ink

 

  • Ink is a gel, sol, or solution that contains at least one colorant, such as a dye or pigment, and is used to color a surface to produce an image, text, or design.

  • Types Ink formulas vary, but commonly involve two components: • Colorants • Vehicles (binders) Inks generally fall into four classes:[20] • Aqueous • Liquid • Paste • Powder
    Colorants [edit] Pigments [edit] Main article: Pigment Pigment inks are used more frequently than dyes because they are more color-fast, but they are also more expensive, less consistent in color, and have less of a color range than dyes.

  • [10] India ink was invented in China,[11][12] though materials were often traded from India, hence the name.

  • These included plant, animal, and mineral inks, based on such materials as graphite; these were ground with water and applied with ink brushes.

  • Yet others think an aqueous procedure may preserve items written with iron gall ink.

  • Certain inks, such as those used in digital printers, and even those found in a common pen can be harmful.

  • The best method of preserving a document written in carbon ink is to store it in a dry environment (Barrow 1972).

  • Dyes [edit] Main article: Dye Dye-based inks are generally much stronger than pigment-based inks and can produce much more color of a given density per unit of mass.

  • Cellulose, the wood-derived material most paper is made of, is naturally charged, and so a compound that complexes with both the dye and the paper’s surface aids retention
    at the surface.

  • The components of inks serve many purposes; the ink’s carrier, colorants, and other additives affect the flow and thickness of the ink and its dry appearance.

  • The rate at which the writing fades is based on several factors, such as proportions of ink ingredients, amount deposited on the paper, and paper composition (Barrow 1972:16).

  • To circumvent this problem, dye-based inks are made with solvents that dry rapidly or are used with quick-drying methods of printing, such as blowing hot air on the fresh
    print.

  • [19] Neither of these handwriting inks could adhere to printing surfaces without creating blurs.

  • Eventually an oily, varnish-like ink made of soot, turpentine, and walnut oil was created specifically for the printing press.

  • An additional advantage of dye-based ink systems is that the dye molecules can interact with other ink ingredients, potentially allowing greater benefit as compared to pigmented
    inks from optical brighteners and color-enhancing agents designed to increase the intensity and appearance of dyes.

  • Direct evidence for the earliest Chinese inks, similar to modern inksticks, is found around 256 BC, in the end of the Warring States period; being produced from soot and animal
    glue.

  • They are similar in composition to traditional inks in that they use a polymer to suspend the carbon nanotubes.

  • Some types of indelible ink have a very short shelf life because of the quickly evaporating solvents used.

  • Items containing this ink can become brittle and the writing fades to brown.

  • [9] The preferred inks for drawing or painting on paper or silk are produced from the resin of the pine trees between 50 and 100 years old.

  • [25] Iron gall (common ink) [edit] Main article: Iron gall ink Iron gall inks became prominent in the early 12th century; they were used for centuries and were widely thought
    to be the best type of ink.

  • [11][12] The traditional Chinese method of making the ink was to grind a mixture of hide glue, carbon black, lampblack, and bone black pigment with a pestle and mortar, then
    pour it into a ceramic dish to dry.

  • History Many ancient cultures around the world have independently discovered and formulated inks due to the need to write and draw.

  • Paper color or ink color may change, and ink may bleed.

  • [5] Egyptian red and black inks included iron and ocher as pigments, in addition to phosphate, sulfate, chloride, and carboxylate ions, with lead also used as a drier.

  • One benefit is that carbon ink does not harm paper.

  • [22] These effects can be caused by solvents, or by pigment ingredients such as p-Anisidine, which helps create some inks’ color and shine.

  • India, Mexico, Indonesia, Malaysia and other developing countries have used indelible ink in the form of electoral stain to prevent electoral fraud.

 

Works Cited

[‘1. Banerji, page 673
2. ^ Jump up to:a b Sircar, page 62
3. ^ Jump up to:a b Sircar, page 67
4. ^ Joseph Needham; Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin (11 July 1985). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper
and Printing. Cambridge University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-521-08690-5.
5. ^ Tallet, Pierre (2012). “Ayn Sukhna and Wadi el-Jarf: Two newly discovered pharaonic harbours on the Suez Gulf” (PDF). British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and Sudan.
18: 147–68. ISSN 2049-5021. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
6. ^ Christiansen, Thomas; Cotte, Marine; de Nolf, Wout; Mouro, Elouan; Reyes-Herrera, Juan; de Meyer, Steven; Vanmeert, Frederik; Salvadó, Nati; Gonzalez, Victor; Lindelof, Poul Erik; Mortensen,
Kell; Ryholt, Kim; Janssens, Koen; Larsen, Sine (2020). “Insights into the composition of ancient Egyptian red and black inks on papyri achieved by synchrotron-based microanalyses”. PNAS. 117 (45): 27825–27835. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11727825C. doi:10.1073/pnas.2004534117.
PMC 7668004. PMID 33106396.
7. ^ Joseph Needham; Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin (11 July 1985). Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 1, Paper and Printing. Cambridge University Press. p. 234. ISBN 978-0-521-08690-5.
8. ^
* Woods, Michael; Woods, Mary (2000). Ancient Communication: Form Grunts to Graffiti.pp 51–52. Minneapolis: Runestone Press; an imprint of Lerner Publishing Group…..
9. ^ 蔡, 玫芬, 二、墨的發展史, National Chang-Hua Hall of Social Education, archived from
the original on 2004-11-26
10. ^ Yuuko Suzuki, Introduction to Japanese calligraphy, Search Press 2005, Calligraphie japonaise, 2003, éd. Fleurus, Paris
11. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Gottsegen, Mark D. (2006). The Painter’s Handbook: A Complete Reference.Page
30, New York: Watson-Guptill Publications. ISBN 0-8230-3496-8.
12. ^ Jump up to:a b Smith, Joseph A. (1992). The Pen and Ink Book: Materials and Techniques for Today’s Artist. p. 23. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications. ISBN 0-8230-3986-2.
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Sung, Sun & Sun, page 286-288.
14. ^ Sircar, page 206
15. ^ “Think Ink!” by Sharon J. Huntington, The Christian Science Monitor, September 21, 2004, retrieved January 17, 2006.
16. ^ CE Bosworth, A Mediaeval Islamic Prototype of the Fountain
Pen? Journal of Semitic Studies, 26(2):229–234, 1981
17. ^ St. Clair, Kassia (2016). The Secret Lives of Colour. London: John Murray. pp. 271–273. ISBN 9781473630819. OCLC 936144129.
18. ^ Lyons, M. (2011). Books: A living history. Los Angeles:
J. Paul Getty Museum.
19. ^ Many recipes for iron gall inks are featured in A booke of secrets: shewing diuers waies to make and prepare all sorts of inke… tr. out of Dutch into Englishe by W.P. [i.e. William Philip], London, 1596.
20. ^ Jump
up to:a b c d Kipphan, Helmut (2001), Handbook of print media: technologies and production methods (Illustrated ed.), Springer, pp. 130–144, ISBN 978-3-540-67326-2
21. ^ Jump up to:a b “Dyes, Pigments and Inks”. American Chemical Society. Retrieved
2020-05-15.
22. ^ “First Aid for Ink Poisoning”. www.dovemed.com. 2018. Retrieved 2019-01-18.
23. ^ Canadian Printing Ink Manufacturers’ Association
24. ^ “Ink – Ten Random Facts”. Ten Random Facts. 2013-07-15. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
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Simmons, Trevor; Hashim, D; Vajtai, R; Ajayan, PM (2007), “Large Area-Aligned Arrays from Direct Deposition of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes”, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 129 (33): 10088–10089, doi:10.1021/ja073745e, PMID 17663555.
26. ^ Henk J. Porck and
René Teygeler, Preservation Science Survey (Washington, D.C.: Council on Library and Information Resources, 2000).
27. ^ “Indonesia Gears Up for 2014 General Elections”. Indonesian Antara (news agency). 16 April 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2024. The
logistics will include ballot papers, ballot boxes, and indelible ink that will be used in all polling stations throughout Indonesia
28. ^ Afghanistan election: ‘indelible’ ink washes off voters’ fingers
29. Ainsworth, Mitchell, C., “Inks and
Their Composition and Manufacture”, Charles Griffin and Company Ltd, 1904.
30. N.a. (March 2000), “Bach Scores Turning to Dust in German Library”, American Libraries: 24–25
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Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-0063-X.
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FJ and José-Yacamán M. “Chemical composition of a fountain pen ink”. Journal of Chemical Education, 2006, 83, 1476–78.
34. Reißland, Birgit; de Groot, Suzan (August 15–21, 1999), “Ink Corrosion: Comparison of the Currently Used Aqueous Treatments
for Paper Objects”, Preprint from the 9th International Congress of IADA, pp. 121–129
35. Rouchon-Quillet, V.; Remazeilles, C.; Bernard, J.; Wattiaux, A.; Fournes, L.; et al. (2004), “The Impact of Gallic Acid on Iron Gall Ink Corrosion”, Applied
Physics A, 79 (2): 389–392, Bibcode:2004ApPhA..79..389R, doi:10.1007/s00339-004-2541-1, S2CID 95990608
36. Sircar, D. C. (1996).Indian epigraphy. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-1166-6.
37. Waters, C.E. (1940), Inks, U.S. Department of Commerce,
National Bureau of Standards, United States Government Printing Office
Photo credit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/duncanh1/7094271655/’]