• It also resulted in several authors and political scientists using two or more categorizations[6][7][20] to distinguish libertarian views on the nature of property and capital,
  usually along left–right or socialist–capitalist lines.

• [29][82] While the term libertarian has been largely synonymous with anarchism as part of the left,[14][83] continuing today as part of the libertarian left in opposition
  to the moderate left such as social democracy or authoritarian and statist socialism, its meaning has more recently diluted with wider adoption from ideologically disparate groups,[14] including the right.

• [91] Although several modern American libertarians reject the political spectrum, especially the left–right political spectrum, several strands of libertarianism in the United
  States and right-libertarianism have been described as being right-wing,[97] New Right[98][99] or radical right[100][101] and reactionary.

• [13] In the 1970s, Robert Nozick was responsible for popularizing this usage of the term in academic and philosophical circles outside the United States,[34][74][75] especially
  with the publication of Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974), a response to social liberal John Rawls’s A Theory of Justice (1971).

• [86] Those who seek both economic and social liberty would be known as liberals, but that term developed associations opposite of the limited government, low-taxation, minimal
  state advocated by the movement.

• [21][22][25] History Liberalism[edit] See also: History of liberalism John Locke, regarded as the father of liberalism Elements of libertarianism can be traced back to the
  higher-law concepts of the Greeks and the Israelites, and Christian theologians who argued for the moral worth of the individual and the division of the world into two realms, one of which is the province of God and thus beyond the power of
  states to control it.

• [147] Paine promoted liberal ideas in clear and concise language that allowed the general public to understand the debates among the political elites.

• [106] Libertarian philosopher Roderick T. Long defines libertarianism as “any political position that advocates a radical redistribution of power from the coercive state to
  voluntary associations of free individuals”, whether “voluntary association” takes the form of the free market or of communal co-operatives.

• “[125] Typology[edit] The Nolan Chart, created by American libertarian David Nolan, expands the left–right line into a two-dimensional chart classifying the political spectrum
  by degrees of personal and economic freedom In the United States, libertarian is a typology used to describe a political position that advocates small government and is culturally liberal and fiscally conservative in a two-dimensional political
  spectrum such as the libertarian-inspired Nolan Chart, where the other major typologies are conservative, liberal and populist.

• [8][18] In the United States, proponents of free-market anti-capitalism consciously label themselves as left-libertarians and see themselves as being part of a broad libertarian
  left.

• [8] Right-libertarians reject the label due to its association with conservatism and right-wing politics, calling themselves simply libertarians, while proponents of free-market
  anti-capitalism in the United States consciously label themselves as left-libertarians and see themselves as being part of a broad libertarian left.

• [6][7] Scholars distinguish libertarian views on the nature of property and capital, usually along left–right or socialist–capitalist lines.

• [129][130] Libertarian was adopted in the United States, where liberal had become associated with a version that supports extensive government spending on social policies.

• As a result, some political scientists and writers classify the forms of libertarianism into two or more groups[6][7] to distinguish libertarian views on the nature of property
  and capital.

• [20] Left-libertarian[26] ideologies include anarchist schools of thought, alongside many other anti-paternalist and New Left schools of thought centered around economic egalitarianism
  as well as geolibertarianism, green politics, market-oriented left-libertarianism and the Steiner–Vallentyne school.

• [85] As a term, libertarian or economic libertarian has the most colloquial acceptance to describe a member of the movement, with the latter term being based on both the ideology’s
  primacy of economics and its distinction from libertarians of the New Left.

• [15][16][17] There are a number of different left-libertarian positions on the state, which can range from advocating for the complete abolition of the state, to advocating
  for a more decentralized and limited government with social ownership of the economy.

• However, libertarian practice has also taken parliamentary form in recent years.

• [4] According to Murray Rothbard, the libertarian creed emerged from the liberal challenges to an “absolute central State and a king ruling by divine right on top of an older,
  restrictive web of feudal land monopolies and urban guild controls and restrictions” as well as the mercantilism of a bureaucratic warfaring state allied with privileged merchants.

• [154][155] According to anarchist historian Max Nettlau, the first use of the term libertarian communism was in November 1880, when a French anarchist congress employed it
  to identify its doctrines more clearly.

• [90] According to modern American libertarian Walter Block, left-libertarians and right-libertarians agree with certain libertarian premises, but “where [they] differ is in
  terms of the logical implications of these founding axioms”.

• [81] Main article: Definition of anarchism and libertarianism Although libertarianism originated as a form of left-wing politics,[29][82] the development in the mid-20th century
  of modern libertarianism in the United States resulted in libertarianism’s being commonly associated with right-wing politics.

• [144] Thomas Paine, whose theory of property showed a libertarian concern with the redistribution of resources John Locke greatly influenced both libertarianism and the modern
  world in his writings published before and after the English Revolution of 1688, especially A Letter Concerning Toleration (1667), Two Treatises of Government (1689) and An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690).

• [72] Libertarian may also refer to an anarchist ideology that developed in the 19th century and to a liberal version which developed in the United States that is avowedly
  pro-capitalist.

• [77] According to common United States meanings of conservative and liberal, libertarianism in the United States has been described as conservative on economic issues (economic
  liberalism and fiscal conservatism) and liberal on personal freedom (civil libertarianism and cultural liberalism).

• [22][33] As a term, libertarian can include both the New Left Marxists (who do not associate with a vanguard party) and extreme liberals (primarily concerned with civil liberties)
  or civil libertarians.

• [131][132][133][134] While this group is not typically ideologically driven, the term libertarian is commonly used to describe the form of libertarianism widely practiced
  in the United States and is the common meaning of the word libertarianism in the United States.

• Instead of institutionalized justice, Godwin proposed that people influence one another to moral goodness through informal reasoned persuasion, including in the associations
  they joined as this would facilitate happiness.

• [59] As early as 1796, libertarian came to mean an advocate or defender of liberty, especially in the political and social spheres, when the London Packet printed on 12 February
  the following: “Lately marched out of the Prison at Bristol, 450 of the French Libertarians”.

• [34] This form is often named liberalism elsewhere such as in Europe, where liberalism has a different common meaning than in the United States.

• [49][50][51][52] Right-wing libertarian ideals are also prominent in far-right American militia movement associated with extremist anti-government ideas.

• [34] This new form of libertarianism was a revival of classical liberalism in the United States,[37][page needed] which occurred due to American liberals’ embracing progressivism
  and economic interventionism in the early 20th century after the Great Depression and with the New Deal.

• “[70][71][72] Subsequently, a growing number of Americans with classical liberal beliefs began to describe themselves as libertarians.

• [110] Libertarians argue that some forms of order within society emerge spontaneously from the actions of many different individuals acting independently from one another
  without any central planning.

• [72] In some academic circles, this form is called right-libertarianism as a complement to left-libertarianism, with acceptance of capitalism or the private ownership of land
  as being the distinguishing feature.

• In the middle of that century, opponents of royal power began to be called Whigs, or sometimes simply Opposition or Country, as opposed to Court writers.

• [146] According to American historian Bernard Bailyn, during and after the American Revolution, “the major themes of eighteenth-century libertarianism were brought to realization”
  in constitutions, bills of rights, and limits on legislative and executive powers, including limits on starting wars.

• [119] In the book Thinking, Fast and Slow, Daniel Kahneman provides the brief summary: “Thaler and Sunstein advocate a position of libertarian paternalism, in which the state
  and other institutions are allowed to nudge people to make decisions that serve their own long-term interests.

• While many of its adherents prefer the term libertarian, many conservative libertarians reject the term’s association with the 1960s New Left and its connotations of libertine
  hedonism.

• Various schools of libertarian thought offer a range of views regarding the legitimate functions of state and private power.

• [31][32] In the mid-20th century, American right-libertarian[35] proponents of anarcho-capitalism and minarchism co-opted[13] the term libertarian to advocate laissez-faire
  capitalism and strong private property rights such as in land, infrastructure and natural resources.

• [29][82] Libertarianism is a “[t]heory upholding…[individual] rights…above all else” and seeks to “reduce” the power of a state or states, especially ones a libertarian
  lives in or is closely associated with, to “safeguard” and maintain individualism.

• [108] Philosophy[edit] According to the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (IEP), “What it means to be a ‘libertarian’ in a political sense is a contentious issue, especially
  among libertarians themselves.

• [4] Proposed examples of systems which evolved through spontaneous order or self-organization include the evolution of life on Earth, language, crystal structure, the Internet,
  Wikipedia, workers’ councils, Horizontalidad, and a free market economy.

• They were called treintismo and they were calling for libertarian possibilism which advocated achieving libertarian socialist ends with participation inside structures of
  contemporary parliamentary democracy.

• Russell justified the choice of the term as follows: Many of us call ourselves “liberals.”

• While both historical libertarianism and contemporary economic libertarianism share general antipathy towards power by government authority, the latter exempts power wielded
  through free-market capitalism.

• In the text of 1689, he established the basis of liberal political theory, i.e.

• that people’s rights existed before government; that the purpose of government is to protect personal and property rights; that people may dissolve governments that do not
  do so; and that representative government is the best form to protect rights.

• [150] Paine would later write the Rights of Man and The Age of Reason and participate in the French Revolution.

• The political program actually justified by an ideal of negative liberty I shall call Neo-Libertarianism”.

• The object of liberals was individual liberty in the economy, in personal freedoms and civil liberty, separation of state and religion and peace as an alternative to imperial
  aggrandizement.

• [123] In 2013, Sterna wrote that “I shall show that moral commitment to an ideal of ‘negative’ liberty, which does not lead to a night-watchman state, but instead requires
  sufficient government to provide each person in society with the relatively high minimum of liberty that persons using Rawls’ decision procedure would select.

• [4] People described as being left-libertarian or right-libertarian generally tend to call themselves simply libertarians and refer to their philosophy as libertarianism.

• ‘Libertarians’ had long been simply a polite word for left-wing anarchists, that is for anti-private property anarchists, either of the communist or syndicalist variety.

• [34][74][77] While sharing left-libertarians’ advocacy for social freedom, right-libertarians value the social institutions that enforce conditions of capitalism while rejecting
  institutions that function in opposition to these on the grounds that such interventions represent unnecessary coercion of individuals and abrogation of their economic freedom.

• He took liberalism to its logical anarchic conclusion by rejecting all political institutions, law, government and apparatus of coercion as well as all political protest and
  insurrection.

• [46] Minarchists advocate for night-watchman states which maintain only those functions of government necessary to safeguard natural rights, understood in terms of self-ownership
  or autonomy,[47] while anarcho-capitalists advocate for the replacement of all state institutions with private institutions.

• As a result, those of us who believe in freedom must explain that when we call ourselves liberals, we mean liberals in the uncorrupted classical sense.

• [107] According to the American Libertarian Party, libertarianism is the advocacy of a government that is funded voluntarily and limited to protecting individuals from coercion
  and violence.

• [53] Traditionally, libertarian practice has taken extraparliamentary form,[citation needed] such as in the Spanish Revolution of 1936, the New Left, the Zapatista uprising,
  the Tea Party movement, and the Rojava Revolution.

• [27][29] They criticize the state for being the defender of private property and believe capitalism entails wage slavery and another form of coercion and domination related
  to that of the state.

• [105] The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy defines libertarianism as the moral view that agents initially fully own themselves and have certain moral powers to acquire
  property rights in external things.

 

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Woodcock, George (2004) [1962]. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. Peterborough: Broadview Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-1551116297. [F]or the very nature of the libertarian attitude—its rejection of dogma, its deliberate avoidance
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R., ed. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America. London: SAGE Publications. p. 1006 Archived 30 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine. ISBN 1412988764. “There exist three major camps in libertarian thought: right-libertarianism, socialist
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Long, Roderick T. (2012). “The Rise of Social Anarchism”. In Gaus, Gerald F.; D’Agostino, Fred, eds. The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. p. 223 Archived 30 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine. “In the meantime, anarchist
theories of a more communist or collectivist character had been developing as well. One important pioneer is French anarcho-communist Joseph Déjacque (1821–1864), who […] appears to have been the first thinker to adopt the term ‘libertarian’ for
this position; hence ‘libertarianism’ initially denoted a communist rather than a free-market ideology.”
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Right (PDF). Mises Institute. p. 83. ISBN 978-1610165013. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019. One gratifying aspect of our rise to some prominence is that, for the first time in my memory, we, ‘our side,’
had captured a crucial word from the enemy. ‘Libertarians’ had long been simply a polite word for left-wing anarchists, that is for anti-private property anarchists, either of the communist or syndicalist variety. But now we had taken it over.
14. ^
Jump up to:a b c d Marshall, Peter (2009). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. p. 641 Archived 30 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine. “For a long time, libertarian was interchangeable in France with anarchism but in recent years,
its meaning has become more ambivalent. Some anarchists like Daniel Guérin will call themselves ‘libertarian socialists’, partly to avoid the negative overtones still associated with anarchism, and partly to stress the place of anarchism within
the socialist tradition. Even Marxists of the New Left like E. P. Thompson call themselves ‘libertarian’ to distinguish themselves from those authoritarian socialists and communists who believe in revolutionary dictatorship and vanguard parties.”
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Jump up to:a b c Kropotkin, Peter (1927). Anarchism: A Collection of Revolutionary Writings. Courier Dover Publications. p. 150. ISBN 978-0486119861. It attacks not only capital, but also the main sources of the power of capitalism: law, authority,
and the State.
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18. ^ Jump up to:a b c Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). “Libertarianism”. In Miller, Wilbur
R. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. p. 1006 Archived 21 December 2019 at the Wayback Machine. “[S]ocialist libertarians view any concentration of power into the hands of a few (whether politically
or economically) as antithetical to freedom and thus advocate for the simultaneous abolition of both government and capitalism”.
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20. ^ Jump up to:a b c Peter Vallentyne. “Libertarianism”. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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21. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Kymlicka, Will (2005). “libertarianism, left-“. In Honderich, Ted. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. New York City: Oxford University
Press. p. 516. ISBN 978-0199264797. “‘Left-libertarianism’ is a new term for an old conception of justice, dating back to Grotius. It combines the libertarian assumption that each person possesses a natural right of self-ownership over his person
with the egalitarian premiss that natural resources should be shared equally. Right-wing libertarians argue that the right of self-ownership entails the right to appropriate unequal parts of the external world, such as unequal amounts of land. According
to left-libertarians, however, the world’s natural resources were initially unowned, or belonged equally to all, and it is illegitimate for anyone to claim exclusive private ownership of these resources to the detriment of others. Such private appropriation
is legitimate only if everyone can appropriate an equal amount, or if those who appropriate more are taxed to compensate those who are thereby excluded from what was once common property. Historic proponents of this view include Thomas Paine, Herbert
Spencer, and Henry George. Recent exponents include Philippe Van Parijs and Hillel Steiner.”
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to Colin Ward. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 4 Archived 8 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine. ISBN 978-1846310256. “‘Libertarian’ and ‘libertarianism’ are frequently employed by anarchists as synonyms for ‘anarchist’ and ‘anarchism’,
largely as an attempt to distance themselves from the negative connotations of ‘anarchy’ and its derivatives. The situation has been vastly complicated in recent decades with the rise of anarcho-capitalism, ‘minimal statism’ and an extreme right-wing
laissez-faire philosophy advocated by such theorists as Murray Rothbard and Robert Nozick and their adoption of the words ‘libertarian’ and ‘libertarianism’. It has therefore now become necessary to distinguish between their right libertarianism
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23. ^ Jump up to:a b Marshall, Peter (2008). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: Harper Perennial. p. 641 Archived 7 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine. “Left libertarianism
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Fred, eds. (2012). The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. p. 227. “The term ‘left-libertarianism’ has at least three meanings. In its oldest sense, it is a synonym either for anarchism in general or social anarchism in particular.
Later it became a term for the left or Konkinite wing of the free-market libertarian movement, and has since come to cover a range of pro-market but anti-capitalist positions, mostly individualist anarchist, including agorism and mutualism, often
with an implication of sympathies (such as for radical feminism or the labor movement) not usually shared by anarcho-capitalists. In a third sense it has recently come to be applied to a position combining individual self-ownership with an egalitarian
approach to natural resources; most proponents of this position are not anarchists.”
28. ^ Jump up to:a b c Vallentyne, Peter (March 2009). “Libertarianism”. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2009 ed.). Stanford,
California: Stanford University. Archived from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2010. Libertarianism is committed to full self-ownership. A distinction can be made, however, between right-libertarianism and left-libertarianism, depending
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32. ^ Hahnel 2005, pp. 138–139.
33. ^ Jump up
to:a b c d Marshall, Peter (2008). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: Harper Perennial. p. 565. “The problem with the term ‘libertarian’ is that it is now also used by the Right. […] In its moderate form, right libertarianism
embraces laissez-faire liberals like Robert Nozick who call for a minimal State, and in its extreme form, anarcho-capitalists like Murray Rothbard and David Friedman who entirely repudiate the role of the State and look to the market as a means of
ensuring social order”.
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31 October 2015. In the modern world, political ideologies are largely defined by their attitude towards capitalism. Marxists want to overthrow it, liberals to curtail it extensively, conservatives to curtail it moderately. Those who maintain that
capitalism is an excellent economic system, unfairly maligned, with little or no need for corrective government policy, are generally known as libertarians.
37. ^ Adams, Ian (2001). Political Ideology Today (reprinted, revised ed.). Manchester:
Manchester University Press. ISBN 9780719060205.
38. ^ Russell, Dean (1955). “Who is a libertarian?”. Foundation for Economic Education. Many of us call ourselves ‘liberals.’ And it is true that the word ‘liberal’ once described persons who
respected the individual and feared the use of mass compulsions. But the leftists have now corrupted that once-proud term to identify themselves and their program of more government ownership of property and more controls over persons. As a result,
those of us who believe in freedom must explain that when we call ourselves liberals, we mean liberals in the uncorrupted classical sense. At best, this is awkward and subject to misunderstanding. Here is a suggestion: Let those of us who love liberty
trade-mark and reserve for our own use the good and honorable word ‘libertarian’.
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“Javier Milei, a libertarian, may be elected to Argentina’s congress”. The Economist. 7 October 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
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48. ^ Geloso, Vincent; Leeson,
Peter T. (2020). “Are Anarcho-Capitalists Insane? Medieval Icelandic Conflict Institutions in Comparative Perspective”. Revue d’économie politique. 130 (6): 957–974. doi:10.3917/redp.306.0115. ISSN 0373-2630. S2CID 235008718. Anarcho-capitalism is
a variety of libertarianism according to which all government institutions can and should be replaced by private ones.
49. ^ Goodwin, Barbara (2016). Using Political Ideas. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. p. 151. ISBN 978-1118708385. Howewer,
enough has been said to show that most anarchists have nothing in common with those libertarians of the far-right, the anarcho-capitalists […]
50. ^ Paul, Ellen F.; Miller, Fred D.; Paul, Jeffrey, eds. (2007). Liberalism: Old and New. Vol. 24.
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54. ^
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57. ^ Unsworth, David (19
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63. ^ Maitland, Frederick William (July 1901). “William Stubbs,
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64. ^ Marshall, Peter (2009). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. p. 641. “The word ‘libertarian’ has long been associated with anarchism, and has been used repeatedly throughout
this work. The term originally denoted a person who upheld the doctrine of the freedom of the will; in this sense, Godwin was not a ‘libertarian’, but a ‘necessitarian’. It came however to be applied to anyone who approved of liberty in general.
In anarchist circles, it was first used by Joseph Déjacque as the title of his anarchist journal Le Libertaire, Journal du Mouvement Social published in New York in 1858. At the end of the last century, the anarchist Sebastien Faure took up the word,
to stress the difference between anarchists and authoritarian socialists”.
65. ^ Woodcock, George (1962). Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. Meridian Books. p. 280. “He called himself a “social poet,” and published two volumes
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66. ^ Nettlau, Max (1996). A Short History of Anarchism. London: Freedom Press. p. 162. ISBN 978-0900384899. OCLC 37529250.
67. ^ Ward, Colin (2004). Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction Archived 13 January 2016 at the
Wayback Machine. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 62. “For a century, anarchists have used the word ‘libertarian’ as a synonym for ‘anarchist’, both as a noun and an adjective. The celebrated anarchist journal Le Libertaire was founded in 1896.
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68. ^ Chomsky, Noam (23 February 2002). “The Week Online Interviews Chomsky”. Z Magazine. Z Communications. Archived from the original
on 13 January 2013. Retrieved 21 November 2011. The term libertarian as used in the US means something quite different from what it meant historically and still means in the rest of the world. Historically, the libertarian movement has been the anti-statist
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69. ^ Comegna, Anthony; Gomez, Camillo (3 October 2018). “Libertarianism, Then and Now” Archived 3 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Libertarianism. Cato Institute.
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73. ^ Paul Cantor, The Invisible Hand in Popular Culture: Liberty Vs. Authority in American Film and TV, University Press of Kentucky, 2012, p. 353, n. 2.
74. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Lester, J. C. (22 October 2017). “New-Paradigm
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84. ^ Guérin, Daniel (1970). Anarchism: From Theory to Practice. New York
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85. ^ Jump up to:a b Gamble, Andrew (August 2013). Freeden, Michael; Stears, Marc (eds.). “Economic Libertarianism”. The Oxford Handbook of Political
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86. ^ Jump up to:a b Gamble, Andrew (August 2013). Freeden, Michael; Stears, Marc (eds.). “Economic Libertarianism”. The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies.
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87. ^ Gamble, Andrew (August 2013). Freeden, Michael; Stears, Marc (eds.). “Economic Libertarianism”. The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies. Oxford University Press:
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100. ^ Kitschelt, Herbert; McGann, Anthony J. (1997)
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103. ^ Hess, Karl (18 February 2015). “Anarchism Without Hyphens
& The Left/Right Spectrum” Archived 17 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Center for a Stateless Society. Tulsa Alliance of the Libertarian Left. Retrieved 17 March 2020. “The far left, as far as you can get away from the right, would logically represent
the opposite tendency and, in fact, has done just that throughout history. The left has been the side of politics and economics that opposes the concentration of power and wealth and, instead, advocates and works toward the distribution of power into
the maximum number of hands.”
104. ^ Long, Roderick T. (8 April 2006). “Rothbard’s ‘Left and Right’: Forty Years Later” Archived 10 October 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Mises Institute. Rothbard Memorial Lecture, Austrian Scholars Conference
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105. ^ Rothbard, Murray (Spring 1965). “Left and Right: The Prospects for Liberty”. Left and Right: A Journal of Libertarian Thought. 1 (1): 4–22.
106. ^ George Woodcock. Anarchism: A History of Llibertarian Ideas
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107. ^ Roderick T. Long (1998). “Towards a Libertarian Theory of Class” (PDF). Social Philosophy and Policy. 15 (2): 303–349, at p. 304. doi:10.1017/S0265052500002028.
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110. ^ Black, Jeremy; Brewer, Paul; Shaw, Anthony; Chandler, Malcolm; Cheshire, Gerard; Cranfield, Ingrid; Ralph Lewis, Brenda; Sutherland, Joe; Vint, Robert (2003).
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111. ^ Barry, Norman (1982). “The Tradition of Spontaneous Order”. Literature of Liberty. 5 (2).
112. ^ “Wikipedia’s Model Follows Hayek”. The Wall Street Journal. 15
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113. ^ Marshall, Peter (2009) [1991]. Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism (POLS ed.). Oakland, California: PM Press. p. 641. “Left libertarianism can therefore range from the decentralist who wishes to limit and devolve
State power, to the syndicalist who wants to abolish it altogether. It can even encompass the Fabians and the social democrats who wish to socialize the economy but who still see a limited role for the State.” ISBN 978-1604860641.
114. ^ Richman,
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115. ^ Boaz, David (1998). Libertarianism: A Primer. Free Press. pp. 22–26.
116. ^ Conway, David (2008). “Freedom of Speech”. In Hamowy, Ronald
(ed.). Liberalism, Classical. The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE; Cato Institute. pp. 295–298. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n112. ISBN 978-1412965804. LCCN 2008009151. OCLC 750831024. Archived from the original on 30
September 2020. Retrieved 31 October 2015. Depending on the context, libertarianism can be seen as either the contemporary name for classical liberalism, adopted to avoid confusion in those countries where liberalism is widely understood to denote
advocacy of expansive government powers, or as a more radical version of classical liberalism.
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