• Napoleon had seen the massacre of the King’s Swiss Guard there three years earlier and realized that artillery would be the key to its defence.

• Bonaparte’s brother, Joseph, led the complex negotiations in Lunéville and reported that Austria, emboldened by British support, would not acknowledge the new territory that
  France had acquired.

• Napoleon Bonaparte[a] (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I,[b] was a French military commander and political
  leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars.

• [45] Egyptian expedition Main article: French campaign in Egypt and Syria Bonaparte Before the Sphinx (c. 1886) by Jean-Léon Gérôme, Hearst Castle After two months of planning,
  Bonaparte decided that France’s naval strength was not yet sufficient to confront the British Royal Navy.

• [53] He was released within two weeks (on 20 August) and due to his technical skills, was asked to draw up plans to attack Italian positions in the context of France’s war
  with Austria.

• [90] On 24 August 1799, fearing that the Republic’s future was in doubt, he took advantage of the temporary departure of British ships from French coastal ports and set sail
  for France, despite the fact that he had received no explicit orders from Paris.

• He founded two newspapers: one for the troops in his army and another for circulation in France.

• Two years later, the Austrians challenged the French again during the War of the Fifth Coalition, but Napoleon solidified his grip over Europe after triumphing at the Battle
  of Wagram.

• Two years later, he led a military expedition to Egypt that served as a springboard to political power.

• [108] In a new plebiscite during the spring of 1802, the French public came out in huge numbers to approve a constitution that made the Consulate permanent, essentially elevating
  Napoleon to dictator for life.

• In the first encounter between the two commanders, Napoleon pushed back his opponent and advanced deep into Austrian territory after winning at the Battle of Tarvis in March
  1797.

• His father Carlo was an attorney who had supported and actively collaborated with patriot Pasquale Paoli during the Corsican war of independence against France;[5] after the
  Corsican defeat at Ponte Novu in 1769 and Paoli’s exile in Britain, Carlo began working for the new French government and went on to be named representative of the island to the court of Louis XVI in 1777.

• He devised plans for attacking the Kingdom of Sardinia as part of France’s campaign against the First Coalition.

• The French army carried out Bonaparte’s plan in the Battle of Saorgio in April 1794, and then advanced to seize Ormea in the mountains.

• [104] Although critics have blamed Napoleon for several tactical mistakes preceding the battle, they have also praised his audacity for selecting a risky campaign strategy,
  choosing to invade the Italian peninsula from the north when the vast majority of French invasions came from the west, near or along the coastline.

• Differences with the United Kingdom meant France faced the War of the Third Coalition by 1805.

• [107] Temporary peace in Europe See also: Haitian Revolution After a decade of constant warfare, France and Britain signed the Treaty of Amiens in March 1802, bringing the
  Revolutionary Wars to an end.

• Napoleon escaped in February 1815 and took control of France.

• [83] His army had succeeded in a temporary increase of French power in Egypt, though it faced repeated uprisings.

• He also took part in an expedition to take back Corsica from the British, but the French were repulsed by the British Royal Navy.

• The fierce resistance of this French army, under André Masséna, gave the northern force some time to carry out their operations with little interference.

• [e] Napoleon’s parents joined the Corsican resistance and fought against the French to maintain independence, even when Maria was pregnant with him.

• [63] First Italian campaign Main article: Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars Bonaparte at the Pont d’Arcole, by Baron Antoine-Jean Gros, (c. 1801), Musée du
  Louvre, Paris Two days after the marriage, Bonaparte left Paris to take command of the Army of Italy.

• According to Bourrienne, jealousy was responsible, between the Army of the Alps and the Army of Italy, with whom Napoleon was seconded at the time.

• [75] He met Talleyrand, France’s new Foreign Minister—who served in the same capacity for Emperor Napoleon—and they began to prepare for an invasion of Britain.

• [96] Worried by the democratic forces unleashed by the Revolution, but unwilling to ignore them entirely, Napoleon resorted to regular electoral consultations with the French
  people on his road to imperial power.

• In a question from Bourrienne, asking whether he gave his preference to Alexander or Caesar, Napoleon said that he places Alexander the Great in the first rank, the main reason
  being his campaign in Asia.

• His power was confirmed by the new “Constitution of the Year VIII”, originally devised by Sieyès to give Napoleon a minor role, but rewritten by Napoleon, and accepted by
  direct popular vote (3,000,000 in favour, 1,567 opposed).

• The brief peace in Europe allowed Napoleon to focus on French colonies abroad.

• [76] Napoleon assured the Directory that “as soon as he had conquered Egypt, he will establish relations with the Indian princes and, together with them, attack the English
  in their possessions”.

• He trained to become an artillery officer and, when his father’s death reduced his income, was forced to complete the two-year course in one year.

• [4][5] He supported the French Revolution in 1789 while serving in the French army, and tried to spread its ideals to his native Corsica.

• As negotiations became increasingly fractious, Bonaparte gave orders to his general Moreau to strike Austria once more.

• In 1813, Prussia and Austria joined Russian forces in a Sixth Coalition against France, resulting in a large coalition army defeating Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig.

• Melas stated that he had won the battle and retired to his headquarters around 3 pm, leaving his subordinates in charge of pursuing the French.

• The French people name, and the Senate proclaims Napoleon-Bonaparte First Consul for Life.

• [42] He was given command over a battalion of volunteers and was promoted to captain in the regular army in July 1792, despite exceeding his leave of absence and leading a
  riot against French troops.

• [100] While one French army approached from the north, the Austrians were busy with another stationed in Genoa, which was besieged by a substantial force.

• [55] In April 1795, he was assigned to the Army of the West, which was engaged in the War in the Vendée—a civil war and royalist counter-revolution in Vendée, a region in
  west-central France on the Atlantic Ocean.

• [104] The following day, the Austrian army agreed to abandon Northern Italy once more with the Convention of Alessandria, which granted them safe passage to friendly soil
  in exchange for their fortresses throughout the region.

• [82] On 1 August 1798, the British fleet under Sir Horatio Nelson captured or destroyed all but two vessels of the French fleet in the Battle of the Nile, defeating Bonaparte’s
  goal to strengthen the French position in the Mediterranean.

• [43] When Corsica declared formal secession from France and requested the protection of the British government, Napoleon and his commitment to the French Revolution came into
  conflict with Paoli, who had decided to sabotage the Corsican contribution to the Expédition de Sardaigne, by preventing a French assault on the Sardinian island of La Maddalena.

• Hoping to extend the Continental System, his embargo against Britain, Napoleon invaded the Iberian Peninsula and declared his brother Joseph the King of Spain in 1808.

• He learned that France had suffered a series of defeats in the War of the Second Coalition.

• [102] The battle began favourably for the Austrians as their initial attack surprised the French and gradually drove them back.

• [51] 13 Vendémiaire Main article: 13 Vendémiaire Some contemporaries alleged that Bonaparte was put under house arrest at Nice for his association with the Robespierres following
  their fall in the Thermidorian Reaction in July 1794.

• After spending several days looking for each other, the two armies collided at the Battle of Marengo on 14 June.

• He immediately went on the offensive, hoping to defeat the forces of Piedmont before their Austrian allies could intervene.

• In 1796, he began a military campaign against the Austrians and their Italian allies, scoring decisive victories and becoming a national hero.

• Catching the attention of the Committee of Public Safety, he was put in charge of the artillery of France’s Army of Italy.

• He failed to reduce the fortress of Acre, so he marched his army back to Egypt in May.

• If he could not use his favourite envelopment strategy, he would take up the central position and attack two co-operating forces at their hinge, swing round to fight one until
  it fled, then turn to face the other.

• The assault on the position led to the capture of the city, and during it Bonaparte was wounded in the thigh on 16 December.

• Amiens called for the withdrawal of British troops from recently conquered colonial territories as well as for assurances to curtail the expansionary goals of the French Republic.

• [106] Napoleon’s triumph at Marengo secured his political authority and boosted his popularity back home, but it did not lead to an immediate peace.

• Look at Caesar; he fought the first like the last”.

• French forces in Southern Germany had been defeated by the Archduke Charles in 1796, but the Archduke withdrew his forces to protect Vienna after learning about Napoleon’s
  assault.

• [101] The Battle of Marengo was Napoleon’s first great victory as head of state.

• Murat married one of Napoleon’s sisters, becoming his brother-in-law; he also served under Napoleon as one of his generals.

• [41] He spent the early years of the Revolution in Corsica, fighting in a complex three-way struggle among royalists, revolutionaries, and Corsican nationalists.

• This left Barras and his Republican allies in control again but dependent upon Bonaparte, who proceeded to peace negotiations with Austria.

• The French then focused on the Austrians for the remainder of the war, the highlight of which became the protracted struggle for Mantua.

• [26] He ordered a young cavalry officer named Joachim Murat to seize large cannons and used them to repel the attackers on 5 October 1795—13 Vendémiaire An IV in the French
  Republican Calendar.

• [94][95] French Consulate Main articles: French Consulate and War of the Second Coalition Bonaparte, First Consul, by Ingres.

• [90] By the time that he reached Paris in October, France’s situation had been improved by a series of victories.

• [48][49] He adopted a plan to capture a hill where republican guns could dominate the city’s harbour and force the British to evacuate.

• [67] Bonaparte during the Italian campaign in 1797 His application of conventional military ideas to real-world situations enabled his military triumphs, such as creative
  use of artillery as a mobile force to support his infantry.

• [105] As David G. Chandler points out, Napoleon spent almost a year getting the Austrians out of Italy in his first campaign.

• [90] Despite the failures in Egypt, Napoleon returned to a hero’s welcome.

• [c] Emperor of the French 1st reign: 18 May 1804 – 6 April 1814; Coronation: 2 December 1804, Notre-Dame Cathedral; Successor: Louis XVIII (as King of France); 2nd reign:
  20 March 1815 – 22 June 1815; Successor: Napoleon II (disputed); King of Italy Reign: 17 March 1805 – 11 April 1814; Coronation: 26 May 1805, Milan Cathedral; Successor: Victor Emmanuel II First Consul of France In office: 12 December 1799
  – 18 May 1804 12 December 1799 – 18 May 1804; Co-Consuls: Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès, Charles-François Lebrun Provisional Consul of France In office: 10 November 1799 – 12 December 1799; Co-Consuls: Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, Roger Ducos;
  President of the Italian Republic In office: 26 January 1802 – 17 March 1805; Vice-President: Francesco Melzi d’Eril Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine In office: 12 July 1806 – 4 November 1813; Prince-Primates: Karl von Dalberg,
  Eugène de Beauharnais Born: Napoleone Buonaparte[1], 15 August 1769, Ajaccio, Corsica, Kingdom of France Died: 5 May 1821 (aged 51), Longwood, Saint Helena, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Burial: 15 December 1840, Les Invalides,
  Paris, France Spouse: Joséphine de Beauharnais, (m. 1796; div.

• [17] The state sold sovereign rights a year before his birth and the island was conquered by France during the year of his birth.

 

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[‘1. English: /nəˈpoʊliən ˈboʊnəpɑːrt/, French: Napoléon Bonaparte [napɔleɔ̃ bɔnapaʁt]; Italian: Napoleone Bonaparte, [napoleˈoːne ˌbɔnaˈparte]; Corsican: Napulione Buonaparte.
2. ^ French: Napoléon Ier
3. ^ He established a system of public education,[7]
abolished the vestiges of feudalism,[8] emancipated Jews and other religious minorities,[9] abolished the Spanish Inquisition,[10] enacted legal protections for an emerging middle class,[11] and centralized state power at the expense of religious
authorities.[12]
4. ^ His brother, also called Napoleon, died at birth and his sister, Maria Anna, died shortly before her first birthday. In total, two siblings died at birth and three died in infancy.
5. ^ Although the 1768 Treaty of Versailles
formally ceded Corsica’s rights, it remained un-incorporated during 1769[17] until it became a province of France in 1770.[18] Corsica would be legally integrated as a département in 1789.[19][20]
6. ^ Aside from his name, there does not appear
to be a connection between him and Napoleon’s theorem.[34]
7. ^ He was mainly referred to as Bonaparte until he became First Consul for life.[39]
8. ^ This is depicted in Bonaparte Crossing the Alps by Hippolyte Delaroche and in Jacques-Louis
David’s imperial Napoleon Crossing the Alps. He is less realistically portrayed on a charger in the latter work.[99]
9. ^ It was customary to cast a death mask of a leader. At least four genuine death masks of Napoleon are known to exist: one in
The Cabildo in New Orleans, one in a Liverpool museum, another in Havana and one in the library of the University of North Carolina.[240]
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11. ^
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Biographical studies
• Abbott, John (2005). Life of Napoleon Bonaparte. Kessinger Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4179-7063-6.
• Bell, David A. (2015). Napoleon: A Concise Biography. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-026271-6.
only 140pp; by a scholar
• Blaufarb, Rafe (2007). Napoleon: Symbol for an Age, A Brief History with Documents. Bedford. ISBN 978-0-312-43110-5.
• Chandler, David (2002). Napoleon. Leo Cooper. ISBN 978-0-85052-750-6.
• Cronin, Vincent (1994).
Napoleon. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-00-637521-0.
• Dwyer, Philip (2008a). Napoleon: The Path to Power. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300137545.
• Dwyer, Philip (2013). Citizen Emperor: Napoleon in Power. Yale University Press. ASIN B00GGSG3W4.
• Englund,
Steven (2010). Napoleon: A Political Life. Scribner. ISBN 978-0-674-01803-7.
• Gueniffey, Patrice. Bonaparte: 1769–1802 (Harvard UP, 2015, French edition 2013); 1008 pp.; vol 1 of most comprehensive recent scholarly biography by leading French specialist;
less emphasis on battles and campaigns excerpt; also online review
• Johnson, Paul (2002). Napoleon: A life. Penguin Books. ISBN 978 Photo credit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/lambsandivydesigns/8644003462/’]