• They did not realize at the time that what they were searching for was present in such minute quantities that they would eventually have to process tonnes of the ore.[37]
  In July 1898, Curie and her husband published a joint paper announcing the existence of an element they named “polonium”, in honour of her native Poland, which would for another twenty years remain partitioned among three empires (Russian,
  Austrian, and Prussian).

• Had not Becquerel, two years earlier, presented his discovery to the Académie des Sciences the day after he made it, credit for the discovery of radioactivity (and even a
  Nobel Prize), would instead have gone to Silvanus Thompson.

• [25] In Paris, Maria (or Marie, as she would be known in France) briefly found shelter with her sister and brother-in-law before renting a garret closer to the university,
  in the Latin Quarter, and proceeding with her studies of physics, chemistry, and mathematics at the University of Paris, where she enrolled in late 1891.

• [48] On 13 May 1906 the physics department of the University of Paris decided to retain the chair that had been created for her late husband and offer it to Marie.

• [14][15] Krakowskie Przedmiescie 66, Warsaw, where Maria did her first scientific work, 1890–91 Maria made an agreement with her sister, Bronisława, that she would give her
  financial assistance during Bronisława’s medical studies in Paris, in exchange for similar assistance two years later.

• [25] Curie’s quest to create a new laboratory did not end with the University of Paris, however.

• She accepted it, hoping to create a world-class laboratory as a tribute to her husband Pierre.

• [25][44] That month the couple were invited to the Royal Institution in London to give a speech on radioactivity; being a woman, she was prevented from speaking, and Pierre
  Curie alone was allowed to.

• [27] That same year, Pierre Curie entered her life: it was their mutual interest in natural sciences that drew them together.

• Curie replied that she would be present at the ceremony, because “the prize has been given to her for her discovery of polonium and radium” and that “there is no relation
  between her scientific work and the facts of her private life”.

• [27] Pierre Curie and Marie Skłodowska-Curie, 1895 Their mutual passion for science brought them increasingly closer, and they began to develop feelings for one another.

• Curie, however, declared that he was ready to move with her to Poland, even if it meant being reduced to teaching French.

• [17] A letter from Pierre convinced her to return to Paris to pursue a Ph.D.[27] At Skłodowska’s insistence, Curie had written up his research on magnetism and received his
  own doctorate in March 1895; he was also promoted to professor at the School.

• [37] At that time, no one else in the world of physics had noticed what Curie recorded in a sentence of her paper, describing how much greater were the activities of pitchblende
  and chalcolite than uranium itself: “The fact is very remarkable, and leads to the belief that these minerals may contain an element which is much more active than uranium.”

• [12] In addition to her Nobel Prizes, she has received numerous other honours and tributes; in 1995 she became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Paris
  Panthéon,[13] and Poland declared 2011 the Year of Marie Curie during the International Year of Chemistry.

• [14][27] Eventually, Pierre proposed marriage, but at first Skłodowska did not accept as she was still planning to go back to her native country.

• It [is] likely that already at this early stage of her career [she] realized that… many scientists would find it difficult to believe that a woman could be capable of the
  original work in which she was involved.

• [55] In 1912 the Warsaw Scientific Society offered her the directorship of a new laboratory in Warsaw but she declined, focusing on the developing Radium Institute to be completed
  in August 1914, and on a new street named Rue Pierre-Curie.

• [25] Curie and her husband declined to go to Stockholm to receive the prize in person; they were too busy with their work, and Pierre Curie, who disliked public ceremonies,
  was feeling increasingly ill.[45][46] As Nobel laureates were required to deliver a lecture, the Curies finally undertook the trip in 1905.

• [36] Even so, just as Thompson had been beaten by Becquerel, so Curie was beaten in the race to tell of her discovery that thorium gives off rays in the same way as uranium;
  two months earlier, Gerhard Carl Schmidt had published his own finding in Berlin.

• In 1891, aged 24, she followed her elder sister Bronisława to study in Paris, where she earned her higher degrees and conducted her subsequent scientific work.

• [50][55][57] World War I Curie in a mobile X-ray vehicle, c. 1915 During World War I, Curie recognised that wounded soldiers were best served if operated upon as soon as possible.

• [14] Unable to enroll in a regular institution of higher education because she was a woman, she and her sister Bronisława became involved with the clandestine Flying University
  (sometimes translated as Floating University), a Polish patriotic institution of higher learning that admitted women students.

• [27] She was still labouring under the illusion that she would be able to work in her chosen field in Poland, but she was denied a place at Kraków University because of sexism
  in academia.

• [57] Assisted at first by a military doctor and her 17-year-old daughter Irène, Curie directed the installation of 20 mobile radiological vehicles and another 200 radiological
  units at field hospitals in the first year of the war.

• [25][32] The [research] idea [writes Reid] was her own; no one helped her formulate it, and although she took it to her husband for his opinion she clearly established her
  ownership of it.

• Meanwhile, she continued studying at the University of Paris and with the aid of a fellowship she was able to earn a second degree in 1894.

• In Pierre, Marie had found a new love, a partner, and a scientific collaborator on whom she could depend.

• After Russian authorities eliminated laboratory instruction from the Polish schools, he brought much of the laboratory equipment home and instructed his children in its use.

• [46] Following the award of the Nobel Prize, and galvanized by an offer from the University of Geneva, which offered Pierre Curie a position, the University of Paris gave
  him a professorship and the chair of physics, although the Curies still did not have a proper laboratory.

• [14][27] Though Curie did not have a large laboratory, he was able to find some space for Skłodowska where she was able to begin work.

• [21][50] Busy with this work, she carried out very little scientific research during that period.

• [14][27][b] Skłodowska had begun her scientific career in Paris with an investigation of the magnetic properties of various steels, commissioned by the Society for the Encouragement
  of National Industry.

• [52] It was only over half a century later, in 1962, that a doctoral student of Curie’s, Marguerite Perey, became the first woman elected to membership in the academy.

• [25][42][43] Upon Pierre Curie’s complaint, the University of Paris relented and agreed to furnish a new laboratory, but it would not be ready until 1906.

• Influenced by these two important discoveries, Curie decided to look into uranium rays as a possible field of research for a thesis.

• She was, in 1906, the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris.

• [48][49] She was the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris.

• [17] New elements Pierre and Marie Curie in the laboratory, c. 1904 In 1895, Wilhelm Röntgen discovered the existence of X-rays, though the mechanism behind their production
  was not yet understood.

• [14] They were introduced by Polish physicist Józef Wierusz-Kowalski, who had learned that she was looking for a larger laboratory space, something that Wierusz-Kowalski thought
  Pierre could access.

• [17] Curie’s second Nobel Prize enabled her to persuade the French government to support the Radium Institute, built in 1914, where research was conducted in chemistry, physics,
  and medicine.

• The institute’s development was interrupted by the coming war, as most researchers were drafted into the French Army, and it fully resumed its activities in 1919.

• [14][22] In connection with this, Maria took a position first as a home tutor in Warsaw, then for two years as a governess in Szczuki with a landed family, the Żorawskis,
  who were relatives of her father.

• [51] 1911 Nobel Prize diploma International recognition for her work had been growing to new heights, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, overcoming opposition prompted
  by the Langevin scandal, honoured her a second time, with the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

• [14] After a collapse, possibly due to depression,[15] she spent the following year in the countryside with relatives of her father, and the next year with her father in Warsaw,
  where she did some tutoring.

• [a] Marie Curie died in 1934, aged 66, at the Sancellemoz sanatorium in Passy (Haute-Savoie), France, of aplastic anemia likely from exposure to radiation in the course of
  her scientific research and in the course of her radiological work at field hospitals during World War I.

• [50][63][c] In 1921, U.S. President Warren G. Harding received her at the White House to present her with the 1 gram of radium collected in the United States, and the First
  Lady praised her as an example of a professional achiever who was also a supportive wife.

• [57] She became the director of the Red Cross Radiology Service and set up France’s first military radiology centre, operational by late 1914.

• [57] Also, promptly after the war started, she attempted to donate her gold Nobel Prize medals to the war effort but the French National Bank refused to accept them.

• Her paper, giving a brief and simple account of her work, was presented for her to the Académie on 12 April 1898 by her former professor, Gabriel Lippmann.

• [17] This condemned the subsequent generation, including Maria and her elder siblings, to a difficult struggle to get ahead in life.

• • Born: Maria Salomea Skłodowska, 7 November 1867, Warsaw, Congress Poland, Russian Empire[1] ; Died: 4 July 1934 (aged 66), Passy, Haute-Savoie, France; Cause of death: Aplastic
  anemia[2] ; Citizenship: Poland (by birth), France (by marriage); Alma mater: University of Paris, ESPCI[3] ; Known for: Pioneering research on radioactivity, Discovering polonium and radium; Spouse: Pierre Curie, (m. 1895; died 1906); Children:
  Irène, Ève; Awards: Nobel Prize in Physics (1903), Davy Medal (1903), Matteucci Medal (1904), Actonian Prize (1907), Elliott Cresson Medal (1909), Albert Medal (1910), Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1911), Willard Gibbs Award (1921), Cameron Prize
  for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh (1931); Scientific career: Fields: Physics, chemistry; Institutions: University of Paris, Institut du Radium, École Normale Supérieure, French Academy of Medicine, International Committee on
  Intellectual Cooperation; Thesis: Research on Radioactive Substances (1903); Doctoral advisor: Gabriel Lippmann; Doctoral students: André-Louis Debierne, Ladislas Goldstein, Émile Henriot, Irène Joliot-Curie, Óscar Moreno, Marguerite Perey,
  Francis Perrin; Notes: She is the only person to win a Nobel Prize in two sciences.

• [49] Nevertheless, in 1911 the French Academy of Sciences failed, by one[25] or two votes,[51] to elect her to membership in the academy.

• She later recorded the fact twice in her biography of her husband to ensure there was no chance whatever of any ambiguity.

• Maria declined because she could not afford the university tuition; it would take her a year and a half longer to gather the necessary funds.

• [50] In spite of all her humanitarian contributions to the French war effort, Curie never received any formal recognition of it from the French government.

• [61] Postwar years In 1920, for the 25th anniversary of the discovery of radium, the French government established a stipend for her; its previous recipient was Louis Pasteur
  (1822–95).

• [15] He was eventually fired by his Russian supervisors for pro-Polish sentiments and forced to take lower-paying posts; the family also lost money on a bad investment and
  eventually chose to supplement their income by lodging boys in the house.

• A delegation of celebrated Polish men of learning, headed by novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz, encouraged her to return to Poland and continue her research in her native country.

• [49] The initiative for creating the Radium Institute had come in 1909 from Pierre Paul Émile Roux, director of the Pasteur Institute, who had been disappointed that the University
  of Paris was not giving Curie a proper laboratory and had suggested that she move to the Pasteur Institute.

• [68][69] In August 1922 Marie Curie became a member of the League of Nations’ newly created International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation.

• [5][65] Before the meeting, recognising her growing fame abroad, and embarrassed by the fact that she had no French official distinctions to wear in public, the French government
  offered her a Legion of Honour award, but she refused.

• [22] She tutored, studied at the Flying University, and began her practical scientific training (1890–91) in a chemical laboratory at the Museum of Industry and Agriculture
  at Krakowskie Przedmieście 66, near Warsaw’s Old Town.

• [45] Meanwhile, a new industry began developing, based on radium.

• While a French citizen, Marie Skłodowska Curie, who used both surnames,[8][9] never lost her sense of Polish identity.

• [14] On 26 December 1898, the Curies announced the existence of a second element, which they named “radium”, from the Latin word for “ray”.

• [50] At the first Solvay Conference (1911), Curie (seated, second from right) confers with Henri Poincaré; standing nearby are Rutherford (fourth from right), Einstein (second
  from right), and Paul Langevin (far right).

• [25][50] Only then, with the threat of Curie leaving, did the University of Paris relent, and eventually the Curie Pavilion became a joint initiative of the University of
  Paris and the Pasteur Institute.

• Fifteen years earlier, her husband and his brother had developed a version of the electrometer, a sensitive device for measuring electric charge.

• [50][57] Later, she began training other women as aides.

 

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state. Polonium may have been the first chemical element named to highlight a political question.[11]
2. ^ Sources vary concerning the field of her second degree. Tadeusz Estreicher, in the 1938 Polski słownik biograficzny entry, writes that, while
many sources state she earned a degree in mathematics, this is incorrect, and that her second degree was in chemistry.[14]
3. ^ Marie Skłodowska Curie was escorted to the United States by the American author and social activist Charlotte Hoffman
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4. ^ However, University of Cambridge historian of science Patricia Fara writes: “Marie Skłodowska Curie’s reputation as a scientific martyr is often supported by quoting her denial (carefully crafted by her American publicist, Marie
Meloney) that she derived any personal gain from her research: ‘There were no patents. We were working in the interests of science. Radium was not to enrich anyone. Radium… belongs to all people.’ As Eva Hemmungs Wirtén pointed out in Making Marie
Curie, this claim takes on a different hue once you learn that, under French law, Curie was banned from taking out a patent in her own name, so that any profits from her research would automatically have gone to her husband, Pierre.” Patricia Fara,
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