800.
• Rose, Herbert Jennings (1991). A Handbook of Greek Mythology. Routledge (UK). ISBN 978-0-415-04601-5.
• Segal, Robert A. (1991).
“A Greek Eternal Child”. Myth and the Polis edited by Dora Carlisky Pozzi, John Moore Wickersham. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-2473-1.
• Segal, Robert A. (4 April 1990). “The Romantic Appeal of Joseph Campbell”. Christian Century. Archived
from the original on 7 January 2007.
• Segal, Robert A. (1999). “Jung on Mythology”. Theorizing about Myth. Univ of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 978-1-55849-191-5.
• Stoll, Heinrich Wilhelm (translated by R. B. Paul) (1852). Handbook of the religion
and mythology of the Greeks. Francis and John Rivington.
• Trobe, Kala (2001). “Dionysus”. Invoke the Gods. Llewellyn Worldwide. ISBN 978-0-7387-0096-0.
• “Trojan War”. Encyclopaedia The Helios. 1952.
• “Troy”. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2002.
• “Volume:
Hellas, Article: Greek Mythology”. Encyclopaedia The Helios. 1952.
• Walsh, Patrick Gerald (1998). “Liberating Appearance in Mythic Content”. The Nature of the Gods. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-282511-7.
• Weaver, John B. (1998). “Introduction”.
The Plots of Epiphany. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-018266-8.
• Winterbourne, Anthony (2004). “Spinning and Weaving Fate”. When the Norns Have Spoken. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 978-0-8386-4048-7.
• Wood, Michael (1998). “The
Coming of the Greeks”. In Search of the Trojan War. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21599-3.
Photo credit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ahmed_xp/16265883604/’]