History of Los Angeles – WikiChoeclaiste

[23] The families had arrived from New Spain earlier in 1781, in two groups, and some of them had most likely been working on their assigned plots of land since the early summer.
They made their way to Los Angeles and probably received their land before September.
[17]
Plans for the pueblo
Although Los Angeles was a town that was founded by Mexican families from Sonora, it was the Spanish governor of California who named the settlement.
The governor made more than 800 land grants during this period, including a grant of over 33,000-acres in 1839 to Francisco Sepúlveda which was later developed as the westside of Los Angeles.
After sovereignty changed from Mexico to the United States in 1849, great changes came from the completion of the Santa Fe railroad line from Chicago to Los Angeles in 1885.
The same period also saw the arrival of many foreigners from the United States and Europe.
Early California settler John Bidwell included several historical figures in his recollection of people he knew in March 1845.
A force of 300 locals drove the Americans out, ending the first phase of the Battle of Los Angeles.
Those laws were responsible for laying the foundations of the largest cities in the region at the time, including Los Angeles, San Francisco, Tucson, San Antonio, Sonoma, Monterey, Santa Fe, and Laredo.
After a few skirmishes outside the city, the two forces entered Los Angeles, this time without bloodshed.
New arrivals, especially from Mexico and Asia, have transformed the demographic base since the 1960s.
Extensive mission lands suddenly became available to government officials, ranchers, and land speculators.
[26] The pobladores were given title to their land two years later.
The Spanish land grant to the city lands of Los Angeles was roughly a square of five miles (8.0 km) on each side, for an area of four square Spanish leagues, with the boundaries corresponding to present-day Fountain Avenue, Indiana Street, Exposition Boulevard and Hoover Street.
He was originally to recruit 55 soldiers, 22 settlers with families and a thousand head of livestock that would include horses for the military.
In 1784, only three years after the founding, the first recorded marriages in Los Angeles took place.
Like the settlers of most towns in New Spain, they had a mix of Indian and Spanish backgrounds.
[47]
U.S. Conquest of California
In May 1846, the Mexican–American War started, soon leading to the American conquest of California.
[32]
Not only economic ties but also marriage drew many Indians into the life of the pueblo.
The new church was completed, and the political life of the city developed.
Its motion picture industry made the city world-famous, and World War II brought new industry, especially high-tech aircraft construction.
In 1835, the Mexican Congress declared Los Angeles a city, making it the official capital of Alta California.
They faced increasing competition for jobs as more Mexicans moved into the area and took over the labor force.
Governor de Neve’s plans for the Indians’ role in his new town drew instant disapproval from the mission priests.
The grapes available at the time, of the Mission variety, were brought to Alta California by the Franciscan Brothers at the end of the 18th century.
She won over four rancherías and led them in an attack on the mission at San Gabriel.
It grew rapidly with many suburban areas inside and outside the city limits.
[18]

The Spanish system called for an open central plaza, surrounded by a fortified church, administrative buildings, and streets laid out in a grid, defining rectangles of limited size to be used for farming (suertes) and residences (solares).
The first settlers built a water system consisting of ditches (zanjas) leading from the river through the middle of town and into the farmlands.
[21]

According to Croix’s Reglamento, the newly baptized Indians were no longer to reside in the mission but had to live in their traditional rancherías (villages).
Yaanga began attracting Indians from the Channel Islands and as far away as San Diego and San Luis Obispo.
[7][8][9]
Indigenous history
By 3000 BCE, the area was occupied by the Hokan-speaking people of the Milling Stone Period who fished, hunted sea mammals, and gathered wild seeds.
[29]

Because of the great economic potential for Los Angeles, the demand for Indian labor grew rapidly.
The history of Los Angeles began in 1781 when 44 settlers from central New Spain (modern Mexico) established a permanent settlement in what is now Downtown Los Angeles, as instructed by Spanish Governor of Las Californias, Felipe de Neve, and authorized by Viceroy Antonio María de Bucareli.
The new church completed Governor de Neve’s planned transition of authority from mission to pueblo.
With the coming of the U.S. citizens, disease took a great toll among Indians.
In the plazas of Monterey, Santa Barbara, Los Angeles, and other settlements, people swore allegiance to the new government, the Spanish flag was lowered, and the flag of independent Mexico raised.
[16]
During the 1780s, San Gabriel Mission became the object of an Indian revolt.
The survival and success of Los Angeles depended greatly on the presence of a nearby and prosperous Tongva village called Yaanga, which was located by the freshwater artesian aquifer of the Los Angeles River.
The village began to look like a refugee camp.
In 1811, the population of Los Angeles had increased to more than five hundred persons, of which ninety-one were heads of families.
Similarly, historical records and other kinds of written evidence show the transition and elimination of independent madam brothels for the expansion of men owning and operating in the local red-light district, an example, is the case of Tom Savage, son of Irish immigrants, who moved from San Francisco to Los Angeles in 1887 and worked his way up in the red-light district industry.
So many of them settled in the area north of the Plaza that it came to be known as “Sonoratown”.
Several men actively promoted Los Angeles, working to develop it into a great city and to make themselves rich.
Otis Chandler and his allies secured a change in state law in 1909 that allowed Los Angeles to absorb San Pedro and Wilmington, using a long, narrow corridor of land to connect them with the rest of the city.
[61]
Los Angeles grew into a major tourist spot in the late 1800’s with the establishment of new transportation networks, and hotels.
Harrison Gray Otis, founder and owner of the Los Angeles Times, and a number of business colleagues embarked on reshaping southern California by expanding that into a harbor at San Pedro using federal dollars.
A 1996 archaeological excavation at Union Station in Downtown Los Angeles uncovered a red light district that closed down in 1909 as well as a residential neighborhood and commercial area.
More than 1,500 mostly Chinese laborers took part in the tunnel construction, which began at the south end of the mountain on March 22, 1875.
Further surveys and street plans replaced the original plan for the pueblo with a new civic center south of the Plaza and a new use of space.
[57]
Industrial expansion and growth
In the 1870s, Los Angeles was still little more than a village of 5,000.
This includes the Mount Lowe Resort and Railway which was a popular location at the time for both its location in Los Angeles and many attractions.
[66] However, by the 1890s Southern Pacific favored a location for the Port of Los Angeles in Santa Monica because of their control of the land there, and opened the Long Wharf in 1894.
in 2006, the Los Angeles Times reported that there were 2,000 of them still living in Southern California.
[69]
The San Pedro forces eventually prevailed (though it required Banning and Downey to turn their railroad over to the Southern Pacific).
[58] During the 1880s and 1890s, the central business district (CBD) grew along Main and Spring streets towards Second Street and beyond.
During the Gold Rush years in northern California, Los Angeles became known as the “Queen of the Cow Counties” for its role in supplying beef and other foodstuffs to hungry miners in the north.
It played an important role in the economic and industrial growth in both the state of California and the city of Los Angeles.
Southern Pacific had initially supported the San Pedro port, and when in 1875 a potential rival emerged in a Santa Monica wharf connected to downtown by the Los Angeles and Independence Railroad, Southern Pacific bought the railroad and demolished the wharf.
Many of them had prior experience working on Southern Pacific’s located tunnels in the Tehachapi Pass.
The Santa Fe and Southern Pacific lines provided direct connections to the East, competed vigorously for business with much lower rates, and stimulated economic growth.
With the Industrial growth in Los Angeles in the late 1800s there was also an increase in cheap labor to help with tourism.
California’s new military governor Bennett C. Riley ruled that land could not be sold that was not on a city map.
Many of the Indian villages of Southern California survived because of her efforts, including Morongo, Cahuilla, Soboba, Temecula, Pechanga, and Warner Springs.
They faced increasing competition for jobs as more Mexicans moved into the area and took over the labor force.
Plight of the Indians
Los Angeles was incorporated as a U.S. city on April 4, 1850.
The Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce feared Southern Pacific controlling the port, and so attempted to favor the San Pedro location, sparking the Free Harbor Fight.
The Guardian concluded that at their peak, the Pacific Electric and Los Angeles Railway (itself with 642 miles of track)[71] “made the region’s public transportation the best in the country, if not the world”.
In Downtown Los Angeles, there was an archaeological excavation in 1996 on the site of Union Station which took place during the demolition of the parking structure as well as a massive excavation of the basement.
The emerging minorities, including the Chinese, Italians, and French, joined with the Mexicans near the Plaza.
Due to the archaeological work done on the site from 2004 to 2005 excavations of the site found material remains that help to reconstruct the daily lives of the workers.
Many of the New York regiment disbanded at the end of the war and charged with maintaining order were thugs and brawlers.
They roamed the streets joined by gamblers, outlaws, and prostitutes driven out of San Francisco and mining towns of the north by Vigilance Committees or lynch mobs.
Early American era
According to historian Mary P. Ryan, “The U.S. army swept into California with the surveyor as well as the sword and quickly translated Spanish and Mexican practices into cartographic representations.
Much greater was the impact of the Santa Fe system (through its subsidiary California Southern Railroad) in 1885.
[65]

The city still lacked a modern harbor.
“[55]

With the coming of the U.S. citizens, disease took a great toll among Indians.
Angelenos set out to remake their geography to challenge San Francisco with its port facilities, railway terminal, banks and factories.
This put them in conflict with Collis P. Huntington, president of the Southern Pacific Company and one of California’s “Big Four” investors in the Central Pacific and Southern Pacific.
Workers digging from both the north and south ends of the tunnel came face to face on July 14, 1876.
[50]

With the temporary absence of a legal system, the city quickly was submerged in lawlessness.
Early citizens could not even maintain a footbridge over the river from one side of the city to the other.
By July 1905, the Times began to warn the voters of Los Angeles that the county would soon dry up unless they voted bonds for building the aqueduct.
[77]
Early labor movements
At the same time that the Los Angeles Times was spurring enthusiasm for the expansion of Los Angeles, the newspaper was also trying to turn it into a union-free or open shop town.
In January 1969, more water fell on the San Gabriels in nine days than New York City sees in a year.
During the years of little rain, people built too close to the riverbed, only to see their homes and barns later swept to sea during a flood.
He succeeded in persuading Owens Valley farmers and mutual water companies to pool their interests and surrender the water rights to 200,000 acres (800 km2) of land to Fred Eaton, Lippencott’s agent and a former mayor of Los Angeles.
By the beginning of the 20th century, the town realized it quickly would outgrow its river and would need new sources of water.
By 1923, the Industrial Workers of the World had made considerable progress in organizing the longshoremen in San Pedro and led approximately 3,000 men to walk off the job.
With this money, and with an Act of Congress allowing cities to own property outside their boundaries, the city acquired the land that Eaton had acquired from the Owens Valley farmers and started to build the aqueduct.
For its first 120 years, the Los Angeles River supplied the town with ample water for homes and farms.
The unions made even greater gains in the war years, as Los Angeles grew further.
Lippencott performed water surveys in the Owens Valley for the Service while secretly receiving a salary from the City of Los Angeles.
The Los Angeles City Oil Field was the first of many fields in the basin to be exploited, and in 1900 and 1902, respectively, the Beverly Hills Oil Field and Salt Lake Oil Field were discovered a few miles west of the original find.
Los Angeles developed another industry in the early 20th century when movie producers from the East Coast relocated there.
[77] Los Angeles became a center of oil production in the early 20th century, and by 1923, the region was producing one-quarter of the world’s total supply; it is still a significant producer, with the Wilmington Oil Field having the fourth-largest reserves of any field in California.
After the American takeover, the city council authorized spending of $20,000 for a contractor to build a substantial wooden bridge across the river.
[29]
Some of the most concentrated rainfall in the history of the United States has occurred in the San Gabriel Mountains north of Los Angeles and Orange Counties.
It was estimated that the annual flow could have support a town of 250,000 people—if the water had been managed right.
Public meetings were outlawed in San Pedro, Upton Sinclair was arrested at Liberty Hill in San Pedro for reading the United States Bill of Rights on the private property of a strike supporter (the arresting officer told him “we’ll have none of ‘that Constitution stuff'”) and blanket arrests were made at union gatherings.
“[79]

The open shop campaign continued from strength to strength, although not without meeting opposition from workers.
In 1909, the city fathers placed a ban on free speech from public streets and private property except for the Plaza.
Lippencott then resigned from the Reclamation Service, took a job with the Los Angeles Water Department as assistant to Mulholland, and turned over the Reclamation Service maps, field surveys and stream measurements to the city.
[73] Apart from this, data collection on census reports from 1870 and 1930 shows the growth of the Chinese American population in Los Angeles, going from 234 to 3,009 population; more than 2,000 people in a range of 60 years.
These new employers were likewise afraid of unions and other social movements: During Upton Sinclair’s campaign for governor of California under the banner of his “End Poverty In California” (EPIC) movement, Louis B. Mayer turned MGM’s Culver City studio into the unofficial headquarters of the organized campaign against EPIC.
Most of these women worked as prostitutes in Old Chinatown which was located on Alameda Street, the site of Los Angeles’ former Red Light District.
Sometime between 1899 and 1903, Harrison Gray Otis and his son-in-law successor, Harry Chandler, engaged in successful efforts at buying cheap land on the northern outskirts of Los Angeles in the San Fernando Valley.
An influential strike was the Los Angeles Garment Workers Strike of 1933, one of the first strikes in which Mexican immigrant workers played a prominent role for union recognition.
[80]
Flooding and water supply
The Los Angeles River flowed clear and fresh all year, supporting 45 Tongva villages in the area.
At the same time, they enlisted the help of William Mulholland, chief engineer of the Los Angeles Water Department (later the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power or LADWP), and J.B. Lippencott, of the United States Reclamation Service.
[29]

Legitimate concerns about water supply were exploited to gain backing for a huge engineering and legal effort to bring more water to the city and allow more development.
The location of the Los Angeles Plaza had to be moved twice because of previously having been built too close to the riverbed.
Those killed represented over 10% of the small Chinese population of Los Angeles at the time, which numbered 172 prior to the massacre.
[82]

Quibbling between city and county governments delayed any response to the flooding until a massive storm in 1938 flooded Los Angeles and Orange counties.
On April 5, 1926, a rain gauge in the San Gabriels collected one inch in one minute.
[failed verification] Two months later, the Llewellyn Iron Works near the plaza was bombed.
The city council introduced new measures to control public speaking.
Old Chinatown was centered on Alameda Street which was also where the former Red Light district of Los Angeles was.
[94][95] African Americans particularly benefited from defense jobs created in Los Angeles County during the war, especially Terminal Island, where it was one of the first places of integrated, defense-related work on the West Coast.
By 1943, the population of Los Angeles County was larger than 37 states, and was home to one in every 40 U.S. citizens, as millions across the U.S. came to Southern California to find employment in the defense industries.
While Los Angeles County never faced enemy bombing and invasion, it nevertheless became an integral part of the American Theater on the night of February 24–25, 1942, during the false Battle of Los Angeles, which occurred a day after the Japanese naval bombardment of Ellwood in Santa Barbara, California, 80 miles from Los Angeles.
The war also lured a large number of African Americans from the rural impoverished Southern states to the Los Angeles area in the second chapter of the Great Migration, due to manpower industrial shortages and Executive Order 8802, which prohibited discrimination in wartime defense industries.
In a minority report, the reformers wrote:

A portion of the underworld profits have been used in financing campaigns [of] … city and county officials in vital positions … [While] the district attorney’s office, sheriff’s office, and Los Angeles Police Department work in complete harmony and never interfere with … important figures in the underworld.
The opening of the Los Angeles Aqueduct provided the city with four times as much water as it required, and the offer of water service became a powerful lure for neighboring communities.
In spite of their concerns, massive corruption in City Hall and the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD)—and the fight against it—were dominant themes in the city’s story from early 20th-century to the 1950s.
In 1906, the approval of the Port of Los Angeles and a change in state law allowed the city to annex the Shoestring, or Harbor Gateway, a narrow and crooked strip of land leading from Los Angeles south towards the port.
[92]

The Japanese-American community in Los Angeles was greatly impacted since Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor pulled the U.S. into World War II, and America feared that the fifth column was widespread among the community.
[85][86]
Civic corruption and police brutality
The downtown business interests, always eager to attract business and investment to Los Angeles, were also eager to distance their town from the criminal underworld that defined the stories of Chicago and New York.
“[93] Most of these migrants to Los Angeles came from South Central states like Louisiana, Texas, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Oklahoma.
His “Los Angeles Urban Reform Revival” brought major changes to the government of Los Angeles.
Riots against Latinos in Los Angeles also erupted in a similar fashion in other cities in California, Texas, and Arizona as well as northern cities like Chicago, Philadelphia, and Detroit.
Harry Chandler, a major investor in San Fernando Valley real estate, used his Los Angeles Times to promote development near the aqueduct’s outlet.
As a result, the Los Angeles area grew faster than any other major metropolitan area in the U.S. and experienced more of the traumas of war while doing so.
The public supported him and voted in charter changes that isolated the police department from the rest of government.
Though Jim Crow laws did not exist in Los Angeles as it had in the South, black migrants continued to face racial discrimination in most aspects of life, especially widespread housing segregation and redlining due to overcrowding and perceived lower property value during and after the war, in which they were restricted from advanced opportunities in affluent white areas and confined to an exclusive-black majority area of South Central Los Angeles.
The Western Defense Command began ordering Japanese-Americans living on the West Coast to present themselves for “evacuation” from the newly created military zones.
The first large additions to the city were the districts of Highland Park and Garvanza to the north, and the South Los Angeles area.
The port cities of San Pedro and Wilmington were added in 1909 and the city of Hollywood was added in 1910, bringing the city up to 90 square miles (233 km2) and giving it a vertical “barbell” shape.
In 1933, the new mayor Frank Shaw started giving contracts without competitive bids and paying city employees to favor crony contractors.
[90]
World War II
During World War II, Los Angeles grew as a center for production of aircraft, ships, war supplies, and ammunition.
The original city limits are visible even today in the layout of streets that changes from a north–south pattern outside of the original land grant to a pattern that is shifted roughly 15 degrees east of the longitude in and closely around the area now known as Downtown.
The public was so enraged by the bombing that it quickly voted Shaw out of office, one of the first big-city recalls in the country’s history.
The city’s Vice Squad functioned citywide as the enforcer and collector of the city’s organized crime, with revenues going to the pockets of city officials right up to the mayor.
It boomed into the cinematic heart of the United States, and has been the home and workplace of actors, directors and singers that range from small and independent to world-famous, leading to the development of related television and music industries.
The mayor’s brother was selling jobs in the Los Angeles Police Department.
In spite of this, the Japanese had plans to actually bomb Los Angeles with giant seaplanes in anticipation of the proposed large-scale invasion of the continental United States.
When the local street car system went out of business due to the gas/automobile industry, Los Angeles became a city shaped around the automobile, with all the social, health and political problems that this dependence produces.
At the same time, the number of immigrants from Mexico, Central America and Latin America has made Los Angeles a “majority minority” city that will soon (perhaps in the 2020s) be majority Latino, the first time since California statehood in 1850 before Anglo-American settlers came to the city.
Since the 1980s, there has been an increasing gap between the rich and the poor, making Los Angeles one of the most socioeconomically divided cities in the United States.
While unemployment dropped in Los Angeles in the 1990s, the newly created jobs tended to be low-wage jobs filled by recent immigrants; the number of poor families increased from 36% to 43% of the population of Los Angeles County during this time.
The San Fernando Valley, sometimes called “America’s Suburb”, became a favorite site of developers, and the city began growing past its roots downtown toward the ocean and towards the east.
1980s
During the latter decades of the 20th century, the city saw a massive increase of street gangs.
The immense problem with air pollution (smog) that had developed by the early 1970s also caused a backlash: Schools were closed routinely in urban areas for “smog days” when the ozone levels became too unhealthy, and the hills surrounding urban areas were seldom visible even within a mile, Californians were ready for changes.
[102] In the 1930s, Okies from the Central United States settled in the Northern ends of Downtown Los Angeles, mainly they were White, but a large percentage were Cherokee (Native Americans) from Oklahoma.
[101]

Restricting people of color from many neighborhoods across Los Angeles resulted in the formation of multiracial neighborhoods.
The overall metropolitan L.A. economy was healthy, and in one five-year boom period (1985 to 1990), it attracted 400,000 working immigrants (mostly from Asia and Mexico) and about 575,000 workers from elsewhere in the U.S.
[112]

A subway system, developed and built through the 1980s as a major goal of mayor Tom Bradley, stretches from North Hollywood to Union Station and connects to light rail lines that extend to the neighboring cities of Long Beach, Norwalk, and Pasadena, among others.
It promoted research of potential earthquakes in the area and new developments in the city became required to incorporate earthquake-proofing features.
Aerospace production has dropped significantly since the end of the Cold War[105] or moved to states with better tax conditions, and movie producers sometimes find cheaper places to produce films, television programs and commercials.
Many communities in Los Angeles have changed their ethnic character over this period of time.
Since the early 1990s, the city saw a decrease in crime and gang violence with rising prices in housing, revitalization, urban development, and heavy police vigilance in many parts of the city.
The first racially restrictive covenant in Los Angeles dates to 1902 and used the term non-Caucasians to restrict people of color from dwelling in that home.
The San Fernando Valley, which represented a bastion of white flight in the 1960s and provided the votes that allowed Sam Yorty to defeat the first election run by Tom Bradley, is now as ethnically diverse as the rest of the city on the other side of the Hollywood Hills.
Century City, developed on the former 20th Century Fox back lot, has become another center of high-rise construction on the Westside.
[102] While many home deeds in Los Angeles still contain restrictive covenant clauses, they are not legally enforceable.
In 2014, it announced it would move 3000 of its employees to Plano, Texas, near Dallas, to be closer to its American factories.
By 1950, Los Angeles was an industrial and financial giant created by war production and migration.
The famed urban sprawl of Los Angeles became a notable feature of the town, and the pace of the growth accelerated in the first decades of the 20th century.
[citation needed]

Social critic Mike Davis argued that attempts to “revitalize” downtown Los Angeles decreases public space and further alienates poor and minority populations.
Despite this, few changes were made to the building codes to prevent future losses.
Beginning November 6, 1961, Los Angeles suffered three days of destructive brush fires.
The funding of the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority project is funded by a half cent tax increase added in the mid-1980s, which yields $400 million every month.
However, the film, television and music industries are still based in LA, which is home to large numbers of well-paid stars, executives and technicians.
As a result, smog is significantly reduced from its peak, although local Air Quality Management Districts still monitor the air and generally encourage people to avoid polluting activities on hot days when smog is expected to be at its worst.
[citation needed] International trade has generated hundreds of thousands of jobs in Southern California.
Los Angeles assembled more cars than any city other than Detroit, made more tires than any city but Akron, Ohio, made more furniture than Grand Rapids, Michigan, and stitched more clothes than any city except New York.
Construction boomed as tract houses were built in ever expanding suburban communities financed by the GI Bill for veterans and the Federal Housing Administration.
Over the next three decades, California enacted some of the strictest anti-smog regulations in the United States and has been a leader in encouraging nonpolluting strategies for various industries, including automobiles.
This later touched off a theme park war between Disney and Universal that continue on to the present day.
Most of the homes destroyed had wooden shake roofs, which not only led to their own loss but also sent firebrands up to three miles (5 km) away.
Los Angeles continued to spread, particularly with the development of the San Fernando Valley and the building of the freeways launched in the 1940s.
Although the regional transit system is growing, subway expansion was halted in the 1990s over methane gas concerns, political conflict, and construction and financing problems during Red Line Subway project, which culminated in a massive sinkhole on Hollywood Boulevard.
Over the next few weeks, much of the city shut down, including businesses, schools, and parks.
[155][156][157]

In January 2021, L.A. County became the nation’s leading hotspot for COVID-19, being the nation’s first county to receive 1 million cases of the disease since the start of the pandemic; NBC News reported on January 14, 2021 that one person in L.A. County died from the disease every 6 minutes.
[151]

During the summer of 2020, L.A. also experienced mass protests of the Black Lives Matter movement as a part of the nationwide protests over police brutality, brought on by the killing of unarmed Black man George Floyd in Minnesota.
[159] During the pandemic, there was an increase of crime within L.A.[160] While crime went down over the next few years, L.A. experienced a homelessness crisis, as many public parks became occupied by homeless camps.
[161][162] The city also created a task force to prevent homeless people from receiving COVID-19.
The first death from COVID in L.A. County was reported on March 11, 2020.
[168][169][170]

Starting on January 7, 2025, an ongoing series of wildfires has affected the Los Angeles metropolitan area and surrounding regions.
Los Angeles surpassed Chicago to become the nation’s second largest city between 1980 and 1982, with a population estimated to be 3.022 million in 1982.
[128][129]

In 2007, Hollywood writers went on strike over lack of pay, because they claimed they were not making appropriate amounts of money from DVD sales, which by that point had become a major source of revenue for the studios.
[165][166][167]

In 2023, Hollywood writers went on strike again, partially because of the fear of artificial intelligence—which had made significant advances in the past few years—taking the place of writers.
21st century
2000s
By the end of the 20th century, some of the annexed areas began to feel cut off from the political process of the megalopolis, leading to a particularly strong secession movement in the San Fernando Valley and weaker ones in San Pedro and Hollywood.

Works Cited

[‘1. “The Overland Emigration”. Los Angeles Star. Vol. 2, no. 12. July 31, 1852 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection.
2. ^ “News by the Goliah”. Los Angeles Star. Vol. 4, no. 19. September 21, 1854 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection.
3. ^ “From the Texan Border”. Los Angeles Star. Vol. X, no. 4. June 2, 1860 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection.
4. ^ “Breckinridge to Visit California”. Los Angeles Star. Vol. X, no. 12. July 28, 1860 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection.
5. ^ “Overland Mail—Southern Route”. Los Angeles Star. Vol. XII, no. 35. January 3, 1863 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection.
6. ^ “His Nose was Scratched”. Los Angeles Herald. Vol. 35, no. 58. December 11, 1890 – via California Digital Newspaper Collection.
7. ^ Abramsky, Sasha (December 3, 2021). “The Drought That May Never End”. The Nation. Retrieved December 3, 2021.
8. ^ “Advancing Drought Science and Preparedness across the Nation”. National Integrated Drought Information System. Retrieved December 3, 2021.
9. ^ Boxall, Bettina; St. John, Paige (November 10, 2018). “California’s most destructive wildfire should not have come as a surprise”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 11, 2018.
10. ^ Bogany, Julia (2008). Munro, Pamela (ed.). Yaara’ Shiraaw’ax ‘Eyooshiraaw’a. Now You’re Speaking Our Language: Gabrielino/Tongva/Fernandeño: a phrasebook. Los Angeles: P. Munro and the Gabrielino/Tongva Language Committee via Lulu.com.[self-published source]
11. ^ Smith, Gerald A. & Clifford, James (1965). Indian Slave Trade Along the Mojave Trail. San Bernardino, California: San Bernardino County Museum.
12. ^ Johnson, Bernice Eastman (1962). California’s Gabrielino Indians. Los Angeles, California: Southwest Museum.
13. ^ Boscana, Gerónimo, “Chinigchinish: An Historical Account of the Origins, Customs, and Traditions of the Indians of Alta California” in Robinson, Alfred (1970) [1846]. Life in California: During a Residence of Several Years in that Territory. Santa Barbara: Peregrine Publishers.
14. ^ Miller, Bruce W. (1991). The Gabrielino. Los Osos, California: Sand River Press. ISBN 978-0-94462-790-7.
15. ^ “The Los Angeles River: Geography, vistas and restoration | Blog | Integration and Application Network”. ian.umces.edu. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
16. ^ Jump up to:a b Kealhofer, Lisa (1991). Cultural Interaction During the Spanish Colonial Period (PhD). University of Pennsylvania.
17. ^ McCawley, William (1996). The First Angelinos: The Gabrielino Indians of Los Angeles. Banning, CA/Novato, CA: Malki Museum Press/Ballena Press cooperative publication. pp. 2–7. ISBN 978-0-96510-161-5.
18. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Estrada, William David (2008). The Los Angeles Plaza: Sacred and Contested Space. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-29271-754-1.
19. ^ Low, Setha M. (2000). On the Plaza: The Politics of Public Space and Culture. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-29274-714-2.
20. ^ Cruz, Gilberto Rafael (1988). Let There Be Towns: Spanish Municipal Origins in the American Southwest, 1610–1810. College Station, Texas: A&M University Press. ISBN 978-0-89096-314-2.
21. ^ Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1884). “Chapter XVI: A New Reglamento — Colonists and Recruits — Los Angeles Founded (1781)”. History of California, Volume I. San Francisco: A.L. Bancroft & Co. pp. 333–352.
22. ^ Jump up to:a b Kelsey, Harry (1976). “A New Look at the Founding of Los Angeles”. Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly. 55 (4): 326–339. JSTOR 25157662.
23. ^ “The founder of the city of Los Angeles”. Turismo Bailén.es. Archived from the original on December 14, 2018. Retrieved December 11, 2018.
24. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Ríos-Bustamante, Antonio (1992). Mexican Los Ángeles: A Narrative and Pictorial History. Nuestra Historia, Monograph No. 1. Encino, CA: Floricanto Press. pp. 50–53. OCLC 228665328.
25. ^ Pool, Bob (March 26, 2005). “City of Angels’ First Name Still Bedevils Historians”. Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 421996936 – via ProQuest.
26. ^ Guinn, J. M. (1897). “Historic Houses of Los Angeles”. Annual Publication of the Historical Society of Southern California: 60–61.
27. ^ Layne, J.Gregg (1935). Annals of Los Angeles: From the arrival of the first white men to the Civil War, 1769–1861. Special Publication No. 9. San Francisco: California Historical Society. p. 30.
28. ^ Crouch, Dora P.; Garr, Daniel J. & Mundigo, Axel I. (1982). Spanish City Planning in North America. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-26203-081-6.
29. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Gumprecht, Blake (1999). The Los Angeles River: Its Life, Death, and Possible Rebirth. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-80186-047-8.
30. ^ Estrada, William David (2005). “Toypurina, Leader of the Tongva People”. In Oboler, Suzanne; Gonzalez, Deena J. (eds.). Oxford Encyclopedia of Latinos and Latinas in the United States, Volume 4. New York City: Oxford University Press. pp. 242–243. ISBN 978-0-19515-600-3.
31. ^ Mason, William Marvin (1975). “Fages’ Code of Conduct Toward Indians, 1787” (PDF). Journal of California Anthropology. 2 (1): 90–100.
32. ^ Forbes, Jack D. (1966). “The Tongva of Tujunga to 1801”. Archeological Survey Annual Report, Appendix 2. 8. Los Angeles: University of California Department of Anthropology.
33. ^ Mason, William Marvin (1978). “The Garrisons of San Diego Presidio: 1770–1794”. Journal of San Diego History. 24 (4): 411.
34. ^ Dash, Norman (1976). Yesterday’s Los Angeles. Seemann’s Historic Cities, No. 26. Miami, Florida: E.A. Seemann Publishing Inc. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-91245-870-0.
35. ^ Northrop, Marie E., ed. (December 1960). “The Los Angeles Padron of 1844 as Copied from the Los Angeles City Archives”. Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly. 42 (4): 360–417. doi:10.2307/41169490. JSTOR 41169490.
36. ^ Newmark, Marco R. (1942). “Pioneer Merchants of Los Angeles”. Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly. 24 (3): 76–97. doi:10.2307/41168008. JSTOR 41168008.
37. ^ “Map of Rancho San Vicente y Santa Monica, Santa Monica: Calendar of Events in the Making of a City, 1875-1950”. Santa Monica Public Library. 1875. Archived from the original on October 12, 2013. Retrieved October 6, 2013.
38. ^ González, Michael J. (1998). “‘The Child of the Wilderness Weeps for the Father of Our Country’: The Indian and the Politics of Church and State in Provincial Southern California”. In Gutiérrez, Ramón A. & Orsi, Richard J. (eds.). Contested Eden: California Before the Gold Rush. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 147–172. ISBN 978-0-52021-273-2.
39. ^ Wilson, Iris Higbie (1972). “Lemuel Carpenter”. In Hafen, LeRoy R. (ed.). The Mountain Men and the Fur Trade of the Far West. Glendale, California: Arthur H. Clark Company. pp. 33–40.
40. ^ Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1964) [1900]. California Pioneer Register and Index 1542–1848. Baltimore, Maryland: Regional Publishing Co. p. 82.
41. ^ Quinn, Charles Russell (1973). History of Downey, The Life Story of a Pioneer Community, and of the Man who Founded it – California Governor John Gately Downey – From Covered Wagon to the Space Shuttle. Downey, California: Elena Quinn. pp. 12, 20–22, 32, 104–105 ff.
42. ^ Bidwell, John. “First-Person Narratives of California’s Early Years, 1849–1900”. American Memory. Library of Congress Historical Collections.
43. ^ “John Bidwell (Pioneer of ’41)” in Brown, William E. Jr. (September 2002). “California as I Saw It: First-Person Narratives of California’s Early Years, 1849–1900”. The Journal of American History. 89 (2): 737–738. doi:10.2307/3092332. JSTOR 3092332.
44. ^ Gaughan, Tim (June 19, 2009). “Where the valley met the vine: The Mexican period”. Napa Valley Register. Napa, California: Lee Enterprises, Inc. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
45. ^ Foucrier, Annick (1999). Le rêve californien. Migrants français sur la côte Pacifique [The California dream. French migrants on the Pacific coast] (in French). Paris: Éditions Belin. p. 53. ISBN 978-2-70112-638-8.
46. ^ McGroarty, John Steven, ed. (1923). History of Los Angeles County, Volume I. Chicago & New York: The American Historical Society. p. 31.
47. ^ Jump up to:a b Robinson, William Wilcox (1952). The Indians of Los Angeles: Story of a Liquidation of a People. Los Angeles: Glen Dawson Press.
48. ^ Ryan, Mary P. (December 2006). “A Durable Center of Urban Space: The Los Angeles Plaza”. Urban History. 33 (3): 457–483. doi:10.1017/S096392680600407X. S2CID 144533243.
49. ^ Robinson, William Wilcox (1966). Maps of Los Angeles; From Ord’s Survey of 1849 to the Boom of the Eighties. Los Angeles: Dawson’s Book Shop.
50. ^ Cleland, Robert Glass (1922). “Chapter XXI: The Queen of the Cow Counties”. A History of California: The American Period. New York City: The Macmillan Company. pp. 303–322.
51. ^ Robinson, William Wilcox (1981). Los Angeles from the Days of the Pueblo: A Brief History and Guide to the Plaza Area (2nd ed.). San Francisco: California Historical Society. ISBN 978-0-87701-242-9.
52. ^ Willard, Charles Dwight (1901). The Herald’s History of Los Angeles City. Los Angeles: Kingsley-Barnes & Neuner Co. p. 280.
53. ^ Monkkonen, Eric H. (November 2005). “Western Homicide: The Case of Los Angeles, 1830–1870”. Pacific Historical Review. 74 (4): 603–618. doi:10.1525/phr.2005.74.4.603.
54. ^ Villa, Raúl Homero (2000). Barrio Logos: Place and Space in Urban Chicano Culture and Literature. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-29278-742-1.
55. ^ Cook, Sherburne F. (1971). “The Aboriginal Population of Upper California”. In Heizer, R. F. & Whipple, M. A. (eds.). The California Indians: A Sourcebook (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press.
56. ^ Mathes, Valerie Sherer (1997). Helen Hunt Jackson and Her Indian Reform Legacy. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-58519-405-9.
57. ^ Garrison, Jessica (November 26, 2006). “Battle over a Casino Divides Gabrielino Indians”. Los Angeles Times.
58. ^ Tzeng, Timothy (2011). “Eastern Promises: The Role of Eastern Capital in the Development of Los Angeles, 1900-1920”. California History. 88 (2): 32–53. doi:10.2307/23052268. JSTOR 23052268.
59. ^ Meyer, Michael D., et al. “City of Angels, City of Sin: Archaeology in the Los Angeles Red-Light District ca. 1900.” Historical Archaeology, vol. 39, no. 1, 2005, pp. 107–125. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25617239. Accessed 18 May 2023.
60. ^ Meyer, Michael D.; Gibson, Erica S.; Costello, Julia G. (2005). “City of Angels, City of Sin: Archaeology in the Los Angeles Red-Light District ca. 1900”. Historical Archaeology. 39 (1): 107–125. doi:10.1007/BF03376680. JSTOR 25617239. S2CID 159953706.
61. ^ Yamin, Rebecca; J. Seifert, Donna (August 6, 2019). “The Archaeology of Prostitution and Clandestine Pursuits”. ProQuest. Retrieved May 14, 2023.
62. ^ Camp, Stacey (April 21, 2011). “Materializing Inequality: The Archaeology of Tourism in Turn-of-the-Century Los Angeles”. International Journal of Historical Archaeology. 15 (3): 279–297. doi:10.1007/s10761-011-0142-1. S2CID 145301123. Retrieved May 11, 2023.
63. ^ Gilbert, Jess & Wehr, Kevin (December 2003). “Dairy Industrialization in the First Place: Urbanization, Immigration, and Political Economy in Los Angeles County, 1920-1970”. Rural Sociology. 68 (4): 467–490. doi:10.1111/j.1549-0831.2003.tb00147.x.
64. ^ Masters, Nathan (January 17, 2013). “Lost Train Depots of Los Angeles”. KCET. Retrieved July 4, 2014.
65. ^ Thompson, Gregory Lee (1993). The Passenger Train in the Motor Age: California’s Rail and Bus Industries, 1910-1941. Ohio State University Press. pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-0-81420-609-6.
66. ^ Hoyt, Franklyn (December 1, 1950). “The Los Angeles and Independence Railroad”. The Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly. 32 (4): 293–308. doi:10.2307/41168274. ISSN 2162-9366. JSTOR 41168274.
67. ^ Masters, Nathan (January 11, 2012). “How Santa Monica Almost Became a Commercial Harbor”. KCET. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
68. ^ Hildebrand, Evelyn (2020). “The Chinese in California: Archaeology and Railroads at the Turn of the Century”. Electronic Theses, Projects, and Dissertations. 1136.
69. ^ Harrington, Marie (September 5, 1976). “A Golden Spike: The Beginning”. SCV History. Retrieved April 22, 2014.
70. ^ Queenan, Charles F. (May 10, 1992). “‘Great Free Harbor Fight’ : At Stake Was the Port Site for the Growing City of L.A.” Los Angeles Times.
71. ^ Creason, Glen (April 29, 2015). “CityDig: This 1938 Map Captures the Charm of L.A.’s Under-Appreciated Yellow Cars”. Los Angeles.
72. ^ Marshall, Colin (April 25, 2016). “Story of cities #29: Los Angeles and the ‘great American streetcar scandal'”. The Guardian. At the peak of their combined coverage and accessibility, they made Los Angeles’ public transportation the best in the country, if not the world.
73. ^ Beherec, Marc (2019). “John Romani’s Forgotten 1984 Excavations at CA-LAN-007 and the Archeology of Native American Los Angeles” (PDF). SCA Proceedings. 33: 155. Retrieved November 3, 2020.
74. ^ Gow, William (2018). “A Night in Old Chinatown: American Orientalism, China Relief Fundraising, and the 1938 Moon Festival in Los Angeles”. Pacific Historical Review. 87 (3): 439–472. doi:10.1525/phr.2018.87.3.439. ISSN 0030-8684. JSTOR 26504174.
75. ^ Zesch, Scott. “Chinese Los Angeles in 1870-1871: The Makings of a Massacre.” Southern California Quarterly, vol. 90, no. 2, 2008, pp. 109–58. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/41172418. Accessed 17 May 2023.
76. ^ Wallace, Kelly (May 19, 2017). “Forgotten Los Angeles History: The Chinese Massacre of 1871”. LAPL Blog. Los Angeles Public Library. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
77. ^ Jump up to:a b “Oil and Gas Statistics: 2007 Annual Report” (PDF). California Department of Conservation. December 31, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 12, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2009.
78. ^ “Dynamite Bomb Fails to Cripple Llewellyn Plant”. Los Angeles Times. December 26, 1910 – via ProQuest.
79. ^ “Rioters Must Face the Law”. Los Angeles Times. December 28, 1913.
80. ^ Ruiz, Vicki L.; Korrol, Virginia Sánchez, eds. (2006). Latinas in the United States: A Historical Encyclopedia. Indiana University Press. pp. 408–410. ISBN 0253111692.
81. ^ Jump up to:a b McPhee, John (1989). “Los Angeles Against the Mountains”. The Control of Nature. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-37412-890-6.
82. ^ Goodridge, James D. (1997). Historic Rainstorms in California: A Study of 1,000-year Rainfalls. Sacramento: State of California Department of Natural Resources. pp. 42–45.
83. ^ Williams, Gregory Paul (2006). The Story of Hollywood: An Illustrated History. North Hollywood, California: BL Press. ISBN 978-0-97762-990-9.
84. ^ “City Swimming Pools Opened to All Races”. Los Angeles Times. June 26, 1931. p. A1. ProQuest 162526324 – via ProQuest.
85. ^ “Municipal Secession Fiscal Analysis Scoping Study”. ValleyVote.net. Archived from the original on November 28, 2004.
86. ^ “Annexation and Detachment Map” (PDF). City of Los Angeles. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2009.
87. ^ Rayner, Richard (2009). A Bright and Guilty Place: Murder, Corruption, and L.A.’s Scandalous Coming of Age. New York City: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-38550-970-1.
88. ^ Jump up to:a b Domanick, Joe (January 25, 1998). “Public Corruption, L.A.-Style: Where Have the Notorious Gone?”. Los Angeles Times. p. M-6.
89. ^ Sitton, Tom (2005). Los Angeles Transformed: Fletcher Bowron’s Urban Reform Revival, 1938–1953. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN 978-0-82633-527-2.
90. ^ Schoneberger, William A.; Pattison, Ethel & Nichols, Lee (2009). Los Angeles International Airport. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-73855-582-9.
91. ^ Jump up to:a b c “Los Angeles Metropolitan Area during World War II”. California State Military History and Museums Program. January 20, 2019.
92. ^ Jump up to:a b c “Historic Resources Associated with African Americans in Los Angeles”. National Park Service. Archived from the original on April 5, 2021.
93. ^ Jump up to:a b Sonksen, Mike (September 13, 2017). “The History of South Central Los Angeles and Its Struggle with Gentrification”. KCET.
94. ^ Kopf, Dan (January 28, 2016). “The Great Migration: The African American Exodus from The South”. Priceonomics.
95. ^ “The Second Great Migration”. Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. The New York Public Library. 2005.
96. ^ McCoy, Cameron (December 5, 2012). “L.A. City Limits: African American Los Angeles from the Great Depression to the Present by Josh Sides (2003)”. Not Even Past.
97. ^ Sánchez, George J. (February 2017). “Why Are Multiracial Communities so Dangerous? A Comparative Look at Hawai’i; Cape Town, South Africa; and Boyle Heights, California”. Pacific Historical Review. 86 (1): 153–170. doi:10.1525/phr.2017.86.1.153.
98. ^ Janss Investment Company v. Walden, 196 Cal. 753 (1925)
99. ^ Avila, Eric (2004). Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight: Fear and Fantasy in Suburban Los Angeles. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-41754-496-7.
100. ^ Deverell, William & Hise, Greg (2010). A Companion to Los Angeles. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 57. ISBN 978-1-40517-127-4.
101. ^ Redford, Laura (2017). “The Intertwined History of Class and Race Segregation in Los Angeles”. Journal of Planning History. 16 (4): 305–322. doi:10.1177/1538513216676191. S2CID 152106289.
102. ^ Jump up to:a b Avila, Eric (2004). Popular Culture in the Age of White Flight: Fear and Fantasy in Suburban Los Angeles. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-1-41754-496-7.
103. ^ Sides, Josh (2003). L.A. City Limits: African-American Los Angeles from the Great Depression to the Present. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-52023-841-1.
104. ^ Barrows v. Jackson, 346 U.S. 249 (1953)
105. ^ Schoeni, Robert; Dardia, Michael; McCarthy, Kevin; Vernez, Georges (1996). “Life After Cutbacks: Tracking California’s Aerospace Workers”. RAND Corporation. doi:10.7249/RB7510.
106. ^ Williams, Sarah & Currid-Halkett, Elizabeth (November 2011). “The Emergence of Los Angeles as a Fashion Hub: A Comparative Spatial Analysis of the New York and Los Angeles Fashion Industries”. Urban Studies. 48 (14): 3043–3066. doi:10.1177/0042098010392080. S2CID 39411757.
107. ^ Fujita, Akiko (May 16, 2014). “Toyota built Torrance into the second-largest home of Japanese Americans. Now, it’s leaving”. The World. Public Radio International. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
108. ^ Hirsch, Jerry (April 28, 2014). “Toyota to uproot from California, move to ‘macho’ Texas”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 4, 2016.
109. ^ “California – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990” (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 4, 2015.
110. ^ Buntin, John (2009). L.A. Noir: The Struggle for the Soul of America’s Most Seductive City. New York: Broadway Books. ISBN 978-0-307-35207-1.
111. ^ “City of Los Angeles Population by Zip Code & Race Based Upon 2019 Census Estimates”. Los Angeles Almanac.
112. ^ Wilkman, Jon & Wilkman, Nancy (2006). Picturing Los Angeles. Salt Lake City, Utah: Gibbs Smith. ISBN 978-1-58685-733-2.
113. ^ Ellis, Mark & Wright, Richard (1999). “The Industrial Division of Labor Among Immigrants and Internal Migrants to the Los Angeles Economy”. International Migration Review. 33 (1): 26–54. doi:10.2307/2547321. JSTOR 2547321. PMID 12294980.
114. ^ Light, Ivan; Bernard, Richard B. & Kim, Rebecca (1999). “Immigrant Incorporation in the Garment Industry of Los Angeles”. International Migration Review. 33 (1): 5–25. doi:10.2307/2547320. JSTOR 2547320. PMID 12294981.
115. ^ Davis, Mike (1999). “Fortress Los Angeles: The Militarization of Public Space”. In Sorkin, Michael (ed.). Variations on a Theme Park: The new American city and the end of public space. New York: Hill & Wang. pp. 154–180. ISBN 978-0-80909-607-7. Archived from the original on November 1, 2015.
116. ^ “LAPD officers beat Rodney King on camera | March 3, 1991”. HISTORY. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
117. ^ McKennett, Hannah (February 24, 2024). “How 15-Year-Old Latasha Harlins’ Murder Helped Spark The L.A. Riots”. All That’s Interesting. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
118. ^ “Los Angeles Riots of 1992 | Summary, Deaths, & Facts | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
119. ^ “Northridge Earthquake, January 17, 1994”. www.conservation.ca.gov. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
120. ^ “O.J. Simpson, football legend acquitted of notorious killings, dies at 76”. NPR. April 11, 2024. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
121. ^ McFadden, Robert D. (April 11, 2024). “O.J. Simpson, Football Star Whose Trial Riveted the Nation, Dies at 76”. The New York Times. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
122. ^ “Rampart scandal | LAPD Corruption, Police Brutality & Impact on US History | Britannica”. www.britannica.com. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
123. ^ “Editorial: Ghosts of Rampart are hovering over LAPD’s latest gang scandal”. Los Angeles Times. January 21, 2020. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
124. ^ “Child killing sparks action against Los Angeles gangs”. The Christian Science Monitor. Vol. 87, no. 210. September 25, 1995. p. 4.
125. ^ Pelisek, Christine (July 14, 2005). “Avenues of Death”. LA Weekly. Archived from the original on February 11, 2009.
126. ^ Purdum, Todd S. (June 6, 2001). “Hahn Wins Los Angeles Mayor’s Race”. The New York Times. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
127. ^ Gold, Matea (July 3, 2001). “Hahn Sworn In as Mayor, Lays Out Course of Action”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
128. ^ Jaffe, Ina (May 18, 2005). “Los Angeles Elects First Latino Mayor in a Century”. NPR. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
129. ^ X; X; Instagram; Email; Facebook (May 18, 2005). “Villaraigosa Landslide”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 28, 2024. {{cite web}}: |last3= has generic name (help)
130. ^ Bramesco, Charles (May 4, 2023). “From Bond to Heroes: what was affected by the 2007 writers’ strike?”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
131. ^ Sepinwall, Alan (May 3, 2023). “How the 2007-08 Writers’ Strike Changed ‘The Office’ and ‘Breaking Bad'”. Rolling Stone. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
132. ^ “Tensions from the last writers’ strike cast a shadow over current labor fight”. Los Angeles Times. April 10, 2023. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
133. ^ Carroll, Rory (May 22, 2013). “Eric Garcetti wins Los Angeles mayoral race”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
134. ^ Medina, Jennifer (May 22, 2013). “Garcetti Is Elected Mayor of Los Angeles, Thwarting Opposition of Labor Unions”. The New York Times. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
135. ^ X; Instagram; Email; Facebook (September 13, 2017). “L.A. officially awarded 2028 Olympic Games”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 28, 2024. {{cite web}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
136. ^ “Los Angeles Makes Deal to Host the 2028 Summer Olympics”. The New York Times. July 31, 2017. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
137. ^ “L.A.’s promise of “car free” Olympics running short on time and money”. Los Angeles Times. October 23, 2024. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
138. ^ Zagorsky, Jay L. “Will the ‘Car-Free’ Los Angeles Olympics Work?”. Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
139. ^ Gammon, Katharine (August 16, 2024). “Los Angeles wants a ‘no-car’ Olympics. Can the city of drivers turn a corner?”. The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
140. ^ “Firefighters’ fateful choices: How the Woolsey fire became an unstoppable monster”. Los Angeles Times. January 6, 2019. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
141. ^ X; X; Instagram; Email; Facebook (October 23, 2019). “Woolsey fire response hurt by poor disaster preparation, lack of firefighters, report says”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 28, 2024. {{cite web}}: |last3= has generic name (help)
142. ^ X; Instagram; Email; Facebook (November 16, 2019). “One year later: Homeowners share lessons learned from the deadly Woolsey fire”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 28, 2024. {{cite web}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
143. ^ Diskin, Megan. “Southern California Edison, agencies reach $360M settlement in Thomas, Woolsey fires”. Ventura County Star. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
144. ^ Holcombe, Madeline (October 30, 2019). “Power company says it is likely responsible for starting one of the most destructive fires in California history”. CNN. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
145. ^ Lloyd • •, Jonathan (January 26, 2024). “Remembering the 9 people who died in the 2020 Calabasas helicopter crash”. NBC Los Angeles. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
146. ^ Schad, Tom. “What we know about the Kobe Bryant helicopter crash, one year later”. USA TODAY. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
147. ^ “Plaschke: Kobe Bryant’s legacy shines bright four years after his death”. Los Angeles Times. January 26, 2024. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
148. ^ “Thousands of Kobe Bryant fans gather in Los Angeles to mourn his death”. NBC News. January 27, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
149. ^ “When Will Kobe Bryant’s Death Feel Like a Part of Reality?”. SI. January 27, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
150. ^ Kandel •, Jason (March 23, 2020). “Timeline: A Look at Key Coronavirus Pandemic Events and Milestones in California”. NBC Los Angeles. Retrieved October 25, 2024.
151. ^ Jones, Zoe Christen (November 28, 2020). “Los Angeles County temporarily prohibits most private and public gatherings between households as COVID-19 cases spike – CBS News”. www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved October 25, 2024.
152. ^ Service • •, City News (June 7, 2020). “Hollywood Protest Crowd Grows to 20,000 Led by Black Lives Matter, YG and BLD PWR”. NBC Los Angeles. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
153. ^ “George Floyd protests continue in Los Angeles, across Southern California”. ABC7 Los Angeles. June 4, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
154. ^ “Why Black Lives Matter-L.A. is trying to take down the county’s first Black district attorney”. NBC News. June 25, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
155. ^ “Looting hits Long Beach, Santa Monica as countywide curfew goes into effect”. Los Angeles Times. May 31, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
156. ^ X; Instagram; Email; Facebook; X; Instagram; Email; Facebook; X (May 30, 2020). “Newsom declares state of emergency in L.A., deploys National Guard”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 28, 2024. {{cite web}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
157. ^ “Looting, Violence And Vandalism: Peaceful Protests Take A Turn In Fairfax District, Beverly Hills – CBS Los Angeles”. www.cbsnews.com. May 30, 2020. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
158. ^ “1 death every 6 minutes: How L.A. became nation’s largest Covid hot spot”. NBC News. January 17, 2021. Retrieved October 25, 2024.
159. ^ X; Instagram; Email; Facebook (October 2, 2024). “California’s COVID surge is finally over. But expect another spike in the coming months”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 25, 2024. {{cite web}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
160. ^ X; Instagram; Email; Facebook (January 25, 2024). “L.A. officials tout double-digit drop in violent crime in 2023”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 28, 2024. {{cite web}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
161. ^ Miller, Michelle; Breen, Kerry (December 9, 2023). “Los Angeles mayor works to tackle city’s homelessness crisis as nation focuses on affordable housing – CBS News”. www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
162. ^ Instagram; Email; Facebook (February 14, 2024). “A year ago, L.A. County declared homelessness a state of emergency. Is it working?”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 28, 2024. {{cite web}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
163. ^ Los Angeles Times Staff (August 18, 2021). “Tracking L.A.’s effort to protect homeless people from coronavirus”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
164. ^ “Bass elected mayor of LA over billionaire rival in historic win”. Politico. November 16, 2022. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
165. ^ Wenzke, Marissa (September 19, 2024). “Gangs within the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department are banned with new policy – CBS Los Angeles”. www.cbsnews.com. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
166. ^ Folk, Zachary. “What To Know About The L.A. Sheriff’s Department’s Police ‘Gangs’—As Ex-Sheriff Prepares To Testify”. Forbes. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
167. ^ “Deputy gangs a ‘cancer’ within the Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department, scathing report says”. NBC News. March 3, 2023. Retrieved October 30, 2024.
168. ^ Los Angeles Times Staff (October 19, 2023). “Writers’ strike: What happened, how it ended and its impact on Hollywood”. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
169. ^ “Hollywood writers went on strike to protect their livelihoods from generative AI. Their remarkable victory matters for all workers”. Brookings. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
170. ^ “Labor unrest defined Hollywood in 2023. Here’s what we learned from the twin strikes”. Los Angeles Times. December 29, 2023. Retrieved October 28, 2024.
171. ^ Garrigues, George (October 1, 1900). “October 1900: Population at 100,000”. Los Angeles Evening Express. Archived from the original on February 22, 2008. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
172. ^ “Los Angeles Replaces Chicago as Second City”. The New York Times. AP. April 8, 1984. Retrieved September 16, 2021.
173. ^ “QuickFacts: Los Angeles city, California”. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved November 28, 2021.
Photo credit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/misserion/467702445/’]