margaret thatcher

 

  • The local party selected her as its candidate because, though not a dynamic public speaker, Roberts was well-prepared and fearless in her answers; prospective candidate Bill
    Deedes recalled: “Once she opened her mouth, the rest of us began to look rather second-rate.

  • Thatcher’s election had a polarising effect on the party; her support was stronger among MPs on the right, and also among those from southern England, and those who had not
    attended public schools or Oxbridge.

  • “[82] Leader of the Opposition: 1975–1979 See also: Shadow Cabinet of Margaret Thatcher The Heath government continued to experience difficulties with oil embargoes and union
    demands for wage increases in 1973, subsequently losing the February 1974 general election.

  • Thatcher was re-elected for a third term with another landslide in 1987, but her subsequent support for the Community Charge (“poll tax”) was widely unpopular, and her increasingly
    Eurosceptic views on the European Community were not shared by others in her cabinet.

  • [121] Campbell (2011a, p. 464) states: One question that continued to fascinate the public about the phenomenon of a woman Prime Minister was how she got on with the Queen.

  • [68] Around this time, she gave her first Commons speech as a shadow transport minister and highlighted the need for investment in British Rail.

  • As two women of very similar age – Mrs Thatcher was six months older – occupying parallel positions at the top of the social pyramid, one the head of government, the other
    head of state, they were bound to be in some sense rivals.

  • [63][64] In the Shadow Cabinet In 1967, the United States Embassy chose Thatcher to take part in the International Visitor Leadership Program (then called the Foreign Leader
    Program), a professional exchange programme that allowed her to spend about six weeks visiting various US cities and political figures as well as institutions such as the International Monetary Fund.

  • Opinion polls showed a comfortable Conservative lead, and local council election results had also been successful, prompting Thatcher to call a general election for 11 June
    that year, despite the deadline for an election still being 12 months away.

  • [49][50] Benefiting from her fortunate result in a lottery for backbenchers to propose new legislation,[23] Thatcher’s maiden speech was, unusually, in support of her private
    member’s bill, the Public Bodies (Admission to Meetings) Act 1960, requiring local authorities to hold their council meetings in public; the bill was successful and became law.

  • [122] Thatcher later wrote: “I always found the Queen’s attitude towards the work of the Government absolutely correct […] stories of clashes between ‘two powerful women’
    were just too good not to make up.

  • [72] During her first months in office she attracted public attention due to the government’s attempts to cut spending.

  • [101] Britain’s economy during the 1970s was so weak that then Foreign Secretary James Callaghan warned his fellow Labour Cabinet members in 1974 of the possibility of “a
    breakdown of democracy”, telling them: “If I were a young man, I would emigrate.

  • Despite setting the direction of her foreign policy for a Conservative government, Thatcher was distressed by her repeated failure to shine in the House of Commons.

  • [56] After the Conservatives lost the 1964 election, she became spokeswoman on Housing and Land, in which position she advocated her party’s policy of giving tenants the Right
    to Buy their council houses.

  • [70] Education Secretary: 1970–1974 Thatcher abolished free milk for children aged 7–11 (pictured) in 1971 as her predecessor had done for older children in 1968 The Conservative
    Party, led by Edward Heath, won the 1970 general election, and Thatcher was appointed to the Cabinet as Secretary of State for Education and Science.

  • “[138] She said at the Party Conference the following year that the British people had completely rejected state socialism and understood “the state has no source of money
    other than money which people earn themselves […] There is no such thing as public money; there is only taxpayers’ money.

  • [85] Her main support came from the parliamentary 1922 Committee[85] and The Spectator,[86] but Thatcher’s time in office gave her the reputation of a pragmatist rather than
    that of an ideologue.

  • [119] In a July 1979 meeting with Foreign Secretary Lord Carrington and Home Secretary William Whitelaw, Thatcher objected to the number of Asian immigrants, in the context
    of limiting the total of Vietnamese boat people allowed to settle in the UK to fewer than 10,000 over two years.

  • [53On the frontbenches Thatcher’s talent and drive caused her to be mentioned as a future prime minister in her early 20s[23] although she herself was more pessimistic, stating
    as late as 1970: “There will not be a woman prime minister in my lifetime – the male population is too prejudiced.

  • [137] During the 1982 Conservative Party Conference, Thatcher said: “We have done more to roll back the frontiers of socialism than any previous Conservative Government.

  • [12] Alfred came from a Liberal family but stood (as was then customary in local government) as an Independent.

  • [76] She also argued that she was simply carrying on with what the Labour government had started since they had stopped giving free milk to secondary schools.

  • At the 1980 Conservative Party conference, Thatcher addressed the issue directly, with a speech written by the playwright Ronald Millar,[128] that notably included the following
    lines: To those waiting with bated breath for that favourite media catchphrase, the “U” turn, I have only one thing to say.

  • [127] The 1981 England riots resulted in the British media discussing the need for a policy U-turn.

  • “[69] Thatcher made her first visit to the Soviet Union in the summer of 1969 as the Opposition Transport spokeswoman, and in October delivered a speech celebrating her ten
    years in Parliament.

  • Although she was not yet a Shadow Cabinet member, the embassy reportedly described her to the State Department as a possible future prime minister.

  • “[102] In mid-1978, the economy began to recover, and opinion polls showed Labour in the lead, with a general election being expected later that year and a Labour win a serious
    possibility.

  • Now prime minister, Callaghan surprised many by announcing on 7 September that there would be no general election that year, and he would wait until 1979 before going to the
    polls.

  • Thatcher caused controversy when, after only a few days in office, she withdrew Labour’s Circular 10/65 which attempted to force comprehensivisation, without going through
    a consultation process.

  • She chose not to stand as a candidate in the 1955 general election, in later years stating: “I really just felt the twins were […] only two, I really felt that it was too
    soon.

  • On the local elections of 1977, The Economist commented: “The Tory tide swamped the smaller parties—specifically the National Front [NF], which suffered a clear decline from
    last year.

  • In 1975, she defeated Heath in the Conservative Party leadership election to become Leader of the Opposition, the first woman to lead a major political party in the United
    Kingdom.

  • A general election was called after the Callaghan ministry lost a motion of no confidence in early 1979.

  • “[115][116] Her standing in the polls had risen by 11% after a 1978 interview for World in Action in which she said “the British character has done so much for democracy,
    for law and done so much throughout the world that if there is any fear that it might be swamped people are going to react and be rather hostile to those coming in”, as well as “in many ways [minorities] add to the richness and variety of
    this country.

  • [33] Officials of the association were so impressed by her that they asked her to apply, even though she was not on the party’s approved list; she was selected in January
    1950 (aged 24) and added to the approved list post ante.

  • [9] He brought up his daughter as a strict Wesleyan Methodist,[10] attending the Finkin Street Methodist Church,[11] but Margaret was more sceptical; the future scientist
    told a friend that she could not believe in angels, having calculated that they needed a breastbone six feet long to support wings.

  • [125] Cuts to higher education led to Thatcher being the first Oxford-educated, post-war incumbent without an honorary doctorate from Oxford University, after a 738–319 vote
    of the governing assembly and a student petition.

  • There she was influenced by the ideas of Ralph Harris and Arthur Seldon, and became the face of the ideological movement opposing the British welfare state.

  • Thatcher was not initially seen as the obvious replacement, but she eventually became the main challenger, promising a fresh start.

  • [56] At the 1966 Conservative Party conference, Thatcher criticised the high-tax policies of the Labour government as being steps “not only towards Socialism, but towards
    Communism”, arguing that lower taxes served as an incentive to hard work.

  • Consequently, Thatcher decided that as “her voice was carrying little weight at home”, she would “be heard in the wider world”.

  • On becoming prime minister after winning the 1979 general election, Thatcher introduced a series of economic policies intended to reverse high inflation and Britain’s struggles
    in the wake of the Winter of Discontent and an oncoming recession.

  • [55] Thatcher was the youngest woman in history to receive such a post, and among the first MPs elected in 1959 to be promoted.

  • [100] Thatcher chose to travel without being accompanied by her shadow foreign secretary, Reginald Maudling, in an attempt to make a bolder personal impact.

  • [120] The Queen As prime minister, Thatcher met weekly with Queen Elizabeth II to discuss government business, and their relationship came under scrutiny.

  • “[129] See also: 1981 budget Thatcher’s job approval rating fell to 23% by December 1980, lower than recorded for any previous prime minister.

  • [111] In office throughout the 1980s, Thatcher was frequently referred to as the most powerful woman in the world.

  • In early 1970, she told The Finchley Press that she would like to see a “reversal of the permissive society”.

  • [140] Thatcher had been firmly opposed to British membership of the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM, a precursor to European Economic and Monetary Union), believing that it would
    constrain the British economy,[141] despite the urging of both Chancellor of the Exchequer Nigel Lawson and Foreign Secretary Geoffrey Howe;[142] in October 1990 she was persuaded by John Major, Lawson’s successor as Chancellor, to join the
    ERM at what proved to be too high a rate.

  • [133] Thatcher during a visit to Salford University in 1982 By 1982, the UK began to experience signs of economic recovery;[134] inflation was down to 8.6% from a high of
    18%, but unemployment was over 3 million for the first time since the 1930s.

  • “[78] Cabinet papers later revealed that she opposed the policy but had been forced into it by the Treasury.

  • [144] The new tax was introduced in Scotland in 1989 and in England and Wales the following year,[145] and proved to be among the most unpopular policies of her premiership.

  • [20] Roberts did not only study chemistry as she intended to be a chemist only for a short period of time,[21] already thinking about law and politics.

  • The longest-serving British prime minister of the 20th century, she was the first woman to hold that office.

  • [71] Consequently, she drafted her own new policy (Circular 10/70), which ensured that local authorities were not forced to go comprehensive.

  • [14] She was head girl in 1942–43,[15] and outside school, while the Second World War was ongoing, she voluntarily worked as a fire watcher in the local ARP service.

  • [66] In 1968, Enoch Powell delivered his “Rivers of Blood” speech in which he strongly criticised Commonwealth immigration to the United Kingdom and the then-proposed Race
    Relations Bill.

  • [25] During her time at Oxford, Roberts was noted for her isolated and serious attitude.

  • [147] The Community Charge was abolished in 1991 by her successor, John Major.

  • [36] At a dinner following her formal adoption as Conservative candidate for Dartford in February 1949 she met divorcé Denis Thatcher, a successful and wealthy businessman,
    who drove her to her Essex train.

  • [106] The Sunday Times covered the Red Star article the next day,[108] and Thatcher embraced the epithet a week later; in a speech to Finchley Conservatives she likened it
    to the Duke of Wellington’s nickname “The Iron Duke”.

  • [57] She moved to the Shadow Treasury team in 1966 and, as Treasury spokeswoman, opposed Labour’s mandatory price and income controls, arguing they would unintentionally produce
    effects that would distort the economy.

  • The Conservatives won a 44-seat majority in the House of Commons, and Thatcher became the first female British prime minister.

  • [40][41] Early political career In the 1950 and 1951 general elections, Roberts was the Conservative candidate for the Labour seat of Dartford.

  • Following the visit, Heath appointed Thatcher to the Shadow Cabinet[56] as Fuel and Power spokeswoman.

  • [65] Before the 1970 general election, she was promoted to Shadow Transport spokeswoman and later to Education.

  • [90] Television critic Clive James, writing in The Observer prior to her election as Conservative Party leader, compared her voice of 1973 to “a cat sliding down a blackboard”.

  • “[72] Thatcher supported Lord Rothschild’s 1971 proposal for market forces to affect government funding of research.

 

Works Cited

[‘o In her foreword to the Conservative manifesto of 1979, she wrote of “a feeling of helplessness, that we are a once great nation that has somehow fallen behind”.[1]
o ^ Winning support from a majority of her party in the first round of votes, Thatcher
fell four votes short of the required 15% margin to win the contest outright. Her fall has been characterised as “a rare coup d’état at the top of the British politics: the first since Lloyd George sawed Asquith off at the knees in 1916.”[2]
o ^
James (1977, pp. 119–120): The hang-up has always been the voice. Not the timbre so much as, well, the tone – the condescending explanatory whine which treats the squirming interlocutor as an eight-year-old child with personality deficiencies. It
has been fascinating, recently, to watch her striving to eliminate this. BBC2 News Extra on Tuesday night rolled a clip from May 1973 demonstrating the Thatcher sneer at full pitch. (She was saying that she wouldn’t dream of seeking the leadership.)
She sounded like a cat sliding down a blackboard.[91]
o ^ Thatcher succeeded in completely suppressing her Lincolnshire dialect except when under stress, notably after provocation from Denis Healey in the Commons in 1983, when she accused the Labour
frontbench of being frit.[94][95]
o ^ Cannadine (2017): In many ways they were very different figures: he was sunny, genial, charming, relaxed, upbeat, and with little intellectual curiosity or command of policy detail; she was domineering, belligerent,
confrontational, tireless, hyperactive, and with an unrivalled command of facts and figures. But the chemistry between them worked. Reagan had been grateful for her interest in him at a time when the British establishment refused to take him seriously;
she agreed with him about the importance of creating wealth, cutting taxes, and building up stronger defences against Soviet Russia; and both believed in liberty and free-market freedom, and in the need to outface what Reagan would later call ‘the
evil empire’.
o ^ The United States has more than 330,000 members of her forces in Europe to defend our liberty. Because they are here, they are subject to terrorist attack. It is inconceivable that they should be refused the right to use American
aircraft and American pilots in the inherent right of self-defence, to defend their own people.[224]
o ^ She was decidedly cool towards reunification prior to 1990, but made no attempt to block it.[257]
o ^ Moore (2013, p. 87): Neither at the
beginning of her career nor when she was prime minister, did Margaret Thatcher ever reject the wartime foundations of the welfare state, whether in health, social policy or education. In this she was less radical than her critics or some of her admirers
supposed. Her concern was to focus more on abuse of the system, on bureaucracy and union militancy, and on the growth of what later came to be called the dependency culture, rather than on the system itself.
o ^ Lawson (1992, p. 64) lists the Thatcherite
ideals as “a mixture of free markets, financial discipline, firm control over public expenditure, tax cuts, nationalism, ‘Victorian values’ (of the Samuel Smiles self-help variety), privatisation and a dash of populism”.
o ^ Mitchell & Russell
(1989) posits that she had been misinterpreted and that race was never a focus of Thatcherism. By the 1980s, both the Conservatives and Labour had taken similar positions on immigration policy;[372] the British Nationality Act 1981 was passed with
cross-party support.[373] There were no policies passed or proposed by ministers to restrict legal immigration, nor would Thatcher highlight the subject of race in any of her later remarks.[374]
o ^ Campbell (2011a, p. 800) also writes about a third
view that can be argued: Thatcher “achieved much less” than she and her “dries” would claim; she failed to curb public spending, diminish or privatise the welfare state, change fundamental attitudes of the general public, or “enhance” freedom where
she had instead centralised control over “many areas of national life”.
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