muhammad in islam

 

  • [6][7] At the age of 40 in 11 BH (610 CE), Muhammad is said to have received his first verbal revelation in the cave called Hira, which was the beginning of the descent of
    the Quran that continued up to the end of his life; and Muslims hold that Muhammad was asked by God to preach the oneness of God in order to stamp out idolatry, a practice overtly present in pre-Islamic Arabia.

  • These twelve informed Muhammad of the beginning of gradual development of Islam in Medina, and took a formal pledge of allegiance at Muhammad’s hand, promising to accept him
    as a prophet, to worship none but one God, and to renounce certain sins like theft, adultery, murder and the like.

  • [9][120] The news of a strong Quraysh army and its intention reaching the Islamic prophet Muhammad, he held a council of war where the followers advised him to go forward.

  • [61][62][63][64] Early preaching and teachings During the first three years of his ministry, Muhammad preached Islam privately, mainly among his near relatives and close acquaintances.

  • Taking into account the idea of this spiritual parallelism, together with other aspects of Muhammad’s early life, it has been suggested that it was God under Whose direct
    care Muhammad was raised and prepared for the responsibility that was to be conferred upon him.

  • [92] According to Muslim tradition, after receiving divine direction to depart Mecca, Muhammad began taking preparation and informed Abu Bakr of his plan.

  • The predicament of Muslims at this battle has been seen by Islamic scholars as a result of disobedience of the command of Muhammad: Muslims realized that they could not succeed
    unless guided by him.

  • Upset by the fear of losing the leading position, and shocked by continuous condemnation of idol-worship in the Quran, the merchants and clan-leaders tried to come to an agreement
    with Muhammad.

  • In Islamic tradition, this means that God sent Muhammad with his message to humanity the following of which will give people salvation in the afterlife, and it is Muhammad’s
    teachings and the purity of his personal life alone which keep alive the worship of God on this world.

  • [60] Muslims believe these revelations to be the verbatim word of God, which were later collected together, and came to be known as Quran, the central religious text of Islam.

  • [15][16] In his later years in Medina, Muhammad unified the different tribes of Arabia under Islam[17] and carried out social and religious reforms.

  • [99] Establishment of a new polity See also: Constitution of Medina After the arrival of Muhammad in Medina, its people could be divided into four groups:[100][101] 1.

  • Prophetic tradition narrates one such incident in which it is said on the authority of Ibn Al-Atheer that while working as herdsman at early period of his life, young Muhammad
    once told his fellow-shepherd to take care of his sheep so that the former could go to the town for some recreation as the other youths used to do.

  • [109] The trading caravans of Quraysh, whose usual route was from Mecca to Syria, used to set the neighboring tribes of Medina against the Muslims, which posed a great danger
    to the security of Muslims of Medina[110] given that war was common at that time.

  • [51] According to Islamic tradition, in the year 610 CE, during one such occasion while he was in contemplation, Jibril appeared before him and said ‘Recite’, upon which Muhammad
    replied: ‘I am unable to recite’.

  • [9][46][47] Prophethood Main article: Muhammad’s first revelation Muslims believe that Muhammad is the last and final messenger and prophet of God who began receiving direct
    verbal revelations in 610 CE.

  • [35] Early life According to Arab custom, after his birth, infant Muhammad was sent to Banu Sa’ad clan, a neighboring Bedouin tribe, so that he could acquire the pure speech
    and free manners of the desert.

  • [12] Despite the ongoing hostility of the Meccans, Muhammad, along with his followers, took control of Mecca in 630,[13][14] and ordered the destruction of all pagan idols.

  • [33] Islamic scholar Tariq Ramadan argued that Muhammad’s orphan state made him dependent on God and close to the destitute – an “initiatory state for the future Messenger
    of God”.

  • It is said that Muhammad himself revealed to Umayr his secret plan and Umayr, upon accepting Islam, began preaching Islam in Mecca.

  • After the truce, an alliance named Hilf al-Fudul (The Pact of the Virtuous)[44] was formed to check further violence and injustice; and to stand on the side of the oppressed,
    an oath was taken by the descendants of Hashim and the kindred families, where Muhammad was also a member.

  • Traditional sources say that upon receiving intelligence of a richly laden trading caravan of the Quraysh returning from Syria to Mecca, Muhammad took it as a good opportunity
    to strike a heavy blow on Meccan power by taking down the caravan in which almost all the Meccan people had invested.

  • Through this verse, early Arab Muslims claimed legitimacy for their new faith in the existing religious traditions and the alleged predictions of Jesus.

  • [9][126] Around 5th AH (627 CE), a large combined force of at least 10,000 men from Quraysh, Ghatafan, Banu Asad, and other pagan tribes known as the confederacy was formed
    to attack the Muslims mainly at the instigation and efforts of Jewish leader Huyayy ibn Akhtab and it marched towards Medina.

  • [90] Following the pledges, Muhammad ordered his followers to migrate to Yathrib in small groups, and within a short period, most of the Muslims of Mecca migrated there.

  • [23] As an act of respect, Muslims follow the name of Muhammad by the Arabic benediction sallallahu ‘alayhi wa sallam, (meaning Peace be upon him),[24] sometimes abbreviated
    as “SAW” or “PBUH”.

  • Alarmed by mounting persecution on the newly converts, Muhammad in 615 CE directed some of his followers to migrate to neighboring Abyssinia (present day Ethiopia), a land
    ruled by king Aṣḥama ibn Abjar famous for his justice, and intelligence.

  • [59] According to Islamic scholar Muhammad Shafi Usmani, God created three media through which humans receive knowledge: men’s senses, the faculty of reason, and divine revelation;
    and it is the third one that addresses the liturgical and eschatological issues, answers the questions regarding God’s purpose behind creating humanity, and acts as a guidance for humanity in choosing the correct way.

  • As there was no definite arrangement for calling people to prayer, Bilal ibn Ribah was appointed to call people in a loud voice at each prayer time, a system later replaced
    by Adhan believed to be informed to Abdullah ibn Zayd in his dream, and liked and introduced by Muhammad.

  • [102] Persistent hostility of Quraysh Before the arrival of Muhammad, the clans of Medina had suffered a lot from internal feuds and had planned to nominate Abd-Allah ibn
    Ubaiy as their common leader with a view to restoring peace.

  • “[45] Islamic tradition credits Muhammad with settling a dispute peacefully, regarding setting the sacred Black Stone on the wall of Kaaba, where the clan leaders could not
    decide on which clan should have the honor of doing that.

  • [33] Muslim scholar Muhammad Ali sees the tale of Muhammad as a spiritual parallel to the life of Moses, considering many aspects of their lives to be shared.

  • [10] This is known as the “Second Pledge of al-‘Aqabah”,[85][89] and was a ‘politico-religious’ success that paved the way for his and his followers’ emigration to Medina.

  • In the fourth year of his prophethood, according to Islamic belief, he was ordered by God to make public his propagation of this monotheistic faith (Quran 15:94).

  • [10][11] A turning point in Muhammad’s life, this Hijrah also marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar.

  • [37][38] Islamic belief holds that God protected Muhammad from getting involved in any disrespectful and coarse practice.

  • [5] In a broader sense, Muhammad preached that he had been sent as God’s messenger;[65] that God is One who is all-powerful, creator and controller of this universe (Quran
    85:8–9, Quran 6:2), and merciful towards his creations (Quran 85:14);[66] that worship should be made only to God;[65] that ascribing partnership to God is a major sin (Quran 4:48); that men would be accountable, for their deeds, to God on
    last judgment day, and would be assigned to heaven or hell (Quran 85:10–13); and that God expects man to be generous with their wealth and not miserly (Quran 107:1–7).

  • [81][84] Impressed by this, the six embraced Islam,[9] and at the Pilgrimage of 621, five of them brought seven others with them.

  • [60] In Islamic belief, the sequence of divine revelation came to an end with Muhammad.

  • Sending small scouting parties to gather intelligence about Quraysh movement, and also to facilitate the evacuation of those Muslims who were still suffering in Mecca and
    could not migrate to Medina because of their poverty or any other reason.

  • [96] In Medina Main article: Muhammad in Medina The place where the people of Medina welcomed Muhammad when he came from Mecca In Medina, Muhammad’s first focus was on the
    construction of a mosque, which, when completed, was of an austere nature.

  • Meanwhile, Abu Sufyan, the leader of the caravan, got the information of Muslim march, changed his route towards south-west along Red Sea, and send out a messenger, named
    Damdam ibn Umar, to Mecca asking for immediate help.

  • The battle occurred on 13 March 624 CE (17 Ramadan, 2 AH) and resulted in a heavy loss on the Quraysh side: around seventy men, including chief leaders, were killed and a
    similar number were taken prisoner.

  • In Islamic tradition, Muhammad’s being orphaned at an early age has been seen as a part of divine plan to enable him to “develop early the qualities of self-reliance, reflection,
    and steadfastness”.

  • [70][71] Back in Mecca, Muhammad was gaining new followers, including notable figures like Umar ibn Al-Khattāb.

  • At the time, Muhammad possessed various properties of the Quraysh given to him in trust; so he handed them over to ‘Ali and directed him to return them to their owners.

  • Ten Muslims, recruited by some local tribes to learn the tenets of Islam, were treacherously murdered: eight of them being killed at a place called Raji, and the remaining
    two being taken to Mecca as captives and killed by Quraysh.

  • [26] According to the Quran, the coming of Muhammad was predicted by Jesus: “And remember, Jesus, the son of Mary, said: ‘O children of Israel!

  • Muhammad made a formal bond of fraternity among them[98] that went a long way in eliminating long-established enmity among various tribes, particularly Aws and Khazraj.

  • The Quran further justifies taking defensive measures by stating that “And if God had not repelled some men by others, the earth would have been corrupted.

  • In view of all this, the Quran granted permission to the persecuted Muslims to defend themselves: “Permission to fight is granted to those against whom war is made, because
    they have been wronged, and God indeed has the power to help them.

  • [9][53] It is also reported by Aisha that Waraqah ibn Nawfal later told Muhammad that Muhammad’s own people would turn him out, to which Muhammad inquired “Will they really
    drive me out?”

  • Islamic tradition attributes the Muslim victory to the direct intervention of God: he sent down angels that emboldened the Muslims and wreaked damage on the enemy force.

  • Social boycott Thus frustrated from all sides, the leaders of various Quraysh clans, in 617 CE, enacted a complete boycott of Banu Hashim family to mount pressure to lift
    its protection on Muhammad.

  • The former went to Medina with a poisoned sword to execute the plan but was detected and brought to Muhammad.

  • Perplexed by this new experience, Muhammad made his way to home where he was consoled by his wife Khadijah, who also took him to her Christian cousin Waraqah ibn Nawfal.

  • The Quran asserts that Muhammad was a man who possessed the highest moral excellence, and that God made him a good example or a “goodly model” for Muslims to follow (Quran
    68:4, and 33:21).

  • Muslims believe that the Quran, the central religious text of Islam, was revealed to Muhammad by God, and that Muhammad was sent to restore Islam, which they believe did not
    originate with Muhammad but is the true unaltered original monotheistic faith of Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets.

  • [42] In later days of his life, Muhammad is reported to have said about this pact, “I witnessed a confederacy in the house of ‘Abdullah bin Jada’an.

  • [66] Opposition and persecution Main articles: Persecution of Muslims by the Meccans and Migration to Abyssinia Muhammad’s early teachings invited vehement opposition from
    the wealthy and leading clans of Mecca who feared the loss not only of their ancestral paganism but also of the lucrative pilgrimage business.

  • It is said that God sent angels of the mountain to Muhammad who asked Muhammad’s permission to crush the people of Ta’if in between the mountains, but Muhammad said ‘No’.

  • I am God;s messenger to you, confirming the law (which came) before me, and giving glad tidings of a messenger to come after me, whose name shall be Ahmad'” (Quran 61:6).

  • [39][40][41] Around the age of twelve, Muhammad accompanied his uncle Abu Talib in a mercantile journey to Syria, and gained experience in commercial enterprise.

  • In order to establish peaceful coexistence among this heterogeneous population, Muhammad invited the leading personalities of all the communities to reach a formal agreement
    which would provide a harmony among the communities and security to the city of Medina, and finally drew up the Constitution of Medina, also known as the Medina Charter, which formed “a kind of alliance or federation” among the prevailing
    communities.

  • [56][57][58] Divine revelation Main article: Wahy In Islamic belief, revelations are God’s word delivered by his chosen individuals – known as Messengers—to humanity.

  • In Medina, Muhammad sketched out the Constitution of Medina specifying the rights of and relations among the various existing communities there, formed an independent community,
    and managed to establish the first Islamic state.

  • Muhammad reported that he never tried such things again.

  • Other terms are used, including “Warner”, “bearer of glad tidings”, and the “one who invites people to a Single God” (Quran 12:108, and 33:45-46).

  • This happened two more times after which the angel commanded Muhammad to recite the following verses:[48][49] Proclaim!

  • Waraka replied in the affirmative and said “Anyone who came with something similar to what you have brought was treated with hostility; and if I should be alive till that
    day, then I would support you strongly.

  • [79][80] Last years in Mecca The death of his uncle Abu Talib left Muhammad unprotected, and exposed him to some mischief of Quraysh, which he endured with great steadfastness.

  • It also declared that any dispute would be referred to Muhammad for settlement.

  • [82][83] At the pilgrimage season of 620, Muhammad met six men of Khazraj tribe from Yathrib (later named Medina), propounded to them the doctrines of Islam, and recited portions
    of Quran.

  • [110] It is in this connection that the following verse of the Quran was revealed: “And why should you not fight in the cause of God and for those who, being weak, are ill-treated
    (and oppressed)?

 

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113. ^ Al Mubarakpuri (2002), “Permission to fight”
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163. ^ Haykal, Muhammad Husayn (2008). The Life of Muhammad. Malaysia: Islamic Book Trust. p. 495. ISBN 9789839154177. With the destruction of al Lat and the conversion of
al-Thaqif, the conversion of the Hijaz was complete. Muhammad’s power expanded from the frontiers of Byzantium in the north to al Yaman and Hadramawt in the south. The territories of South Arabia were all preparing to join the new religion and integrate
themselves into a system of defense. That is why delegations from all corners proceeded to Madinah to declare allegiance to the new order and to convert to the new faith.
164. ^ Khan, Muhammad Zafrullah (1980). Muhammad: Seal of the Prophets. London:
Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 247. ISBN 978-0-7100-0610-3. The adhesion of Taif and the destruction of its famous idol had enhanced the Holy Prophet’s fame throughout the south and east of the peninsula. A stream of submissive embassies from all quarters
now flowed uninterruptedly towards Medina.
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169. ^ Muhammad Shafi Usmani (1986). Tafsir Maariful Quran. Vol. 3. English Translation by Muhammad Shamim. Lahore. p. 45.
170. ^ Muir 1892, p. 1.
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173. ^ Oliver
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174. ^ Nigosian, S. A. (2004). Islam: Its
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175. ^ Shaikh, Fazlur Rehman (2001). Chronology of Prophetic Events. London: Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd. pp. 78–79.
176. ^ Clark, Malcolm (2003). Islam
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178. ^ Esposito, John L., ed. (2003). “Khatam al-Nabiyyin”. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 171. Khatam al-Nabiyyin: Seal of the prophets. Phrase occurs in Quran 33:40, referring to
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179. ^ Mir, Mustansir (1987). “Seal of the Prophets, The”. Dictionary of Qur’ānic Terms and Concepts. New York: Garland Publishing.
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180. ^ Hughes, Thomas Patrick (1885). “K͟HĀTIMU ‘N-NABĪYĪN”. A
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‘N-NABĪYĪN (خاتم النبيين). “The seal of the Prophets.” A title assumed by Muhammad in the Qur’ān. Surah xxxiii. 40: “He is the Apostle of God and the ‘seal of the Prophets’.” By which is meant, that he is the last of the Prophets.
181. ^ Goldziher,
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