jesus christ

 

  • [168] This is one of two events described in the Gospels where a voice from Heaven calls Jesus “Son”, the other being the Transfiguration.

  • [125] In this respect, it is noteworthy that the Gospels devote about one third of their text to the last week of Jesus’ life in Jerusalem, referred to as the Passion.

  • [134][136] Early life, family, and profession Main article: Christ Child See also: Return of the family of Jesus to Nazareth, Unknown years of Jesus, and Brothers of Jesus
    The Finding of the Saviour in the Temple, by William Holman Hunt, 1860 Jesus’ childhood home is identified in the Gospels of Luke and Matthew as the town of Nazareth in Galilee, where he lived with his family.

  • In postbiblical usage, Christ became viewed as a name — one part of “Jesus Christ”.

  • [185] John depicts Jesus’ ministry as largely taking place in and around Jerusalem, rather than in Galilee; and Jesus’ divine identity is openly proclaimed and immediately
    recognized.

  • Jesus preaches around Galilee, and in Matthew 4:18–20, his first disciples, who will eventually form the core of the early Church, encounter him and begin to travel with him.

  • [66] “Jesus Christ” is the name that the author of the Gospel of John claims Jesus gave to himself during his high priestly prayer.

  • [85][i] Some early Christian groups had separate descriptions of Jesus’ life and teachings that are not in the New Testament.

  • [185] Teachings and miracles Main articles: Sermon on the Mount, Parables of Jesus, and Miracles of Jesus See also: Sermon on the Plain, Five Discourses of Matthew, Farewell
    Discourse, Olivet Discourse, and Bread of Life Discourse Jesus and the rich young man by Heinrich Hofmann, 1889 In the Synoptics, Jesus teaches extensively, often in parables,[204] about the Kingdom of God (or, in Matthew, the Kingdom of Heaven).

  • [220] When asked by his disciples why he speaks in parables to the people, Jesus replies that the chosen disciples have been given to “know the secrets of the kingdom of heaven”,
    unlike the rest of their people, “For the one who has will be given more and he will have in abundance.

  • [136][137][138] At the same time, there is evidence, at least in the Lukan Acts of the Apostles, that Jesus was thought to have had, like many figures in antiquity, a dual
    paternity, since there it is stated he descended from the seed or loins of David.

  • Muslims believe Jesus was born of the virgin Mary (another figure revered in Islam), but was neither God nor a son of God;[39][40] the Quran states that Jesus never claimed
    to be divine.

  • [156] When Jesus is presented as a baby in the temple per Jewish Law, a man named Simeon says to Mary and Joseph that Jesus “shall stand as a sign of contradiction, while
    a sword will pierce your own soul.

  • Jesus[d] (c. 4 BC – AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ or Jesus of Nazareth (among other names and titles), was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious leader;[10]
    he is the central figure of Christianity, the world’s largest religion.

  • In Mark, Jesus is the Son of God whose mighty works demonstrate the presence of God’s Kingdom.

  • [32] The great majority of Christians worship Jesus as the incarnation of God the Son, the second of three persons of the Trinity.

  • The Baptist sees Jesus and calls him the Lamb of God; the two hear this and follow Jesus.

  • In John’s Gospel, Jesus is presented as unpressured by the crowds, who often respond to his miracles with trust and faith.

  • “[247][169] Passion Week The description of the last week of the life of Jesus (often called Passion Week) occupies about one-third of the narrative in the canonical gospels,[126]
    starting with Jesus’ triumphal entry into Jerusalem and ending with his Crucifixion.

  • The Nicene Creed asserts that Jesus will judge the living and the dead[28] either before or after their bodily resurrection,[29][30][31] an event tied to the Second Coming
    of Jesus in Christian eschatology.

  • [26] Christian theology includes the beliefs that Jesus was conceived by the Holy Spirit, was born of a virgin named Mary, performed miracles, founded the Christian Church,
    died by crucifixion as a sacrifice to achieve atonement for sin, rose from the dead, and ascended into Heaven, from where he will return.

  • John the Baptist, for example, states in John 3:34: “He whom God has sent speaks the words of God, for he gives the Spirit without measure.”

  • [57] The Gospel of Matthew states that an angel appeared to Jesus’ adoptive father, Joseph, to tell Joseph about his future son and to name him Jesus because “he will save
    his people from their sins”: But after he had considered this, an angel of the Lord appeared to him in a dream and said, “Joseph son of David, do not be afraid to take Mary home as your wife, because what is conceived in her is from the Holy
    Spirit.

  • [75][76][77][78] Acts of the Apostles[79] refers to Jesus’ early ministry and its anticipation by John the Baptist.

  • [123] As stated in John 21:25, the Gospels do not claim to provide an exhaustive list of the events in Jesus’ life.

  • Although Joseph appears in descriptions of Jesus’ childhood, no mention is made of him thereafter.

  • [164] Later, Jesus identifies John as “the Elijah who was to come”,[165] the prophet who was expected to arrive before the “great and terrible day of the Lord”.

  • “[157] Several years later, when Jesus goes missing on a visit to Jerusalem, his parents find him in the temple sitting among the teachers, listening to them and asking questions,
    and the people are amazed at his understanding and answers; Mary scolds Jesus for going missing, to which Jesus replies that he must “be in his father’s house”.

  • [257][258] The Gospel of John recounts of two other feasts in which Jesus taught in Jerusalem before the Passion Week.

  • [73] Christians of the time designated Jesus as “the Christ” because they believed him to be the messiah, whose arrival is prophesied in the Hebrew Bible and Old Testament.

  • In Islam, Jesus (often referred to by his Quranic name ʿĪsā) is considered the penultimate prophet of God and the messiah,[34][35][36][37][38] who will return before the Day
    of Judgement.

  • [149] The Gospel of Mark reports that Jesus comes into conflict with his neighbors and family.

  • She will give birth to a son, and you are to give him the name Jesus, because he will save his people from their sins.”

  • [167] In the Gospel of Mark, John the Baptist baptizes Jesus, and as he comes out of the water he sees the Holy Spirit descending to him like a dove and he hears a voice from
    heaven declaring him to be God’s Son.

  • [133][134][135] Both accounts state that Jesus was born to Joseph and Mary, his betrothed, in Bethlehem, and both support the doctrine of the virgin birth of Jesus, according
    to which Jesus was miraculously conceived by the Holy Spirit in Mary’s womb when she was still a virgin.

  • [231] One characteristic shared among all miracles of Jesus in the gospel accounts is that he performed them freely and never requested or accepted any form of payment.

  • [44] Thus, in the New Testament, Jesus is commonly referred to as “Jesus of Nazareth”.

  • The authors of the Gospels are all anonymous, attributed by tradition to the four evangelists, each with close ties to Jesus:[91] Mark by John Mark, an associate of Peter;[92]
    Matthew by one of Jesus’ disciples;[91] Luke by a companion of Paul mentioned in a few epistles;[91] and John by another of Jesus’ disciples,[91] the “beloved disciple”.

  • [74] Life and teachings in the New Testament Canonical gospels The four canonical gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) are the foremost sources for the life and message
    of Jesus.

  • [65] Jesus as the Christ Since the early period of Christianity, Christians have commonly referred to Jesus as “Jesus Christ”.

  • In John, Mary follows Jesus to his crucifixion, and he expresses concern over her well-being.

  • [67] The word Christ was a title or office (“the Christ”), not a given name.

  • [150] Last Supper Main article: Last Supper See also: Jesus predicts his betrayal, Denial of Peter, and Last Supper in Christian art The Last Supper, depicted by Juan de Juanes,
    c. 1562 The Last Supper is the final meal that Jesus shares with his twelve apostles in Jerusalem before his crucifixion.

  • [122] In the Gospel of John, Jesus reveals his divine role publicly.

  • Etymons of the term Christian (meaning a follower of Christ) have been in use since the 1st century.

  • [92] The Gospel of Matthew emphasizes that Jesus is the fulfillment of God’s will as revealed in the Old Testament, and the Lord of the Church.

  • In John, Jesus’ miracles are described as “signs”, performed to prove his mission and divinity.

  • [255][185] In John, the Cleansing of the Temple occurs at the beginning of Jesus’ ministry instead of at the end.

  • [43] Name Naming convention, various names A typical Jew in Jesus’ time had only one name, sometimes followed by the phrase “son of [father’s name]”, or the individual’s hometown.

  • When his opponents suddenly accuse him of performing exorcisms by the power of Beelzebul, the prince of demons, Jesus counters that he performs them by the “Spirit of God”
    (Matthew 12:28) or “finger of God”, arguing that all logic suggests that Satan would not let his demons assist the Children of God because it would divide Satan’s house and bring his kingdom to desolation; furthermore, he asks his opponents
    that if he exorcises by Beel’zebub, “by whom do your sons cast them out?

  • [21] Jesus debated with fellow Jews on how to best follow God, engaged in healings, taught in parables and gathered followers.

  • [117] In general, the authors of the New Testament showed little interest in an absolute chronology of Jesus or in synchronizing the episodes of his life with the secular
    history of the age.

  • Approximately 30 parables form about one-third of Jesus’ recorded teachings.

  • [142][143][144] In Luke 1:31–38, Mary learns from the angel Gabriel that she will conceive and bear a child called Jesus through the action of the Holy Spirit.

  • [174] Matthew also details the three temptations that Satan offers Jesus in the wilderness.

  • [142] In Matthew 2:1–12, wise men or Magi from the East bring gifts to the young Jesus as the King of the Jews.

  • [235][236] Proclamation as Christ and Transfiguration Main articles: Confession of Peter and Transfiguration of Jesus The Transfiguration of Jesus, depicted by Carl Bloch,
    19th century At about the middle of each of the three Synoptic Gospels are two significant events: the Confession of Peter and the Transfiguration of Jesus.

  • [e] Research into the historical Jesus has yielded some uncertainty on the historical reliability of the Gospels and on how closely the Jesus portrayed in the New Testament
    reflects the historical Jesus, as the only detailed records of Jesus’ life are contained in the Gospels.

  • [53][54] The name Yeshua appears to have been in use in Judea at the time of the birth of Jesus.

  • [180][181] John publicly proclaims Jesus as the sacrificial Lamb of God, and some of John’s followers become disciples of Jesus.

  • [145] An angel announces the birth to a group of shepherds, who go to Bethlehem to see Jesus, and subsequently spread the news abroad.

  • Here, before Jesus’ baptism, John protests, saying, “I need to be baptized by you.

  • [184] Public ministry Main article: Ministry of Jesus Sermon on the Mount, by Carl Bloch, 1877, depicts Jesus’ important discourse.

  • Jesus states that his miracles are from a divine source.

  • [121] As the Word, Jesus was eternally present with God, active in all creation, and the source of humanity’s moral and spiritual nature.

  • [64] The etymology of Jesus’ name in the context of the New Testament is generally given as “Yahweh is salvation”.

  • [26] Notably, Jesus forbids those who recognize him as the messiah to speak of it, including people he heals and demons he exorcises (see Messianic Secret).

  • Luke’s account emphasizes events before the birth of Jesus and centers on Mary, while Matthew’s mostly covers those after the birth and centers on Joseph.

  • The first takes place north of Judea, in Galilee, where Jesus conducts a successful ministry, and the second shows Jesus rejected and killed when he travels to Jerusalem.

  • [182] Before John is imprisoned, Jesus leads his followers to baptize disciples as well,[183] and they baptize more people than John.

  • [27] Commonly, Christians believe Jesus enables people to be reconciled to God.

  • [152] Jesus responds that his followers are his true family.

 

Works Cited

[‘John P. Meier writes that Jesus’ birth year is c. 7 or 6 BC.[1] Karl Rahner states that the consensus among Christian scholars is c. 4 BC.[2] E. P. Sanders also favors c. 4 BC and refers to the general consensus.[3] Jack Finegan uses
the study of early Christian traditions to support c. 3 or 2 BC.[4]
2. ^ James Dunn writes that the baptism and crucifixion of Jesus “command almost universal assent” and “rank so high on the ‘almost impossible to doubt or deny’ scale of
historical facts” that they are often the starting points for the study of the historical Jesus.[6] Bart Ehrman states that the crucifixion of Jesus on the orders of Pontius Pilate is the most certain element about him.[7] John Dominic Crossan and
Richard G. Watts state that the crucifixion of Jesus is as certain as any historical fact can be.[8] Paul R. Eddy and Gregory A. Boyd say that non-Christian confirmation of the crucifixion of Jesus is now “firmly established”.[9]
3. ^ Traditionally,
Christians believe that Mary conceived her son miraculously by the agency of the Holy Spirit. Muslims believe that she conceived her son miraculously by the command of God. Joseph was from these perspectives the acting adoptive father of Jesus.
4. ^
Greek: Ἰησοῦς, romanized: Iēsoûs, likely from Hebrew/Aramaic: יֵשׁוּעַ, romanized: Yēšūaʿ
5. ^ Jump up to:a b c In a 2011 review of the state of modern scholarship, Bart Ehrman wrote, “He certainly existed, as virtually every competent scholar of
antiquity, Christian or non-Christian, agrees”.[11] Richard A. Burridge states: “There are those who argue that Jesus is a figment of the Church’s imagination, that there never was a Jesus at all. I have to say that I do not know any respectable
critical scholar who says that any more”.[12] Robert M. Price does not believe that Jesus existed, but agrees that this perspective runs against the views of the majority of scholars.[13] James D. G. Dunn calls the theories of Jesus’ non-existence
“a thoroughly dead thesis”.[14] Michael Grant (a classicist) wrote in 1977, “In recent years, ‘no serious scholar has ventured to postulate the non historicity of Jesus’ or at any rate very few, and they have not succeeded in disposing of the much
stronger, indeed very abundant, evidence to the contrary”.[15] Robert E. Van Voorst states that biblical scholars and classical historians regard theories of non-existence of Jesus as effectively refuted.[16] Writing on The Daily Beast, Candida Moss
and Joel Baden state that “there is nigh universal consensus among biblical scholars – the authentic ones, at least – that Jesus was, in fact, a real guy”.[17]
6. ^ Ehrman writes: “The notion that the Gospel accounts are not completely accurate
but still important for the religious truths they try to convey is widely shared in the scholarly world, even though it’s not so widely known or believed outside of it.”[19]
Sanders writes: “The earliest Christians did not write a narrative of Jesus’
life, but rather made use of, and thus preserved, individual units—short passages about his words and deeds. These units were later moved and arranged by authors and editors. … Some material has been revised and some created by early Christians.”[20]
7. ^
Part of the Eastern Christian churches celebrate Christmas on 25 December of the Julian calendar, which currently corresponds to 7 January in the Gregorian calendar.
8. ^ This article uses quotes from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible.
9. ^
Powell writes: “[Paul] does cite words or instructions of Jesus in a few places,[86] but for the most part he displays little interest in the details of Jesus’ earthly life and ministry.”[87]
10. ^ Compare Matthew 1:6–16 with Luke 3:23–31. See
also Genealogy of Jesus § Comparison of the two genealogies.
11. ^ For an overview of such theories, see Genealogy of Jesus § Explanations for divergence.
12. ^ Amy-Jill Levine writes: “There is a consensus of sorts on a basic outline of Jesus’
life. Most scholars agree that Jesus was baptized by John, debated with fellow Jews on how best to live according to God’s will, engaged in healings and exorcisms, taught in parables, gathered male and female followers in Galilee, went to Jerusalem,
and was crucified by Roman soldiers during the governorship of Pontius Pilate”[330]
13. ^ Tuckett writes: “All this does at least render highly implausible any far-fetched theories that even Jesus’ very existence was a Christian invention. The
fact that Jesus existed, that he was crucified under Pontius Pilate (for whatever reason) and that he had a band of followers who continued to support his cause, seems to be part of the bedrock of historical tradition. If nothing else, the non-Christian
evidence can provide us with certainty on that score.”[349]
14. ^ For example, John P. Meier states that Jesus’ birth year is c. 7/6 BC,[1] while Finegan favors c. 3/2 BC.[4]
15. ^ In the New Testament, Jesus is described as Jewish / Judean (Ioudaios
as written in Koine Greek) on three occasions: by the Magi in Matthew 2, who referred to Jesus as “King of the Jews” (basileus ton ioudaion); by both the Samaritan woman at the well and by Jesus himself in John 4; and (in all four gospels) during
the Passion, by the Romans, who also used the phrase “King of the Jews”.[440]
16. ^ Ehrman writes: “In simpler terms, the historical Jesus did not exist. Or if he did, he had virtually nothing to do with the founding of Christianity.” further quoting
as authoritative the fuller definition provided by Earl Doherty in Jesus: Neither God Nor Man. Age of Reason, 2009, pp. vii–viii: it is “the theory that no historical Jesus worthy of the name existed, that Christianity began with a belief in a spiritual,
mythical figure, that the Gospels are essentially allegory and fiction, and that no single identifiable person lay at the root of the Galilean preaching tradition.”[450]
17. ^ Following the Apostolic Age, there was fierce and often politicized debate
in the early church on many interrelated issues. Christology was a major focus of these debates, and was addressed at every one of the first seven ecumenical councils. Some early beliefs viewed Jesus as ontologically subordinate to the Father (Subordinationism),
and others considered him an aspect of the Father rather than a separate person (Sabellianism), both were condemned as heresies by the Catholic Church.[44][474] The Church resolved the issues in ancient councils, which established the Holy Trinity,
with Jesus both fully human and fully God.[44]
18. ^ Philip Schaff commenting on Irenaeus, wrote, ‘This censure of images as a Gnostic peculiarity, and as a heathenish corruption, should be noted’. Footnote 300 on Contr. Her. .I.XXV.6. ANF
19. ^
Flavius Josephus writing (about 5 years later, c. AD 75) in The Jewish War (Book VII 1.1) stated that Jerusalem had been flattened to the point that “there was left nothing to make those that came thither believe it had ever been inhabited.”[565]
And once what was left of the ruins of Jerusalem had been turned into the Roman settlement of Aelia Capitolina, no Jews were allowed to set foot in it.[564]
20. ^ Polarized conclusions regarding the Shroud of Turin remain.[568] According to former
Nature editor Philip Ball, “it’s fair to say that, despite the seemingly definitive tests in 1988, the status of the Shroud of Turin is murkier than ever. Not least, the nature of the image and how it was fixed on the cloth remain deeply puzzling”.[569]
21.
Meier 1991, p. 407.
22. ^ Rahner 2004, p. 732.
23. ^ Sanders 1993, pp. 10–11.
24. ^ Jump up to:a b Finegan 1998, p. 319
25. ^ Brown 1977, p. 513.
26. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Dunn 2003, p. 339.
27. ^ Ehrman 1999, p. 101.
28. ^ Crossan &
Watts 1999, p. 96.
29. ^ Eddy & Boyd 2007, p. 173.
30. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Vermes 1981, pp. 20, 26, 27, 29.
31. ^ Ehrman 2011, p. 285.
32. ^ Burridge, Richard A.; Gould, Graham (2004). Jesus Now and Then. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 34.
ISBN 978-0-8028-0977-3.
33. ^ Price, Robert M. (2009). “Jesus at the Vanishing Point”. In Beilby, James K.; Eddy, Paul R. (eds.). The Historical Jesus: Five Views. InterVarsity. pp. 55, 61. ISBN 978-0-8308-7853-6. Archived from the original on 7
September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
34. ^ Sykes, Stephen W. (2007). “Paul’s understanding of the death of Jesus”. Sacrifice and Redemption. Cambridge University Press. pp. 35–36. ISBN 978-0-521-04460-8.
35. ^ Grant, Michael (1977). Jesus:
An Historian’s Review of the Gospels. Scribner’s. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-684-14889-2.
36. ^ Van Voorst 2000, p. 16.
37. ^ Baden, Candida Moss (5 October 2014). “So-Called ‘Biblical Scholar’ Says Jesus a Made-Up Myth”. The Daily Beast.
38. ^
Powell 1998, pp. 168–73.
39. ^ Bart D. Ehrman. Historical Jesus. ‘Prophet of the New Millennium’. Archived 23 January 2019 at the Wayback Machine Course handbook, p. 10 (Lecture Three. V. B.) The Teaching Company, 2000, Lecture 24
40. ^ Sanders
1993, p. 57.
41. ^ Jump up to:a b c James Orr, ed. (1939). “International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Online”. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
42. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Levine
2006, p. 4.
43. ^ Charlesworth, James H. (2008). The Historical Jesus: An Essential Guide. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-4267-2475-6. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
44. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Sanders 1993, p. 11.
45. ^
Sanders 1993, pp. 11, 14.
46. ^ Jump up to:a b Dunn, James D.G. (2013). The Oral Gospel Tradition. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 290–91.
47. ^ Grudem 1994, pp. 568–603.
48. ^ Wilhelm, Joseph (1911). “The Nicene Creed”. The Catholic Encyclopedia.
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49. ^ Jump up to:a b Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D. (1993). Oxford Companion to the Bible. Oxford University Press. p. 649. ISBN 978-0-19-974391-9.
50. ^
Tabor, James (22 March 2013). “What the Bible Says About Death, Afterlife, and the Future”. UNCC. Archived from the original on 23 August 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
51. ^ Hoekema, Anthony A. (1994). The Bible and the Future. Eerdmans Publishing.
pp. 88–89. ISBN 978-0-85364-624-2. Archived from the original on 8 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
52. ^ Garrett, James L. (2014). Systematic Theology, Volume 2, Second Edition: Biblical, Historical, and Evangelical. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
p. 766. ISBN 978-1-62564-852-5. Archived from the original on 25 January 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
53. ^ “anno Domini”. Merriam Webster Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster. 2003. Archived from the original on 22 December 2007. Retrieved 3
November 2016. Etymology: Medieval Latin, in the year of our Lord
54. ^ The Story of Prophet Jesus (Isa).
55. ^ “7 Things Muslims Should Know about Prophet ‘Isa (as) | Muslim Hands UK”. muslimhands.org.uk. 25 December 2020. Retrieved 25 June
2021.
56. ^ Jump up to:a b “Quran 3:46–158”. Archived from the original on 1 May 2015.
57. ^ Jump up to:a b c Glassé, Cyril (2008). Concise Encyclopedia of Islam. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 270–71. ISBN 978-0-7425-6296-7. Archived from the original
on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
58. ^ Jump up to:a b Siddiqui, Mona (2013). Christians, Muslims, and Jesus. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-16970-6.
59. ^ “Surah Al-Kahf – 4”. quran.com. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
60. ^ “Surah
Al-Kahf – 5”. quran.com. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
61. ^ Jump up to:a b Morgan, Diane (2010). Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice. ABC-CLIO. pp. 45–46. ISBN 978-0-313-36025-1.
62. ^ Some medieval Muslims believed that Jesus
was crucified, as do the members of the modern Ahmadiyya movement; see § Islamic perspectives.
63. ^ Jump up to:a b c Jacobs, Joseph; Kohler, Kaufmann; Gottheil, Richard; Krauss, Samuel. “Jesus of Nazareth”. Jewish Encyclopedia. Archived from the
original on 26 February 2016. See Avodah Zarah 17a:1, Sanhedrin 43a:20, Gittin 57a:3-4, and Sotah 47a:6.
64. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Sanders, E. P.; Pelikan, Jaroslav J. “Jesus Christ”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the
original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 10 June 2015.
65. ^ e.g., Mark 10:47
66. ^ Mark 10:47
67. ^ Mark 6:3
68. ^ Mark 6:3
69. ^ Matthew 13:55
70. ^ Matthew 13:55
71. ^ Luke 4:22
72. ^ Luke 4:22
73. ^ John 1:45
74. ^ John 1:45
75. ^
Hare, Douglas (2009). Matthew. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-664-23433-1.
76. ^ Rogers, Cleon (1999). Topical Josephus. Zondervan. p. 12. ISBN 978-0-310-23017-5. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August
2015.
77. ^ Eddy & Boyd 2007, p. 129.
78. ^ Jump up to:a b Maas, Anthony J. (1913). “Origin of the Name of Jesus Christ” . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
79. ^ Robinson 2005; Stegemann
2006. For Yēšūaʿ as an Aramaic name, see Ehrman 2012, p. 29; “3443. Yeshua, Strong’s Concordance: Hebrew”. Bible Hub.
80. ^ Ayali-Darshan 2018.
81. ^ “Joshua 1:1”. Archived from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
82. ^
“Ezra 3:2”. Archived from the original on 2 February 2019. Retrieved 1 February 2019.
83. ^ Robinson 2005; Stegemann 2006.
84. ^ Robinson 2005; “2424. Iéosus, Strong’s Concordance: Greek”. Bible Hub.
85. ^ France 2007, p. 53.
86. ^ Doninger
1999, p. 212.
87. ^ “BibleHub: John 17:3”. Archived from the original on 25 June 2019. Retrieved 27 June 2019.
88. ^ Pannenberg 1968, pp. 30–31.
89. ^ Bultmann, Rudolf K. (2007). Theology of the New Testament. Baylor University Press. p. 80.
ISBN 978-1-932792-93-5.
90. ^ Heil, John P. (2010). Philippians: Let Us Rejoice in Being Conformed to Christ. Society of Biblical Lit. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-58983-482-8. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
91. ^
Gwynn, Murl E. (2011). Conflict: Christianity’s Love Vs. Islam’s Submission. iUniverse. p. 92. ISBN 978-1-4620-3484-0. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
92. ^ Vine 1940, pp. 274–75.
93. ^ See Leviticus
8:10–12 and Exodus 30:29.
94. ^ Mills & Bullard 1998, p. 142.
95. ^ 1 Corinthians 11:23–26
96. ^ Blomberg 2009, pp. 441–42.
97. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Fahlbusch, Erwin (2005). The Encyclopedia of Christianity. Vol. 4. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.
pp. 53–56. ISBN 978-0-8028-2416-5. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
98. ^ Jump up to:a b c Evans 2003, pp. 465–77.
99. ^ Acts 10:37–38 and Acts 19:4
100. ^ Bruce, Frederick F. (1988). The Book of the
Acts. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 362. ISBN 978-0-8028-2505-6.
101. ^ Rausch 2003, p. 77.
102. ^ Acts 1:1–11
103. ^ also mentioned in 1 Timothy 3:16
104. ^ Jump up to:a b c Evans 2003, pp. 521–30.
105. ^ 1 Corinthians 7:10–11, 9:14, 11:23–25,
2 Corinthians 12:9
106. ^ 1 Cor. 7:10–11; 9:14; 11:23–25; 2 Cor. 12:9; cf. Acts 20:35
107. ^ Powell, Mark A. (2009). Introducing the New Testament. Baker Academic. p. 248. ISBN 9780801028687.
108. ^ Brown 1997, pp. 835–40.
109. ^ Evans, C.A.
(2008). Exploring the Origins of the Bible. Baker Academic. p. 154.
110. ^ Keener 2009, p. 56.
111. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Funk, Hoover & The Jesus Seminar 1993, p. 3.
112. ^ Jump up to:a
b c d e May, Herbert G. and Bruce M. Metzger. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. 1977. “Mark” pp. 1213–39
113. ^ Cross & Livingstone 2005, John, St..
114. ^ Burridge, R.A. (2006). Gospels. In J.W. Rogerson & Judith M. Lieu (Eds)
The Oxford Handbook of Biblical Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 433
115. ^ Talbert, C.H. (1977). What is a Gospel? The Genre of the Canonical Gospels. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.
116. ^ Wills, L.M. (1997). The Quest of the Historical
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117. ^ Burridge, R.A. (2004). What are the Gospels? A Comparison with Graeco-Roman Biography. rev. updated edn. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans.
118. ^ e.g. Vines,
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119. ^ Graham N. Stanton (8 July 2004). Jesus and Gospel. Cambridge University Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-0-521-00802-0.
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121. ^ Grudem 1994, pp. 90–91.
122. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Sanders 1993, p. 3.
123. ^ Jump up to:a b Köstenberger, Kellum & Quarles 2009, pp. 117–25.
124. ^ Jump up to:a b Ehrman 1999, pp. 22–23.
125. ^
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126. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Theissen & Merz 1998, pp. 17–62.
127. ^ Roberts, Mark D. (2007). Can We Trust the Gospels?: Investigating the Reliability of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. Crossway. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-4335-1978-9.
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128. ^ Licona 2010, pp. 210–21.
129. ^ Jump up to:a b Haffner, Paul (2008). New Testament Theology. p. 135. ISBN 978-88-902268-0-9.
130. ^ Jump up to:a b Scroggie, W.
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131. ^ “synoptic”. Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
132. ^
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133. ^ Moloney, Francis J.; Harrington, Daniel J. (1998). The Gospel of John. Liturgical Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8146-5806-2.
134. ^ Ladd, George E. (1993).
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135. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j Witherington 1997, p. 113.
136. ^ Jump
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137. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Thompson, Frank
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138. ^ May, Herbert G. and Bruce M. Metzger. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. 1977. “Matthew” pp. 1171–1212.
139. ^
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140. ^ Jump up to:a b May, Herbert G. and Bruce M. Metzger. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha. 1977. “Luke” pp. 1240–85.
141. ^ Jump up to:a b May, Herbert G. and Bruce M. Metzger. The New
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142. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Harris 1985, pp. 302–10.
143. ^ Jump up to:a b Rahner 2004, pp. 730–31.
144. ^ O’Collins, Gerald (2009). Christology: A Biblical, Historical,
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145. ^ Jump up to:a b Wiarda, Timothy (2010). Interpreting Gospel Narratives: Scenes, People, and Theology. B&H Publishing Group. pp. 75–78. ISBN 978-0-8054-4843-6.
146. ^
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147. ^ Matthew 1; Luke 2
148. ^ Matthew 1:1–16
149. ^ Jump up to:a b c Sanders 1993, pp. 80–91.
150. ^ Luke 3:23–38
151. ^ Brown 1978, p. 163.
152. ^
France, R.T. (1985). The Gospel According to Matthew: An Introduction and Commentary. Eerdmans. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-8028-0063-3. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2018. “From David the two lists diverge, as Matthew
follows the line of succession to the throne of Judah from Solomon, whereas Luke’s list goes through Nathan, … and converges with Matthew’s only for the two names of Shealtiel and Zerubabbel until Joseph is reached.”
153. ^ Mills & Bullard 1998,
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154. ^ Jump up to:a b c Marsh, Clive; Moyise, Steve (2006). Jesus and the Gospels. Clark International. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-567-04073-2. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
155. ^ Morris 1992, p. 26.
156. ^
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157. ^ Cox
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158. ^ Brownrigg, Ronald (2002). Who’s Who in the New Testament. Taylor & Francis. pp. 96–100. ISBN 978-0-415-26036-7.
159. ^ Andrew T.Lincoln, ‘Luke and Jesus’ Conception: A Case of Double Paternity?’, Archived 20
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160. ^ “Lincoln, Andrew T., “Conceiving Jesus: re-examining Jesus’ conception in canon, Christology, and creed”, Th Severn Forum, 5 March 2015,
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161. ^ Matthew 1:19–20
162. ^ Jump up to:a b Talbert, Charles H. (2010). Matthew. Baker Academic. pp. 29–30. ISBN 978-0-8010-3192-2. Archived from the original
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163. ^ Jump up to:a b c Harris 1985, pp. 272–85.
164. ^ Schnackenburg, Rudolf (2002). The Gospel of Matthew. Wm.B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 9–11. ISBN 978-0-8028-4438-5. Archived from the original on
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165. ^ Luke 2:1–7
166. ^ Luke 2:8–20
167. ^ Luke 2:21
168. ^ Perrotta, Louise B. (2000). Saint Joseph: His Life and His Role in the Church Today. Our Sunday Visitor Publishing. pp. 21, 110–12. ISBN
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169. ^ Aslan, Reza (2013). Zealot: The Life and Times of Jesus of Nazareth. Random House. p. 756. ISBN 978-1-4000-6922-4.
170. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Harris 1985, pp. 270–72.
171. ^ Mark 3:31–35
172. ^ Mark 3:21
173. ^
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174. ^ Liddell, Henry G.; Scott, Robert (1889). An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon: The Seventh Edition of Liddell and Scott’s Greek–English Lexicon. Clarendon Press. p. 797.
175. ^ Dickson 2008, pp. 68–69.
176. ^ Evans, Craig
A. (2001). “Context, family and formation”. In Bockmuehl, Markus N.A. (ed.). Cambridge companion to Jesus. Cambridge University Press. pp. 14, 21. ISBN 978-0-521-79678-1. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
177. ^
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178. ^ Luke 2:41–52
179. ^ Jump up to:a b c Blomberg 2009, pp. 224–29.
180. ^ Köstenberger, Kellum & Quarles 2009, pp. 141–43.
181. ^ Jump up to:a b McGrath 2006, pp. 16–22.
182. ^ Luke 3:11
183. ^ Luke 3:16
184. ^ Dunn,
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185. ^ Matthew 11:14, Mark 9:13–14
186. ^ Malachi 4:5
187. ^ Luke 1:17
188. ^ Mark 1:9–11
189. ^ Jump up
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190. ^ Jump up to:a b c Harding, Mark; Nobbs, Alanna (2010). The Content and the Setting of the Gospel Tradition. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 281–82. ISBN 978-0-8028-3318-1.
191. ^ Mark 1:12–13
192. ^ Mark
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193. ^ Matthew 3:14
194. ^ Matthew 3:15
195. ^ Matthew 4:3–11
196. ^ Luke 3:21–22
197. ^ Luke 7:18–23
198. ^ Sheen, Fulton J. (2008). Life of Christ. Random House. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-385-52699-9. Archived from the original on 10 September
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199. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Cross & Livingstone 2005, Jesus Christ.
200. ^ John 1:32
201. ^ Boring & Craddock 2004, p. 292.
202. ^ John 1:21
203. ^ John 3:22–24
204. ^ John 4:1
205. ^ Jump up to:a b c
d Harris 1985, pp. 285–96.
206. ^ Jump up to:a b Redford 2007, pp. 117–30.
207. ^ Vaught, Carl G. (2001). The Sermon on the mount: a theological investigation. Baylor University Press. pp. xi–xiv. ISBN 978-0-918954-76-3.
208. ^ Redford 2007,
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209. ^ Nash, Henry S. (1909). “Transfiguration, The”. In Jackson, Samuel M. (ed.). The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Thought: Son of Man-Tremellius V11. Funk & Wagnalls Company. p. 493. ISBN 978-1-4286-3189-2. Archived
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210. ^ Jump up to:a b c Barton, Stephen C. (23 November 2006). The Cambridge Companion to the Gospels. Cambridge University Press. pp. 132–33. ISBN 978-0-521-80766-1.
211. ^ John
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212. ^ Cox & Easley 2007, p. 137.
213. ^ Redford 2007, pp. 211–29.
214. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Cox & Easley 2007, pp. 155–70.
215. ^ Redford 2007, pp. 257–74.
216. ^ Matthew 4:18–22, Mark 1:16–20
217. ^ Brown 1988, pp. 25–27.
218. ^
Boring & Craddock 2004, pp. 292–93.
219. ^ Luke 6:17
220. ^ Patella, Michael F. (2009). “The Gospel According to Luke”. In Durken, Daniel (ed.). New Collegeville Bible Commentary: New Testament. Liturgical Press. p. 255. ISBN 978-0-8146-3260-4.
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221. ^ Mark 4:35–41, Mark 6:52
222. ^ Mark 4:13
223. ^ Mark 9:9–10
224. ^ Theissen & Merz 1998, pp. 316–46.
225. ^ Mark 1:15
226. ^ Luke 17:21
227. ^ Mark 10:13–27
228. ^
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229. ^ Matthew 5–7
230. ^ Stassen, Glen H.; Gushee, David P. (2003). Kingdom Ethics: Following Jesus in Contemporary Context. InterVarsity Press. pp. 102–03, 138–40, 197–98, 295–98. ISBN 978-0-8308-2668-1. Archived from the original
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231. ^ Jump up to:a b Osborn, Eric F. (1993). The emergence of Christian theology. Cambridge University Press. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-521-43078-4.
232. ^ Köstenberger, Andreas J. (1998). The missions of
Jesus and the disciples according to the Fourth Gospel. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 108–09. ISBN 978-0-8028-4255-8.
233. ^ Pentecost, J. Dwight (1998). The parables of Jesus: lessons in life from the Master Teacher. Kregel Publications. p. 10.
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234. ^ Howick, E. Keith (2003). The Sermons of Jesus the Messiah. WindRiver Publishing. pp. 7–9. ISBN 978-1-886249-02-8.
235. ^ Lisco, Friedrich G. (1850). The Parables of Jesus. Daniels and Smith Publishers. pp. 9–11.
236. ^
Oxenden, Ashton (1864). The parables of our Lord?. William Macintosh Publishers. p. 6.
237. ^ Blomberg, Craig L. (2012). Interpreting the Parables. InterVarsity Press. p. 448. ISBN 978-0-8308-3967-4. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015.
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238. ^ Luke 15:11–32
239. ^ Mark 4:26–29
240. ^ Boucher, Madeleine I. “The Parables”. BBC. Archived from the original on 10 August 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
241. ^ Matthew 13:10–17
242. ^ Green, McKnight & Marshall
1992, p. 299.
243. ^ Twelftree 1999, p. 350.
244. ^ Theissen & Merz 1998, p. 298.
245. ^ Green, McKnight & Marshall 1992, p. 300.
246. ^ Luke 11:20
247. ^ Sanders, E. P.; Pelikan, Jaroslav J. “Jesus Christ”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived
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248. ^ Hindson, Edward E.; Mitchell, Daniel R. (2010). Zondervan King James Version Commentary: New Testament. Zondervan. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-310-25150-7. Archived from the original on 10 September
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249. ^ Jump up to:a b Achtemeier, Paul J.; Green, Joel B.; Thompson, Marianne M. (2001). Introducing the New Testament: Its Literature and Theology. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-8028-3717-2.
250. ^
Ehrman 2009, p. 84.
251. ^ Twelftree 1999, p. 236.
252. ^ van der Loos, Hendrik (1965). The Miracles Of Jesus. Brill. p. 197. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
253. ^ Pentecost, J. Dwight (1981). The
words and works of Jesus Christ. Zondervan. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-310-30940-6. Archived from the original on 10 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
254. ^ Twelftree 1999, p. 95.
255. ^ Donahue & Harrington 2002, p. 182.
256. ^ Lockyer, Herbert
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257. ^ Kingsbury, Jack D. (1983). The Christology of Mark’s Gospel. Fortress Press. pp. 91–95. ISBN 978-1-4514-1007-5.
258. ^ Cross & Livingstone 2005, John, Gospel
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259. ^ Karris, Robert J. (1992). The Collegeville Bible Commentary: New Testament. Liturgical Press. pp. 885–86. ISBN 978-0-8146-2211-7.
260. ^ Kingsbury, Jack D.; Powell, Mark A.; Bauer, David R. (1999). Who do you say that I am? Essays on
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261. ^ Donahue & Harrington 2002, p. 336.
262. ^ Yieh, John Y. H. (2004). One teacher: Jesus’ teaching role in Matthew’s gospel. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 240–41. ISBN 978-3-11-018151-7.
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263. ^ Pannenberg 1968, pp. 53–54.
264. ^ Matthew 16:21, Mark 8:31, Luke 9:22
265. ^ Matthew 17:1–9, Mark 9:2–8, and Luke 9:28–36
266. ^ Lee 2004, pp. 72–76.
267. ^
Matthew 17:1–9
268. ^ Zechariah 9:9
269. ^ Psalms 118:25–26
270. ^ Jump up to:a b Boring & Craddock 2004, pp. 256–58.
271. ^ Majerník, Ponessa & Manhardt 2005, pp. 133–34.
272. ^ Jump up to:a b Evans 2003, pp. 381–95.
273. ^ Mark 13:1–23
274. ^
Mark 13:24–27
275. ^ Mark 13:28–32
276. ^ John 2:13–16
277. ^ Lockyer, Herbert (1988). All the Apostles of the Bible. Zondervan. pp. 106–11. ISBN 978-0-310-28011-8. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
278. ^
Hayes, Doremus A. (2009). The Synoptic Gospels and the Book of Acts. HardPress. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-313-53490-1.
279. ^ John 7:1–10:42
280. ^ John 11
281. ^ Funk, Hoover & The Jesus Seminar 1993, pp. 401–470.
282. ^ 11:23–26
283. ^ Cox & Easley
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284. ^ Jump up to:a b Cox & Easley 2007, p. 182.
285. ^ Luke 22:19–20
286. ^ Cross & Livingstone 2005, Eucharist.
287. ^ Pohle, Joseph (1913). “The Blessed Eucharist as a Sacrament” . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic
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288. ^ Freedman 2000, p. 792.
289. ^ Jump up to:a b Perkins, Pheme (2000). Peter: apostle for the whole church. Fortress Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-1-4514-1598-8.
290. ^ Lange, Johann P. (1865). The
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291. ^ Luke 22:34, John 22:34
292. ^ Matthew 26:31–34, Mark 14:27–30
293. ^ Jump up to:a b Walvoord & Zuck 1983, pp. 83–85.
294. ^ O’Day, Gail R.; Hylen, Susan (2006). John.
Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 142–68. ISBN 978-0-664-25260-1.
295. ^ Ridderbos, Herman (1997). The Gospel according to John. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 546–76. ISBN 978-0-8028-0453-2.
296. ^ Cross & Livingstone 2005, Jesus.
297. ^ Michaels,
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298. ^ Josephus Antiquities 18.2.2
299. ^ Brown 1997,
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300. ^ Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1988). International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E–J. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 1050–52. ISBN 978-0-8028-3782-0. Archived from the original on 7 September 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
301. ^ Jump
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302. ^ Jump up to:a b c Blomberg 2009, pp. 396–400.
303. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Holman Concise Bible Dictionary. B&H Publishing Group. 2011. pp. 608–09. ISBN 978-0-8054-9548-5.
304. ^ Evans 2003, p. 495.
305. ^
Blomberg 2009, pp. 396–98.
306. ^ O’Toole, Robert F. (2004). Luke’s presentation of Jesus: a christology. Editrice Pontificio Istituto Biblico. p. 166. ISBN 978-88-7653-625-0.
307. ^ Matthew: “claiming to be king of the Jews”. Mark: “king of
the Jews”. Luke: “subverting nation, opposing payment of taxes to Caesar, claiming to be Christ, a king” John: “breaking Jewish law, claiming to be the son of God”.
308. ^ Binz, Stephen J. (2004). The Names of Jesus. Twenty-Third Publications. pp.
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309. ^ Ironside, H.A. (2006). John. Kregel Academic. p. 454. ISBN 978-0-8254-9619-6.
310. ^ Jump up to:a b Niswonger 1992, p. 172.
311. ^ Majerník, Ponessa & Manhardt 2005, p. 181.
312. ^ Jump up to:a b Carter
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313. ^ Evans 2012b, p. 453.
314. ^ Matthew 27:20
315. ^ Blomberg 2009, pp. 400–01.
316. ^ John 19:19–20
317. ^ Brown 1988, p. 93.
318. ^ Senior, Donald (1985). The Passion of Jesus in the Gospel of Matthew. Liturgical
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319. ^ Blomberg 2009, p. 402.
320. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g Evans 2003, pp. 509–20.
321. ^ Jump up to:a b Köstenberger, Kellum & Quarles 2009, pp. 211–14.
322. ^ Jump up to:a b Doninger 1999, p. 271.
323. ^
Ehrman 2009, p. 82.
324. ^ Luke 23:43
325. ^ John 19:26–27
326. ^ Köstenberger, Kellum & Quarles 2009, pp. 213–14.
327. ^ Morris 1992, p. 727.
328. ^ Harris 1985, pp. 308–09.
329. ^ Matthew 28:19-20
330. ^ Mark 16:1
331. ^ Luke 25:1–12
332. ^
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333. ^ Luke 24:51
334. ^ Harris 1985, pp. 29 Photo credit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/mscaprikell/24781114/’]