• [35] Although he had friends who held connections to the African National Congress (ANC) who wanted South Africa to be independent of the British Empire, Mandela avoided any
  involvement with the nascent movement,[36] and became a vocal supporter of the British war effort when the Second World War broke out.

• [118] Although in later life Mandela denied, for political reasons, ever being a member of the Communist Party, historical research published in 2011 strongly suggested that
  he had joined in the late 1950s or early 1960s.

• [72] In March, the Defend Free Speech Convention was held in Johannesburg, bringing together African, Indian and communist activists to call a May Day general strike in protest
  against apartheid and white minority rule.

• —Opening words of the Freedom Charter[93] After taking part in the unsuccessful protest to prevent the forced relocation of all black people from the Sophiatown suburb of
  Johannesburg in February 1955, Mandela concluded that violent action would prove necessary to end apartheid and white minority rule.

• [110] Over the following months, Mandela used his free time to organise an All-In African Conference near Pietermaritzburg, Natal, in March 1961, at which 1,400 anti-apartheid
  delegates met, agreeing on a stay-at-home strike to mark 31 May, the day South Africa became a republic.

• [103] An apartheid sign; apartheid legislation impacted all areas of life In December 1956, Mandela was arrested alongside most of the ANC national executive, and accused
  of “high treason” against the state.

• [92] Congress of the People and the Treason Trial: 1955–1961 Main article: Treason Trial We, the people of South Africa, declare for all our country and the world to know:
  That South Africa belongs to all who live in it, black and white, and that no government can justly claim authority unless it is based on the will of the people.

• [56] Deciding on the need for a youth wing to mass-mobilise Africans in opposition to their subjugation, Mandela was among a delegation that approached ANC president Alfred
  Bitini Xuma on the subject at his home in Sophiatown; the African National Congress Youth League (ANCYL) was founded on Easter Sunday 1944 in the Bantu Men’s Social Centre, with Lembede as president and Mandela as a member of its executive
  committee.

• [97] Following the end of a second ban in September 1955, Mandela went on a working holiday to Transkei to discuss the implications of the Bantu Authorities Act, 1951 with
  local Xhosa chiefs, also visiting his mother and Noengland before proceeding to Cape Town.

• [85] In December, Mandela was given a six-month ban from attending meetings or talking to more than one individual at a time, making his Transvaal ANC presidency impractical,
  and during this period the Defiance Campaign petered out.

• [81] These events established Mandela as one of the best-known black political figures in South Africa.

• “[77] In April 1952, Mandela began work at the H.M. Basner law firm, which was owned by a communist,[78] although his increasing commitment to work and activism meant he spent
  less time with his family.

• [19] As Mandela attended church services every Sunday with his guardians, Christianity became a significant part of his life.

• When Ramohanoe acted against the wishes of the committee by co-operating with Indians and communists, Mandela was one of those who forced his resignation.

• [113] Mandela held secret meetings with reporters, and after the government failed to prevent the strike, he warned them that many anti-apartheid activists would soon resort
  to violence through groups like the PAC’s Poqo.

• She later became involved in ANC activities, spending several weeks in prison.

• [37] He helped establish a first-year students’ house committee which challenged the dominance of the second-years,[38] and at the end of his first year became involved in
  a students’ representative council (SRC) boycott against the quality of food, for which he was suspended from the university; he never returned to complete his degree.

• “[68] Having devoted his time to politics, Mandela failed his final year at Witwatersrand three times; he was ultimately denied his degree in December 1949.

• [49] After he passed his BA exams in early 1943, Mandela returned to Johannesburg to follow a political path as a lawyer rather than become a privy councillor in Thembuland.

• He later stated that he did not join the party because its atheism conflicted with his Christian faith, and because he saw the South African struggle as being racially based
  rather than as class warfare.

• [96] The tenets of the Freedom Charter remained important for Mandela, and in 1956 he described it as “an inspiration to the people of South Africa”.

• We hope that we will bring the Government and its supporters to their senses before it is too late so that both government and its policies can be changed before matters reach
  the desperate stage of civil war.

• Found guilty of “statutory communism”, a term that the government used to describe most opposition to apartheid, their sentence of nine months’ hard labour was suspended for
  two years.

• He was appointed president of the ANC’s Transvaal branch, rising to prominence for his involvement in the 1952 Defiance Campaign and the 1955 Congress of the People.

• [66] Gaining increasing influence in the ANC, Mandela and his party cadre allies began advocating direct action against apartheid, such as boycotts and strikes, influenced
  by the tactics already employed by South Africa’s Indian community.

• [105] The formal Treason Trial began in Pretoria in August 1958, with the defendants successfully applying to have the three judges—all linked to the governing National Party—replaced.

• [95] With the involvement of the South African Indian Congress, the Coloured People’s Congress, the South African Congress of Trade Unions and the Congress of Democrats, the
  ANC planned a Congress of the People, calling on all South Africans to send in proposals for a post-apartheid era.

• [24] Clarkebury, Healdtown, and Fort Hare: 1934–1940 Photograph of Mandela, taken in Umtata in 1937 Intending to gain skills needed to become a privy councillor for the Thembu
  royal house, Mandela began his secondary education in 1933 at Clarkebury Methodist High School in Engcobo, a Western-style institution that was the largest school for black Africans in Thembuland.

• [69] Defiance Campaign and Transvaal ANC Presidency: 1950–1954 The ANC’s tricolour flag; black for the people, green for the land, and gold for the resources of Africa[70]
  Mandela took Xuma’s place on the ANC national executive in March 1950,[71] and that same year was elected national president of the ANCYL.

• He may have had affairs with ANC member Lillian Ngoyi and secretary Ruth Mompati; various individuals close to Mandela in this period have stated that the latter bore him
  a child.

• Mandela stated that they chose sabotage because it was the least harmful action, did not involve killing, and offered the best hope for racial reconciliation afterwards; he
  nevertheless acknowledged that should this have failed then g

• 1996), Graça Machel, (m. 1998); Children: 7, including Makgatho, Makaziwe, Zenani, Zindziswa and Josina (step-daughter); Alma mater: University of Fort Hare, University of
  London, University of South Africa, University of the Witwatersrand; Occupation: Activist, Politician, philanthropist, lawyer; Known for: Internal resistance to apartheid; Awards: Sakharov Prize (1988), Bharat Ratna (1990), Nishan-e-Pakistan
  (1992), Nobel Peace Prize (1993), Lenin Peace Prize (1990), Presidential Medal of Freedom (2002), (more…); Nicknames: Madiba, Dalibunga; Writing career: Notable works: Long Walk to Freedom Life Early life Childhood: 1918–1934 Main article:
  Mandela family Mandela was born on 18 July 1918 in the village of Mvezo in Umtata, then part of South Africa’s Cape Province.

• He is held in deep respect within South Africa, where he is often referred to by his Thembu clan name, Madiba, and described as the “Father of the Nation”.

• The only African-run law firm in the country, it was popular with aggrieved black people, often dealing with cases of police brutality.

• The incident brought international condemnation of the government and resulted in rioting throughout South Africa, with Mandela publicly burning his pass in solidarity.

• [86] In September 1953, Andrew Kunene read out Mandela’s “No Easy Walk to Freedom” speech at a Transvaal ANC meeting; the title was taken from a quote by Indian independence
  leader Jawaharlal Nehru, a seminal influence on Mandela’s thought.

• Mandela opposed the strike because it was multi-racial and not ANC-led, but a majority of black workers took part, resulting in increased police repression and the introduction
  of the Suppression of Communism Act, 1950, affecting the actions of all protest groups.

• [47] To save money and be closer to downtown Johannesburg, Mandela moved into the compound of the Witwatersrand Native Labour Association, living among miners of various tribes;
  as the compound was visited by various chiefs, he once met the Queen Regent of Basutoland.

• He was the country’s first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election.

• [116] Although initially declared officially separate from the ANC so as not to taint the latter’s reputation, MK was later widely recognised as the party’s armed wing.

• [98] In March 1956, he received his third ban on public appearances, restricting him to Johannesburg for five years, but he often defied it.

• [82] With further protests, the ANC’s membership grew from 20,000 to 100,000 members; the government responded with mass arrests and introduced the Public Safety Act, 1953
  to permit martial law.

• [73] At the ANC national conference of December 1951, he continued arguing against a racially united front, but was outvoted.

• There he became involved in anti-colonial and African nationalist politics, joining the ANC in 1943 and co-founding its Youth League in 1944.

• Mandela and de Klerk led efforts to negotiate an end to apartheid, which resulted in the 1994 multiracial general election in which Mandela led the ANC to victory and became
  president.

• • In office, 10 May 1994 – 14 June 1999; Deputy: Thabo Mbeki, F. W. de Klerk; Preceded by: F. W. de Klerk (as State President); Succeeded by: Thabo Mbeki; 19th Secretary-General
  of the Non-Aligned Movement: In office, 2 September 1998 – 14 June 1999; Preceded by: Andrés Pastrana Arango; Succeeded by: Thabo Mbeki; 11th President of the African National Congress: In office 7 July 1991 – 20 December 1997: Deputy: Walter
  Sisulu, Thabo Mbeki; Preceded by: Oliver Tambo; Succeeded by: Thabo Mbeki; 4th Deputy President of the African National Congress: In office 25 June 1985 – 6 July 1991; Preceded by: Oliver Tambo; 1st President of South Africa: Succeeded by:
  Walter Sisulu; Personal details: Born: Rolihlahla Mandela, 18 July 1918, Mvezo, Union of South Africa; Died: 5 December 2013 (aged 95), Johannesburg, South Africa; Resting place: Mandela Graveyard, Qunu, Eastern Cape; Political party: African
  National Congress; Other political affiliations: South African Communist Party; Spouses: Evelyn Ntoko Mase, (m. 1944; div.

• Marks from making public appearances; unable to maintain his position, he recommended Mandela as his successor.

• Leading a broad coalition government which promulgated a new constitution, Mandela emphasised reconciliation between the country’s racial groups and created the Truth and
  Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses.

• “[51] Revolutionary activity Law studies and the ANC Youth League: 1943–1949 Mandela began studying law at the University of the Witwatersrand, where he was the only black
  African student and faced racism.

• [108] Responding to the unrest, the government implemented state of emergency measures, declaring martial law and banning the ANC and PAC; in March, they arrested Mandela
  and other activists, imprisoning them for five months without charge in the unsanitary conditions of the Pretoria Local prison.

• [62] In July 1947, Mandela rushed Lembede, who was ill, to hospital, where he died; he was succeeded as ANCYL president by the more moderate Peter Mda, who agreed to co-operate
  with communists and non-blacks, appointing Mandela ANCYL secretary.

• Although he did not see his mother again for many years, Mandela felt that Jongintaba and his wife Noengland treated him as their own child, raising him alongside their son,
  Justice, and daughter, Nomafu.

• [21] He developed a love of African history, listening to the tales told by elderly visitors to the palace, and was influenced by the anti-imperialist rhetoric of a visiting
  chief, Joyi.

• [28] The headmaster emphasised the superiority of European culture and government, but Mandela became increasingly interested in native African culture, making his first non-Xhosa
  friend, a speaker of Sotho, and coming under the influence of one of his favourite teachers, a Xhosa who broke taboo by marrying a Sotho.

• [79] In 1952, the ANC began preparation for a joint Defiance Campaign against apartheid with Indian and communist groups, founding a National Voluntary Board to recruit volunteers.

• Even at this late hour, we hope that our first actions will awaken everyone to a realization of the dangerous situation to which Nationalist policy is leading.

• [109] Imprisonment caused problems for Mandela and his co-defendants in the Treason Trial; their lawyers could not reach them, and so it was decided that the lawyers would
  withdraw in protest until the accused were freed from prison when the state of emergency was lifted in late August 1960.

• [40] Mandela found work as a night watchman at Crown Mines, his “first sight of South African capitalism in action”, but was fired when the induna (headman) discovered that
  he was a runaway.

• This was the custom among Africans in those days and was undoubtedly due to the British bias of our education.

• [61] In early 1947, his three years of articles ended at Witkin, Sidelsky and Eidelman, and he decided to become a full-time student, subsisting on loans from the Bantu Welfare
  Trust.

• [111] On 29 March 1961, six years after the Treason Trial began, the judges produced a verdict of not guilty, ruling that there was insufficient evidence to convict the accused
  of “high treason”, since they had advocated neither communism nor violent revolution; the outcome embarrassed the government.

• [53] Joining the ANC, he was increasingly influenced by Sisulu, spending time with other activists at Sisulu’s Orlando house, including his old friend Oliver Tambo.

• [117] Most early MK members were white communists who were able to conceal Mandela in their homes; after hiding in communist Wolfie Kodesh’s flat in Berea, Mandela moved to
  the communist-owned Liliesleaf Farm in Rivonia, there joined by Raymond Mhlaba, Slovo and Bernstein, who put together the MK constitution.

• —Mandela, 1994[13] Mandela later stated that his early life was dominated by traditional Xhosa custom and taboo.

• Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (/mænˈdɛlə/;[1] Xhosa: [xolíɬaɬa mandɛ̂ːla]; 18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South African anti-apartheid activist and politician who served
  as the first president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999.

• [107] Both parties took part in an anti-pass campaign in early 1960, in which Africans burned the passes that they were legally obliged to carry.

• [112] MK, the SACP, and African tour: 1961–62 Thatched room at Liliesleaf Farm, where Mandela hid Disguised as a chauffeur, Mandela travelled around the country incognito,
  organising the ANC’s new cell structure and the planned mass stay-at-home strike.

• [65] In the South African general election in 1948, in which only whites were permitted to vote, the Afrikaner-dominated Herenigde Nasionale Party under Daniel François Malan
  took power, soon uniting with the Afrikaner Party to form the National Party.

• [114] He believed that the ANC should form an armed group to channel some of this violence in a controlled direction, convincing both ANC leader Albert Luthuli—who was morally
  opposed to violence—and allied activist groups of its necessity.

• [76] Commenting on communism, he later stated that he “found [himself] strongly drawn to the idea of a classless society which, to [his] mind, was similar to traditional African
  culture where life was shared and communal.

 

Works Cited

[‘1. Mandela used the spelling Rolihlahla; see for example official website. Peter Mtuze notes that the orthography of Xhosa names has changed since the time of Mandela’s schooling, and that it would now be written Rholihlahla.[3]
1. ^ “Mandela”.
Collins English Dictionary. Archived from the original on 5 April 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
2. ^ Mandela 1994, p. 3; Boehmer 2008, p. 21; Smith 2010, p. 17; Sampson 2011, p. 3.
3. ^ Mtuze, Peter T (2003). “Mandela’s Long Walk to Freedom:
the isiXhosa translator’s tall order”. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies. 21 (3): 141–152. doi:10.2989/16073610309486337. S2CID 143354489.
4. ^ Benson 1986, p. 16; Mandela 1994, p. 3; Smith 2010, p. 17; Meredith 2010, p.
2; Sampson 2011, p. 3.
5. ^ Mandela 1994, p. 4; Lodge 2006, p. 2; Smith 2010, p. 16.
6. ^ Meer 1988, p. 3; Guiloineau & Rowe 2002, p. 23; Meredith 2010, p. 1.
7. ^ Guiloineau & Rowe 2002, p. 26.
8. ^ Guiloineau & Rowe 2002, p. 26; Lodge 2006,
p. 1; Mafela 2008, pp. 102–103.
9. ^ Smith 2010, p. 19.
10. ^ Mandela 1994, pp. 8–9; Smith 2010, pp. 21–22; Sampson 2011, p. 4.
11. ^ Mandela 1994, p. 17; Meredith 2010, p. 1.
12. ^ Benson 1986, p. 15; Mandela 1994, pp. 7–8; Smith 2010, pp.
16, 23–24; Meredith 2010, pp. 1, 3; Sampson 2011, p. 4.
13. ^ Mandela 1994, p. 19.
14. ^ Mandela 1994, p. 15; Meredith 2010, p. 3.
15. ^ Benson 1986, p. 16; Mandela 1994, p. 12; Smith 2010, pp. 23–24; Meredith 2010, pp. 2, 4.
16. ^ Mandela
1994, pp. 18–19; Lodge 2006, p. 3; Smith 2010, p. 24; Meredith 2010, pp. 2, 4–5; Sampson 2011, pp. 5, 7; Forster 2014, pp. 91–92.
17. ^ Mandela 1994, p. 20; Lodge 2006, p. 3; Smith 2010, p. 25; Meredith 2010, p. 5; Sampson 2011, p. 7.
18. ^ Mandela
1994, pp. 8, 20.
19. ^ Benson 1986, p. 17; Meer 1988, p. 4; Mandela 1994, pp. 22–25; Lodge 2006, p. 3; Smith 2010, pp. 26–27; Meredith 2010, p. 5; Sampson 2011, pp. 7–9.
20. ^ Meer 1988, p. 7; Mandela 1994, pp. 27–29; Meredith 2010, pp. 8–9.
21. ^
Meer 1988, p. 7; Mandela 1994, p. 25; Smith 2010, p. 27; Meredith 2010, p. 9.
22. ^ Meer 1988, pp. 11–12; Mandela 1994, pp. 31–34; Lodge 2006, p. 3; Smith 2010, p. 18; Meredith 2010, p. 8.
23. ^ Mandela 1994, p. 43; Meredith 2010, p. 11.
24. ^
Benson 1986, p. 17; Mandela 1994, pp. 36–42; Lodge 2006, p. 8; Smith 2010, pp. 29–31; Meredith 2010, pp. 9–11; Sampson 2011, p. 14.
25. ^ Mandela 1994, pp. 45–47; Smith 2010, pp. 27, 31; Meredith 2010, pp. 12–13; Sampson 2011, p. 15.
26. ^ Mandela
1994, pp. 48–50.
27. ^ Sampson 2011, p. 17.
28. ^ Mandela 1994, p. 52; Smith 2010, pp. 31–32; Meredith 2010, p. 14; Sampson 2011, pp. 17–18.
29. ^ Mandela 1994, pp. 53–54; Smith 2010, p. 32; Meredith 2010, pp. 14–15; Sampson 2011, pp. 18–21.
30. ^
Mandela 1994, p. 56; Smith 2010, p. 32; Meredith 2010, p. 15.
31. ^ Mandela 1994, pp. 62–65; Lodge 2006, p. 9; Smith 2010, pp. 33–34; Meredith 2010, pp. 15–18; Sampson 2011, pp. 21, 25.
32. ^ Mandela 1994, pp. 62–63; Smith 2010, pp. 33–34; Meredith
2010, pp. 17–19; Sampson 2011, pp. 24–25.
33. ^ Mandela 1994, pp. 67–69; Smith 2010, p. 34; Meredith 2010, p. 18; Sampson 2011, p. 25.
34. ^ Mandela 1994, p. 68; Lodge 2006, p. 10; Smith 2010, p. 35; Meredith 2010, p. 18; Sampson 2011, p. 25.
35. ^
Mandela 1994, p. 68; Lodge 2006, p. 10; Meredith 2010, p. 18; Forster 2014, p. 93.
36. ^ Sampson 2011, p. 25.
37. ^ Mandela 1994, pp. 70–71; Lodge 2006, p. 11; Meredith 2010, p. 19; Sampson 2011, p. 26.
38. ^ Mandela 1994, p. 66; Smith 2010,
p. 34.
39. ^ Benson 1986, p. 21; Mandela 1994, pp. 78–86; Lodge 2006, pp. 11–12; Smith 2010, pp. 34–35; Meredith 2010, pp. 19–20; Sampson 2011, pp. 26–27.
40. ^ Benson 1986, p. 21; Mandela 1994, pp. 73–76; Lodge 2006, p. 12; Smith 2010, pp. 36–39;
Meredith 2010, pp. 20–22; Sampson 2011, pp. 27–28.
41. ^ Benson 1986, p. 23; Meer 1988, pp. 25–26; Mandela 1994, pp. 89–94; Lodge 2006, pp. 12–13; Smith 2010, p. 40; Meredith 2010, pp. 27–28; Sampson 2011, pp. 29–30.
42. ^ Mandela 1994, pp. 96–101;
Lodge 2006, pp. 13, 19–21; Smith 2010, p. 41; Meredith 2010, pp. 28–30; Sampson 2011, pp. 30–31.
43. ^ Mandela 1994, pp. 104–105; Lodge 2006, pp. 22, 31–32; Smith 2010, pp. 43, 48; Meredith 2010, pp. 31–32; Sampson 2011, pp. 32–33.
44. ^ Mandela
1994, p. 106; Smith 2010, pp. 48–49.
45. ^ Mandela 1994, p. 100; Smith 2010, p. 44; Meredith 2010, p. 33; Sampson 2011, p. 34.
46. ^ Benson 1986, p. 23; Meer 1988, p. 26; Mandela 1994, pp. 99, 108–110; Smith 2010, pp. 44–45; Meredith 2010, p.
33; Sampson 2011, p. 33.
47. ^ Mandela 1994, pp. 113–116; Lodge 2006, p. 23; Smith 2010, pp. 45–46; Sampson 2011, p. 33.
48. ^ Mandela 1994, pp. 118–119; Lodge 2006, p. 24; Meredith 2010, p. 33; Sampson 2011, p. 34.
49. ^ Mandela 1994, pp. 116–117,
119–120; Lodge 2006, p. 22; Smith 2010, p. 47; Meredith 2010, pp. 33–34; Sampson 2011, p. 33.
50. ^ Mandela 1994, pp. 122, 126–27; Smith 2010, p. 49; Meredith 2010, p. 34; Sampson 2011, p. 34.
51. ^ Mandela 1994, p. 135.
52. ^ Meer 1988, pp.
33–34; Mandela 1994, pp. 127–131; Smith 2010, pp. 64–65; Meredith 2010, pp. 34–35; Sampson 2011, pp. 34–35.
53. ^ Mandela 1994, pp. 122–123; Lodge 2006, pp. 27–28; Smith 2010, p. 48; Meredith 2010, p. 44; Sampson 2011, p. 37.
54. ^ Mandela 1994,
p. 136; Smith 2010, p. 53; Meredith 2010, pp. 36, 43.
55. ^ Mandela 1994, pp. 137–139; Lodge 2006, pp. 33–34; Smith 2010, p. 53; Meredith 2010, pp. 42–43; Sampson 2011, pp. 38–39.
56. ^ Benson 1986, p. 31; Meer 1988, pp. 34–35; Mandela 1994, pp.
142–143; Smith 2010, p. 54.
57. ^ Benson 1986, pp. 28–29; Mandela 1994, pp. 139–143; Lodge 2006, p. 35; Smith 2010, pp. 52–56; Meredith 2010, pp. 44–46; Sampson 2011, pp. 39–41.
58. ^ Smith 2010, p. inset photographs.
59. ^ Benson 1986, p. 24;
Meer 1988, pp. 39–40; Mandela 1994, pp. 144, 148–149; Lodge 2006, pp. 24, 25; Smith 2010, pp. 59–62; Meredith 2010, p. 47; Sampson 2011, p. 36.
60. ^ Meer 1988, pp. 40–41; Mandela 1994, pp. 149, 152; Lodge 2006, p. 29; Smith 2010, pp. 60–64; Meredith
2010, p. 48; Sampson 2011, p. 36.
61. ^ Meer 1988, p. 40; Mandela 1994, pp. 150, 210; Lodge 2006, p. 30; Smith 2010, p. 67; Meredith 2010, p. 48; Sampson 2011, p. 36.
62. ^ Mandela 1994, p. 151; Smith 2010, p. 64; Meredith 2010, pp. 48–49.
63. ^
Benson 1986, p. 36; Meer 1988, p. 43; Mandela 1994, pp. 153–154; Smith 2010, p. 66; Sampson 2011, p. 48.
64. ^ Mandela 1994, p. 154; Sampson 2011, p. 42.
65. ^ Mandela 1994, pp. 154–157; Lodge 2006, p. 37; Smith 2010, p. 66; Sampson 2011, p. 49.
66. ^
Benson 1986, p. 35; Mandela 1994, pp. 159–162; Lodge 2006, pp. 41–42; Smith 2010, pp. 70–72; Meredith 2010, pp. 76–78; Sampson 2011, pp. 51–52.
67. ^ Benson 1986, pp. 36–37; Mandela 1994, pp. 162–165; Lodge 2006, p. 44; Smith 2010, pp. 72–73; Meredith
2010, pp. 78–79; Sampson 2011, pp. 53–55.
68. ^ Mandela 1994, p. 165.
69. ^ Smith 2010, pp. 68–70; Sampson 2011, p. 35.
70. ^ Benson 1986, p. 26.
71. ^ Mandela 1994, p. 168; Lodge 2006, p. 44; Sampson 2011, pp. 55–56.
72. ^ Benson 1986,
p. 41; Mandela 1994, p. 176; Lodge 2006, p. 47; Smith 2010, p. 78; Meredith 2010, p. 88; Sampson 2011, pp. 63–64.
73. ^ Benson 1986, pp. 38–40; Meer 1988, pp. 48–49; Mandela 1994, pp. 165–167; Smith 2010, pp. 74–75; Meredith 2010, pp. 81–83; Sampson
2011, pp. 61–62.
74. ^ Mandela 1994, p. 176; Smith 2010, p. 78; Sampson 2011, pp. 63–64.
75. ^ Benson 1986, p. 42; Meer 1988, p. 55; Lodge 2006, p. 48; Meredith 2010, p. 94.
76. ^ Mandela 1994, pp. 177–172; Lodge 2006, pp. 45, 47; Smith 2010,
pp. 75–76; Meredith 2010, p. 87; Sampson 2011, pp. 64–65.
77. ^ Mandela 1994, p. 172.
78. ^ Mandela 1994, p. 165; Lodge 2006, p. 53; Smith 2010, p. 77; Meredith 2010, p. 92.
79. ^ Mandela 1994, p. 170; Smith 2010, p. 94; Meredith 2010, p. 103.
80. ^
Benson 1986, pp. 44–46; Meer 1988, pp. 56–58; Mandela 1994, pp. 182–183; Smith 2010, pp. 77, 80; Meredith 2010, pp. 88–89; Sampson 2011, pp. 66–67.
81. ^ Mandela 1994, pp. 183–188; Lodge 2006, p. 52, 53.
82. ^ Lodge 2006, p. 47.
83. ^ Mandela
1994, pp. 188–192; Sampson 2011, p. 68.
84. ^ Benson 1986, p. 51; Mandela 1994, pp. 194–195; Lodge 2006, p. 54; Smith 2010, p. 85; Sampson 2011, pp. 72–73.
85. ^ Benson 1986, pp. 50–51; Mandela 1994, pp. 195–198; Lodge 2006, p. 54; Smith 2010,
pp. 83–84; Meredith 2010, p. 92; Sampson 2011, pp. 71–72.
86. ^ Meer 1988, p. 64; Mandela 1994, pp. 199–200, 204; Smith 2010, p. 86; Sampson 2011, p. 73.
87. ^ Benson 1986, pp. 58–59; Meer 1988, p. 60; Mandela 1994, pp. 205–207, 231; Lodge 2006,
p. 58; Meredith 2010, pp. 107–108; Smith 2010, pp. 116–117; Sampson 2011, pp. 81–82, 84–85.
88. ^ Mandela 1994, pp. 209–210; Smith 2010, p. 87; Meredith 2010, p. 95; Sampson 2011, p. 7.
89. ^ Benson 1986, pp. 54–57; Meer 1988, p. 61; Mandela 1994,
pp. 210–216; Lodge 2006, p. 73; Smith 2010, pp. 87–93; Meredith 2010, pp. 95–101; Sampson 2011, pp. 77–80.
90. ^ Lodge 2006, pp. 28–29, 75.
91. ^ Meredith 2010, pp. 103–104; Smith 2010, pp. 95–99, 105–106.
92. ^ Mandela 1994, pp. 293–294; Meredith
2010, pp. 104–105; Smith 2010, pp. 98–99, 105–106; Sampson 2011, pp. 76–77.
93. ^ Benson 1986, p. 66; Sampson 2011, p. 92.
94. ^ Mandela 1994, pp. 218–233, 234–236; Lodge 2006, pp. 59–60; Meredith 2010, pp. 114–117; Smith 2010, p. 120–123; Sampson
2011, pp. 82–84.
95. ^ Mandela 1994, pp. 226–227; Lodge 2006, p. 60; Meredith 2010, pp. 108–109; Smith 2010, p. 118; Sampson 2011, p. 84.
96. ^ Benson 1986, pp. 64–67; Meer 1988, pp. 71–75; Mandela 1994, pp. 243–249; Lodge 2006, pp. 65–66; Meredith
2010, pp. 129–133; Smith 2010, pp. 118–120, 125–128; Sampson 2011, pp. 87–95.
97. ^ Meredith 2010, p. 134.
98. ^ Mandela 1994, pp. 253–274; Smith 2010, pp. 130–132; Sampson 2011, pp. 96–99.
99. ^ Mandela 1994, p. 275; Meredith 2010, p. 147;
Sampson 2011, pp. 101–102.
100. ^ Meer 1988, pp. 79–80; Meredith 2010, pp. 143–144; Smith 2010, pp. 100–102; Sampson 2011, p. 110.
101. ^ Meer 1988, pp. 79–80; Mandela 1994, p. 296; Smith 2010, pp. 102–104; Sampson 2011, p. 110.
102. ^ Benson
1986, pp. 74–76; Meer 1988, p. 93; Mandela 1994, pp. 306–311; Lodge 2006, pp. 75–77; Meredith 2010, pp. 144–149; Smith 2010, pp. 104, 132–145; Sampson 2011, pp. 110–113.
103. ^ Meredith 2010, pp. 165, 186.
104. ^ Benson 1986, pp. 68, 71–72; Meer
1988, p. 83; Mandela 1994, pp. 283–292; Meredith 2010, pp. 136–141; Smith 2010, pp. 163–164; Sampson 2011, pp. 103–106.
105. ^ Mandela 1994, pp. 299–305; Meredith 2010, p. 142; Smith 2010, pp. 167–168; Sampson 2011, pp. 116–117.
106. ^ Mandela
1994, pp. 331–334; Meredith 2010, pp. 162, 165; Smith 2010, p. 167; Sampson 2011, pp. 122–123.
107. ^ Benson 1986, p. 79; Meer 1988, pp. 90–92, 141–143; Mandela 1994, pp. 327–330; Meredith 2010, pp. 167–168; Smith 2010, pp. 171–173; Sampson 2011,
pp. 117–122.
108. ^ Benson 1986, pp. 83–84; Meer 1988, pp. 144–147; Mandela 1994, pp. 342–346; Lodge 2006, pp. 81–82; Meredith 2010, pp. 167–170; Smith 2010, pp. 173–175; Sampson 2011, pp. 130–131.
109. ^ Benson 1986, pp. 85–86; Mandela 1994,
pp. 347–357; Meredith 2010, pp. 172–175; Smith 2010, p. 175; Sampson 2011, pp. 132–133.
110. ^ Mandela 1994, pp. 357–364; Meredith 2010, pp. 176, 184; Smith 2010, p. 177; Sampson 2011, pp. 134–135.
111. ^ Benson 1986, p. 98; Mandela 1994, pp.
373–374; Lodge 2006, pp. 83–84; Meredith 2010, pp. 187–188; Smith 2010, pp. 183–185; Sampson 2011, pp. 140–143.
112. ^ Benson 1986, p. 94; Meer 1988, p. 151; Mandela 1994, pp. 377–380; Lodge 2006, p. 84; Meredith 2010, pp. 188–189; Smith 2010, p.
178; Sampson 2011, p. 143.
113. ^ Benson 1986, p. 99; Mandela 1994, pp. 283–287; Meredith 2010, pp. 192–193; Smith 2010, pp. 186–188, 193; Sampson 2011, pp. 144–146, 154.
114. ^ Mandela 1994, pp. 289–291; Smith 2010, pp. 188–189; Sampson 2011,
pp. 147–149.
115. ^ Mandela 1994, pp. 393–396; Meredith 2010, pp. 199–200; Smith 2010, pp. 206–210; Sampson 2011, pp. 150–151.
116. ^ Benson 1986, p. 107; Mandela 1994, pp. 397–398; Meredith 2010, pp. 197–198, 200–201; Smith 2010, pp. 209–214;
Sampson 2011, pp. 151–154.
117. ^ Smith 2010, pp. 209–210; Sampson 2011, p. 151.
118. ^ Benson 1986, p. 107; Mandela 1994, pp. 397–409; Lodge 2006, pp. 92–93; Meredith 2010, pp. 201–204; Smith 2010, pp. 191, 222–229; Sampson 2011, pp. 154–156.
119. ^
Jump up to:a b Ellis 2011, pp. 667–668.
120. ^ Ellis 2016, p. 1.
121. ^ Jump up to:a b “SACP statement on the passing away of Madiba”. South African Communist Party. 6 December 2013. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 29 June
2016.; Marrian, Natasha (6 December 2013). “SACP confirms Nelson Mandela was a member”. Business Day. South Africa. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
122. ^ Meer 1988, p. 171; Meredith 2010, p. 207.
123. ^
Benson 1986, p. 108; Meer 1988, p. 171; Mandela 1994, pp. 411–412; Lodge 2006, p. 90; Meredith 2010, p. 204.
124. ^ Benson 1986, p. 110; Meer 1988, p. 170; Mandela 1994, pp. 413–415; Lodge 2006, p. 95; Meredith 2010, p. 206; Smith 2010, pp. 239–246;
Sampson 2011, pp. 158–159.
125. ^ Benson 1986, p. 111; Meer 1988, pp. 171–172, 176; Mandela 1994, pp. 418–425; Lodge 2006, p. 95; Smith 2010, pp. 251–254; Benneyworth 2011, p. 81; Sampson 2011, pp. 160–162.
126. ^ Meer 1988, pp. 173–175; Lodge
2006, p. 97; Meredith 2010, p. 209; Benneyworth 2011, pp. 81, 84.
127. ^ Meer 1988, pp. 176–177, 180; Mandela 1994, pp. 427–432; Smith 2010, pp. 255–256; Sampson 2011, pp. 163–165.
128. ^ Meer 1988, pp. 185–194; Mandela 1994, pp. 432–440; Meredith
2010, p. 210; Smith 2010, pp. 256–259; Sampson 2011, pp. 165–167.
129. ^ Benson 1986, p. 114; Meer 1988, pp. 196–197; Mandela 1994, pp. 441–443; Meredith 2010, pp. 210–211; Smith 2010, pp. 259–261; Sampson 2011, pp. 167–169.
130. ^ Mandela 1994,
pp. 443–445; Lodge 2006, p. 100; Meredith 2010, p. 211; Smith 2010, pp. 261–262; Benneyworth 2011, pp. 91–93; Sampson 2011, pp. 169–170.
131. ^ Benson 1986, pp. 116–117; Meer 1988, pp. 201–202; Mandela 1994, pp. 435–435; Meredith 2010, pp. 215–216;
Smith 2010, pp. 275–276; Sampson 2011, pp. 170–172.
132. ^ Mandela 1994, pp. 278–279; Meredith 2010, p. 216; Sampson 2011, p. 172.
133. ^ Meredith 2010, pp. 216–217; Sampson 2011, p. 172.
134. ^ “Ex-CIA spy admits tip led to Nelson Mandela’s
long imprisonment”. The Guardian. 15 May 2016. Archived from the original on 16 May 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
135. ^ Mandela 1994, pp. 456–459; Sampson 2011, pp. 172–173.
136. ^ Mandela 1994, pp. 463–465; Smith 2010, pp. 292–293; Sampson 2011,
pp. 173–174.
137. ^ Benson 1986, pp. 120–134; Meer 1988, pp. 210–213; Mandela 1994, pp. 468–482; Lodge 2006, pp. 104–106; Meredith 2010, pp. 218–426; Sampson 2011, pp. 174–176.
138. ^ Benson 1986, p. 159; Meer 1988, p. 258; Meredith 2010, p. 265;
Smith 2010, p. 302; Sampson 2011, p. 193; Broun 2012, p. 74.
139. ^ Nelson Mandela. “I am prepared to die”. Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory. Nelson Mandela Foundation. Archived from the original on 1 February 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
140. ^
Benson 1986, pp. 134–137; Meer 1988, pp. 223–226; Mandela 2004, pp. 27–32; Lodge 2006, pp. 108–109; Meredith 2010, pp. 242–250; Smith 2010, pp. 292–295; Sampson 2011, pp. 183–186; Broun 2012, pp. 6–10, 19–20.
141. ^ Benson 1986, pp. 138–139; Meer
1988, p. 226; Mandela 2004, pp. 33–42; Meredith 2010, pp. 252–254, 256; Sampson 2011, pp. 186–190; Broun 2012, pp. 43–49.
142. ^ Benson 1986, p. 160; Meer 1988, pp. 232–233; Mandela 2004, pp. 42–44; Meredith 2010, pp. 252, 259.
143. ^ Benson 1986,
p. 140; Mandela 2004, pp. 43–57; Meredith 2010, pp. 258–265; Smith 2010, pp. 298–302; Sampson 2011, pp. 191–194; Broun 2012, pp. 68–75.
144. ^ Mandela 2004, p. 62; Meredith 2010, p. 268; Smith 2010, p. 303; Sampson 2011, pp. 194–195; Broun 2012,
pp. 102–104, 107.
145. ^ Benson 1986, pp. 161, 163; Mandela 2004, pp. 63–68; Meredith 2010, pp. 268–272; Smith 2010, p. 306; Sampson 2011, pp. 196–197; Broun 2012, pp. 116–128.
146. ^ Benson 1986, p. 165; Meer 1988, p. 262; Mandela 2004, pp. 75–78;
Smith 2010, pp. 307–308; Sampson 2011, p. 204.
147. ^ Mandela 2004, pp. 79–80; Meredith 2010, p. 279; Sampson 2011, p. 205.
148. ^ Benson 1986, p. 166, 182; Meer 1988, p. 266; Mandela 2004, pp. 82–84, 108–116; Meredith 2010, pp. 281–283, 290–291;
Sampson 2011, pp. 206–207.
149. ^ Benson 1986, p. 174; Mandela 2004, p. 126; Meredith 2010, p. 299; Sampson 2011, pp. 205, 258.
150. ^ Benson 1986, p. 169; Mandela 2004, pp. 102–108; Meredith 2010, p. 283; Sampson 2011, p. 205.
151. ^ Benson
1986, p. 175; Mandela 2004, pp. 83, 90, 136–138; Lodge 2006, p. 124; Meredith 2010, pp. 284, 296–298.
152. ^ Meredith 2010, pp. 298–299; Sampson 2011, pp. 210–214.
153. ^ Lodge 2006, pp. 130–131; Meredith 2010, pp. 292–295; Sampson 2011, pp. 236–241,
288–294.
154. ^ Meredith 2010, pp. 301, 313; Sampson 2011, p. 232.
155. ^ Meredith 2010, pp. 295, 299–301; Sampson 2011, p. 229.
156. ^ Meredith 2010, pp. 301–302; Sampson 2011, p. 221.
157. ^ Meredith 2010, p. 337; Sampson 2011, p. 222.
158. ^
Meredith 2010, p. 334; Sampson 2011, p. 241.
159. ^ Lodge 2006, pp. 142, 145; Meredith 2010, pp. 303–304; Sampson 2011, pp. 246–247.
160. ^ Benson 1986, pp. 192–194; Meer 1988, pp. 306–307; Meredith 2010, pp. 287–288, 304–310; Sampson 2011, pp.
248–254, 302.
161. ^ Meredith 2010, p. 301; Sampson 2011, pp. 222, 235.
162. ^ Meer 1988, pp. 207–208; Sampson 2011, p. 231.
163. ^ Lodge 2006, pp. 127–128; Meredith 2010, pp. 308–310; Sampson 2011, pp. 223–225.
164. ^ Lodge 2006, pp. 128–129;
Sampson 2011, pp. 226–227.
165. ^ Hutton 1994, p. 60.
166. ^ Sampson 2011, p. 228.
167. ^ Sampson 2011, pp. 314–315.
168. ^ Meer 1988, p. 268; Lodge 2006, p. 139; Meredith 2010, p. 317; Sampson 2011, pp. 242–243.
169. ^ Sampson 2011, pp.
285–286.
170. ^ Benson 1986, pp. 186–188; Meer 1988, pp. 304–306; Meredith 2010, pp. 324–327; Sampson 2011, pp. 259–276.
171. ^ Lodge 2006, p. 135; Meredith 2010, pp. 327–328; Sampson 2011, pp. 277–283; Soudien 2015, pp. 363–364.
172. ^ Sampson
2011, p. 296.
173. ^ Meer 1988, pp. 313, 314; Sampson 2011, pp. 315–316.
174. ^ Lodge 2006, p. 155; Meredith 2010, pp. 338–339; Sampson 2011, pp. 319–320.
175. ^ Barber 2004, p. 24; Sampson 2011, p. 321.
176. ^ Benson 1986, p. 218; Lodge 2006,
pp. 147–149; Meredith 2010, p. 340; Sampson 2011, pp. 324–325.
177. ^ Lodge 2006, p. 148; Meredith 2010, pp. 346–347; Sampson 2011, pp. 324–325.
178. ^ Meredith 2010, p. 347; Sampson 2011, p. 326.
179. ^ Sampson 2011, pp. 329.
180. ^ Benson
1986, p. 224; Barber 2004, pp. 20, 23, 26–27; Meredith 2010, pp. 341–346; Sampson 2011, pp. 335–336.
181. ^ Benson 1986, pp. 247–248; Barber 2004, p. 30; Lodge 2006, pp. 152–153, 156; Meredith 2010, pp. 249–256; Sampson 2011, pp. 338–342.
182. ^
Benson 1986, p. 210; Meredith 2010, p. 340.
183. ^ Benson 1986, pp. 237–238; Meer 1988, pp. 315–318; Barber 2004, p. 36; Lodge 2006, p. 157; Meredith 2010, pp. 351–352; Sampson 2011, pp. 330–332.
184. ^ “Mandela’s response to being offered freedom”.
ANC. Archived from the original on 22 June 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2008.
185. ^ Benson 1986, p. 254; Lodge 2006, pp. 157–158; Meredith 2010, p. 358; Sampson 2011, pp. 343–345.
186. ^ Meredith 2010, pp. 359–360; Sampson 2011, pp. 347–355.
187. ^
Sampson 2011, p. 355.
188. ^ Sampson 2011, pp. 354–357.
189. ^ Lodge 2006, p. 160; Meredith 2010, pp. 362–368; Sampson 2011, pp. 363–378.
190. ^ Barber 2004, p. 35; Sampson 2011, p. 368.
191. ^ Meer 1988, pp. 20–23; Lodge 2006, pp. 183–184;
Meredith 2010, pp. 371–383; Sampson 2011, pp. 373–380.
192. ^ Meer 1988, pp. 318–319; Lodge 2006, p. 160; Meredith 2010, p. 369; Sampson 2011, pp. 369–370.
193. ^ Meer 1988, p. 320; Lodge 2006, p. 160; Meredith 2010, pp. 369–370; Sampson 2011,
p. 381.
194. ^ Sampson 2011, pp. 384–385, 392–393.
195. ^ Christopher S. Wren (8 December 1988). “Mandela Moved to House at Prison Farm”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
196. ^ Barber
2004, p. 41; Lodge 2006, p. 62; Meredith 2010, p. 388; Sampson 2011, p. 386.
197. ^ Lodge 2006, pp. 161–162; Meredith 2010, pp. 387–388; Sampson 2011, pp. 390–392.
198. ^ Barber 2004, pp. 41–42; Sampson 2011, pp. 392–397.
199. ^ Glad & Blanton
1997, p. 567; Barber 2004, p. 1; Lodge 2006, pp. 165–166; Meredith 2010, pp. 369–397; Sampson 2011, pp. 399–402.
200. ^ “1990: Freedom for Nelson Mandela”. BBC. 11 February 1990. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 28 October
2008.
201. ^ Sampson 2011, p. 403.
202. ^ Lodge 2006, p. 167; Meredith 2010, pp. 399–402; Sampson 2011, p. 407.
203. ^ Ormond, Roger (12 February 1990). “Mandela free after 27 years”. The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 14 February
2013. Retrieved 28 October 2008.
204. ^ Barber 2004, p. 2; Meredith 2010, pp. 400–402; Sampson 2011, pp. 408–409.
205. ^ The text of Mandela’s speech can be found at “Nelson Mandela’s address to Rally in Cape Town on his Release from Prison”.
ANC. 11 February 1990. Archived from the original on 28 July 2008. Retrieved 28 October 2008.
206. ^ Lodge 2006, p. 171; Meredith 2010, pp. 403–405; Sampson 2011, pp. 409–410.
207. ^ Barber 2004, pp. 57; Lodge 2006, p. 172; Meredith 2010, pp.
409–410; Sampson 2011, pp. 412–414.
208. ^ Barber 2004, pp. 58–59; Sampson 2011, pp. 415–418.
209. ^ Barber 2004, p. 60; Meredith 2010, p. 410; Sampson 2011, p. 420.
210. ^ Barber 2004, p. 60; Sampson 2011, pp. 418–420.
211. ^ Jump up to:a
b Meredith 2010, pp. 412–413; Sampson 2011, pp. 424–427.
212. ^ Meredith 2010, p. 439; Sampson 2011, pp. 428–429.
213. ^ Jump up to:a b Barber 2004, p. 47; Lodge 2006, p. 173; Meredith 2010, pp. 439–440; Sampson 2011, pp. 429–430.
214. ^ Meredith
2010, p. 409; Sampson 2011, pp. 431, 448.
215. ^ Meredith 2010, pp. 429–436, 435–460; Sampson 2011, pp. 431, 448.
216. ^ Tomaselli & Tomaselli 2003, p. 6; Lodge 2006, p. 174; Meredith 2010, pp. 418–424; Sampson 2011, pp. 436–442.
217. ^ Meredith
2010, pp. 425–426; Sampson 2011, p. 444.
218. ^ Barber 2004, pp. 45, 69; Lodge 2006, pp. 174–175; Meredith 2010, pp. 443–446; Sampson 2011, pp. 456–459.
219. ^ Sampson 2011, p. 460; Meredith 2010, pp. 448, 452.
220. ^ Barber 2004, pp. 72–73;
Lodge 2006, p. 177; Meredith 2010, pp. 462–463; Sampson 2011, pp. 461–462.
221. ^ Sampson 2011, pp. 462–463; Meredith 2010, pp. 466–467.
222. ^ Lodge 2006, pp. 177–178; Meredith 2010, pp. 467–471; Sampson 2011, pp. 463–466.
223. ^ Barber 2004,
p. 79; Lodge 2006, p. 180; Sampson 2011, pp. 467–468.
224. ^ Barber 2004, p. 80; Meredith 2010, pp. 489–491; Sampson 2011, p. 472.
225. ^ Barber 2004, p. 46; Meredith 2010, pp. 449–450, 488; Sampson 2011, pp. 466, 470–471.
226. ^ Lodge 2006,
pp. 180–181; Meredith 2010, pp. 476–480; Sampson 2011, pp. 468–469.
227. ^ Sampson 2011, p. 471.
228. ^ Jump up to:a b Barber 2004, p. 68; Lodge 2006, p. 182; Meredith 2010, p. 494; Sampson 2011, p. 474.
229. ^ Lodge 2006, p. 182; Meredith 2010,
p. 497; Sampson 2011, pp. 434–445, 473.
230. ^ Meredith 2010, p. 495; Sampson 2011, pp. 467–477.
231. ^ Barber 2004, pp. 76–77; Meredith 2010, pp. 495–496; Sampson 2011, p. 478.
232. ^ Sampson 2011, p. 479.
233. ^ Sampson 2011.
234. ^ Lodge
2006, p. 188; Sampson 2011, pp. 477–478; Meredith 2010, p. 484.
235. ^ Meredith 2010, pp. 488–489, 504–510; Sampson 2011, pp. 480–489.
236. ^ Meredith 2010, pp. 500–501; Sampson 2011, p. 488.
237. ^ Barber 2004, p. 82; Meredith 2010, p. 512;
Sampson 2011, p. 491.
238. ^ Levy, Glen (15 November 2010). “Top 10 Political Prisoners”. Time. Archived from the original on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2013.
239. ^ Meredith 2010, pp. 510–512; Sampson 2011, p. 490.
240. ^ “This Day in
History: April 27, 1994: South Africa holds first multiracial elections”. History. Archived from the original on 12 March 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
241. ^ Meredith 2010, p. 514; Sampson 2011, pp. 492–493.
242. ^ Barber 2004, p. 3; Sampson
2011, pp. 491–492.
243. ^ “Mandela becomes SA’s first black president”. BBC. 10 May 1994. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 26 May 2008.
244. ^ Barber 2004, p. 87; Lodge 2006, p. 210; Meredith 2010, p. 566; Sampson 2011,
pp. 508–511.
245. ^ Meredith 2010, pp. 523, 543; Sampson 2011, pp. 496–497.
246. ^ Sampson 2011, p. 502.
247. ^ Sampson 2011, pp. 497–499, 510.
248. ^ Sampson 2011, pp. 501, 504.
249. ^ Lodge 2006, p. 209; Meredith 2010, p. 543; Sampson
2011, p. 517.
250. ^ Lodge 2006, pp. 208–209; Meredith 2010, pp. 547–548; Sampson 2011, pp. 525–527.
251. ^ Lodge 2006, p. 186; Meredith 2010, p. 517.
252. ^ Meredith 2010, pp. 539–542; Sampson 2011, pp. 500, 507.
253. ^ Lodge 2006, pp. 222–223;
Meredith 2010, pp. 574–575; Sampson 2011, pp. 546–549.
254. ^ Jump up to:a b Barnard 2014, p. 1.
255. ^ Sampson 2011, p. 524.
256. ^ Lodge 2006, p. 213; Meredith 2010, p. 517; Sampson 2011, pp. 495–496.
257. ^ Barber 2004, p. 88; Lodge 2006,
p. 204.
258. ^ Sampson 2011, pp. 507–511.
259. ^ Sampson 2011, p. 508.
260. ^ Jump up to:a b Lodge 2006, pp. 204–205; Meredith 2010, p. 528; Sampson 2011, pp. 511, 534.
261. ^ Lodge 2006, p. 212; Meredith 2010, pp. 523–524; Sampson 2011, pp.
520, 522–523.
262. ^ Meredith 2010, pp. 523–524; Sampson 2011, pp. 520, 522–523.
263. ^ Lodge 2006, p. 212; Meredith 2010, pp. 525–527; Sampson 2011, pp. 516, 524.
264. ^ “Mandela rallies Springboks”. BBC Sport. 6 October 2003. Archived from
the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2008.; Carlin, John (19 October 2007). “How Nelson Mandela won the rugby World Cup”. The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2008.
265. ^
Lodge 2006, p. 213; Meredith 2010, pp. 517, 536; Sampson 2011, pp. 491, 496, 524.
266. ^ Meredith 2010, pp. 517, 536; Sampson 2011, pp. 491, 496, 524.
267. ^ Meredith 2010, pp. 527, 551–564; Sampson 2011, pp. 528–532.
268. ^ Meredith 2010, p.
563; Sampson 2011, p. 532.
269. ^ Meredith 2010, pp. 518–520.
270. ^ Meredith 2010, p. 519; Sampson 2011, pp. 514–515.
271. ^ Barber 2004, pp. 122–124, 162.
272. ^ Muthien, Khosa & Magubane 2000, pp. 369–370; Meredith 2010, pp. 520–521.
273. ^
Jump up to:a b Houston & Muthien 2000, p. 62.
274. ^ Lodge 2006, p. 205; Meredith 2010, p. 521.
275. ^ Leatt, Annie; Shung-King, Maylene & Monson, Jo. “Healing inequalities: The free health care policy” (PDF). Children’s Institute. Archived from
the original (PDF) on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
276. ^ Herbst 2003, p. 312.
277. ^ “Land Reform Policies in South Africa Compare To Human Rights Internationally” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 March 2012. Retrieved 11
February 2012.; “No. 3 of 1996: Land Reform (Labour Tenants) Act, 1996”. South African Government Online. 22 March 1996. Archived from the original on 26 February 2013. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
278. ^ Barber 2004, pp. 102–194.
279. ^ Barber
2004, p. 130.
280. ^ Barber 2004, pp. 135–137; Lodge 2006, p. 219; Meredith 2010, pp. 571–573.
281. ^ Sampson, Anthony (6 July 2003). “Mandela at 85”. The Observer. London. Archived from the original on 26 February 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2008.;
“Can Mandela’s AIDS Message Pierce the Walls of Shame?”. Peninsula Peace and Justice Center. 9 January 2005. Archived from the original on 26 February 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2008.; Quist-Arcton, Ofeibea (19 July 2003). “South Africa: Mandela Deluged
With Tributes as He Turns 85”. AllAfrica. Archived from the original on 26 February 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2008.
282. ^ Meredith 2010, p. 573; Sampson 2011, pp. 510, 565–68.
283. ^ Barber 2004, pp. 137–138.
284. ^ Meredith 2010, pp. 544–547;
Sampson 2011, p. 510.
285. ^ Barber 2004, p. 131; Meredith 2010, p. 573; Sampson 2011, pp. 510, 565–68.
286. ^ Barber 2004, p. 133.
287. ^ Barber 2004, p. 89; Lodge 2006, p. 214.
288. ^ Sampson 2011, p. 555.
289. ^ Sampson 2011, p. 559.
290. ^
Sampson 2011, pp. 560–561.
291. ^ Barber 2004, pp. 107–108.
292. ^ Lodge 2006, p. 216; Sampson 2011, pp. 561–567.
293. ^ Barber 2004, pp. 104–105; Sampson 2011, p. 560.
294. ^ Jump up to:a b Lodge 2006, p. 214.
295. ^ Jump up to:a b Sampson
2011, pp. 562–563.
296. ^ Sampson 2011, p. 564.
297. ^ Barber 2004, p. 144; Lodge 2006, pp. 215–216; Sampson 2011, pp. 563–564.
298. ^ “Analysis: Lockerbie’s long road”. BBC. 31 January 2001. Archived from the original on 9 July 2013. Retrieved
26 May 2008.
299. ^ Barber 2004, pp. 124–125; Sampson 2011, pp. 556–557.
300. ^ Barber 2004, pp. 108–110; Lodge 2006, p. 215; Sampson 2011, pp. 556–557.
301. ^ Barber 2004, pp. 176–177; Lodge 2006, p. 216; Sampson 2011, p. 558.
302. ^ Lodge
2006, pp. 217–218.
303. ^ Barber 2004, pp. 111–113; Sampson 2011, pp. 558–559.
304. ^ “Remembering the moment that SA soldiers marched into Lesotho – The Mail & Guardian”. 19 September 2018.
305. ^ Muthien, Khosa & Magubane 2000, p. 366.
306. ^
Barber 2004, pp. 128–129; Lodge 2006, p. 204; Meredith 2010, pp. 529–530; Sampson 2011, p. 534.
307. ^ Sampson 2011, p. 535.
308. ^ Barber 2004, pp. 128–129.
309. ^ Lodge 2006, p. 207; Sampson 2011, p. 536.
310. ^ Jump up to:a b Lodge 2006,
p. 211.
311. ^ Barber 2004, p. 130; Lodge 2006, p. 211.
312. ^ Lodge 2006, p. 211; Meredith 2010, p. 568; Sampson 2011, pp. 537–543.
313. ^ Meredith 2010, p. 568; Sampson 2011, pp. 537–543.
314. ^ Meredith 2010, p. 576; Sampson 2011, pp. 549–551.
315. ^
Sampson 2011, pp. 551–552.
316. ^ Sampson 2011, p. 578.
317. ^ Lodge 2006, p. 219.
318. ^ Meredith 2010, p. 576; Battersby 2011, pp. 587–588.
319. ^ Meredith 2010, p. 576; Battersby 2011, pp. 588–589.
320. ^ Lodge 2006, pp. 219–220; Meredith
2010, pp. 584–586; Battersby 2011, pp. 590–591.
321. ^ Jump up to:a b Battersby 2011, p. 598.
322. ^ “Mandela ‘responding well to treatment'”. BBC News. 15 August 2001. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2008.
323. ^
Battersby 2011, pp. 589–590.
324. ^ Tebas, Pablo (13 July 2000). “Closing Ceremony”. The Body. Archived from the original on 8 May 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
325. ^ Hogg, Chris (15 July 2004). “Mandela urges action to fight TB”. BBC News.
Archived from the original on 18 July 2004.
326. ^ Nolen, Stephanie (5 December 2013). “Mandela arrived late to the fight against HIV-AIDS”. The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
327. ^ Weir, Keith (13 April 2003). “Equipo Nizkor
– Mandela slams Western action in Kosovo, Iraq”. Derechos.org. Reuters. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
328. ^ Murphy, Jarrett (30 January 2003). “Mandela Slams Bush on Iraq”. CBS News. Archived from the original
on 15 January 2016. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
329. ^ Battersby 2011, pp. 591–592.
330. ^ Pienaar, John (1 September 2002). “Mandela warns Bush over Iraq”. BBC. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2008.; Fenton,
Tom (30 January 2003). “Mandela Slams Bush on Iraq”. CBS. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2008.
331. ^ Battersby 2011, p. 593.
332. ^ Meredith 2010, p. 593; Battersby 2011, p. 598.
333. ^ Jump up to:a b Keyes,
Allison (17 May 2005). “Mandela, Bush Discuss Education, AIDS in Africa”. NPR. Archived from the original on 6 December 2013.
334. ^ Jump up to:a b Hennessey, Kathleen. “The Obama-Mandela dynamic, reflected in a photo”. Los Angeles Times. Archived
from the original on 26 June 2013.
335. ^ Battersby 2011, p. 594.
336. ^ Battersby 2011, p. 600; “Mandela joins ‘Elders’ on turning 89”. NBC News. Associated Press. 20 July 2007. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 26 May
2008.; “Mandela launches The Elders”. SAinfo. 19 July 2007. Archived from the original on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2008.
337. ^ Jump up to:a b “Nelson Mandela Celebrates 90th Birthday by Urging Rich to Help Poor”. Fox News. 18 July
2008. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2008.
338. ^ Bingham, John (6 May 2008). “Hyde Park concert to mark Mandela’s 90th”. The Independent. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 27 October
2008.
339. ^ Jump up to:a b Meredith 2010, p. 598; Battersby 2011, pp. 594–597.
340. ^ “World Cup ‘perfect gift for SA'”. BBC News. 11 May 2004. Archived from the original on 16 March 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
341. ^ Battersby 2011,
p. 600.
342. ^ Batty, David (11 July 2010). “Nelson Mandela attends World Cup closing ceremony”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013.
343. ^ Polgreen, Lydia (24 May 2013). “Messy Fight Over Mandela Trust Goes Public”. The
New York Times. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
344. ^ Smith, David (3 July 2013). “South African courts step in over Mandela family burial row”. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 9 July 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2016.; Moreton, Cole (2
July 2013). “Nelson Mandela’s grandson Mandla accused of grave tampering”. The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
345. ^ Battersby 2011, p. 607.
346. ^ “Nelson Mandela ‘breathing on his own'”.
News 24. 18 January 2011. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
347. ^ “Nelson Mandela has lung infection”. BBC News. 11 Photo credit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ally_m/5487945052/’]