new york city

 

  • [47][48] Dutch rule New Amsterdam, centered in the eventual Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year England took control and renamed it “New York” A permanent European presence
    near New York Harbor began in 1624—making New York the 12th oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement in the continental United States[49]—with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island.

  • [107] New York City was a prime destination in the early twentieth century for African Americans during the Great Migration from the American South, and by 1916, New York
    City had become home to the largest urban African diaspora in North America.

  • [111] Returning World War II veterans created a post-war economic boom and the development of large housing tracts in eastern Queens and Nassau County as well as similar suburban
    areas in New Jersey.

  • Shortly after the British occupation began, the Great Fire of New York occurred, a large conflagration on the West Side of Lower Manhattan, which destroyed about a quarter
    of the buildings in the city, including Trinity Church.

  • [84] By 1790, New York had surpassed Philadelphia to become the largest city in the United States, but by the end of that year, pursuant to the Residence Act, the national
    capital was moved to Philadelphia.

  • Manhattan’s Little Italy, Lower East Side, circa 1900 New York became the most populous urbanized area in the world in the early 1920s, overtaking London.

  • New York is home to more than 3.2 million residents born outside the United States, the largest foreign-born population of any city in the world as of 2016.

  • New York City was the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790,[21] and has been the largest U.S. city since 1790.

  • Geography Main articles: Geography of New York City and Geography of New York–New Jersey Harbor Estuary The core of the New York City metropolitan area, with Manhattan Island
    at its center During the Wisconsin glaciation, 75,000 to 11,000 years ago, the New York City area was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 2,000 feet (610 m) in depth.

  • New York grew in importance as a trading port while as a part of the colony of New York in the early 1700s.

  • If the New York metropolitan area were a sovereign state, it would have the eighth-largest economy in the world.

  • New York, often called New York City (NYC) to distinguish it from the State of New York, is the most populous city in the United States.

  • [19][20] The city was regained by the Dutch in July 1673 and was renamed New Orange for one year and three months; the city has been continuously named New York since November
    1674.

  • [31] Many of the city’s landmarks, skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world, as is the city’s fast pace, spawning the term New York minute.

  • [50][51] The colony of New Amsterdam was centered on what would ultimately be known as Lower Manhattan.

  • Situated on one of the world’s largest natural harbors, with water covering 36.4% of its surface area, New York City is composed of five boroughs, each of which is coextensive
    with a respective county of the state of New York.

  • [87] Over the course of the nineteenth century, New York City’s population grew from 60,000 to 3.43 million.

  • Located at the southern tip of the state of New York, the city is the center of the New York metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban area.

  • [153] Manhattan is the cultural, administrative, and financial center of New York City and contains the headquarters of many major multinational corporations, the United Nations
    Headquarters, Wall Street, and a number of important universities.

  • [18] New York City traces its origins to a trading post founded on the southern tip of Manhattan Island by Dutch colonists in approximately 1624.

  • Their homeland, known as Lenapehoking, included Staten Island, Manhattan, the Bronx, the western portion of Long Island (including the areas that would later become the boroughs
    of Brooklyn and Queens), and the Lower Hudson Valley.

  • [45] Hudson sailed roughly 150 miles (240 km) north,[46] past the site of the present-day New York State capital city of Albany, in the belief that it might be an oceanic
    tributary before the river became too shallow to continue.

  • [140] The city’s land has been altered substantially by human intervention, with considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since Dutch colonial times; reclamation
    is most prominent in Lower Manhattan, with developments such as Battery Park City in the 1970s and 1980s.

  • [138] New York City is situated in the northeastern United States, in southeastern New York State, approximately halfway between Washington, D.C. and Boston.

  • [103] Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication.

  • New York emerged from the war unscathed as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America’s place as the world’s dominant economic power.

  • [92][93] In the 19th century, the city was transformed by both commercial and residential development relating to its status as a national and international trading center,
    as well as by European immigration, respectively.

  • [10] Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy,[11][12] an established safe haven for global investors,[13]
    and is sometimes described as the capital of the world.

  • [79] American Revolution The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765, as the Sons of Liberty, organized in the city, skirmished over the next ten years with British
    troops stationed there.

  • [83] In 1785, the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York City the national capital shortly after the war.

  • New York city’s population jumped from 123,706 in 1820 to 312,710 by 1840, 16,000 of whom were Black.

  • Public-minded members of the contemporaneous business elite lobbied for the establishment of Central Park, which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an American city.

  • [91] The draft riots deteriorated into attacks on New York’s elite, followed by attacks on Black New Yorkers and their property after fierce competition for a decade between
    Irish immigrants and Black people for work.

  • [102] The opening of the subway in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind the new city together.

  • New York City as the U.S. capital hosted several events of national scope in 1789—the first President of the United States, George Washington, was inaugurated; the first United
    States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States each assembled for the first time; and the United States Bill of Rights was drafted, all at Federal Hall on Wall Street.

  • [127] The area was rebuilt with a new One World Trade Center, a 9/11 memorial and museum, and other new buildings and infrastructure.

  • With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over 300.46 square miles (778.2 km2), New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States.

  • The metropolitan area surpassed the 10 million mark in the early 1930s, becoming the first megacity in human history.

  • [39] Early history In the pre-Columbian era, the area of present-day New York City was inhabited by Algonquian Native Americans, including the Lenape.

  • [80] The Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the American Revolutionary War, was fought in August 1776 within the modern-day borough of Brooklyn.

  • [26] In 2019, New York was voted the greatest city in the world per a survey of over 30,000 people from 48 cities worldwide, citing its cultural diversity.

  • [97] There was also extensive immigration from the German provinces, where revolutions had disrupted societies, and Germans comprised another 25% of New York’s population
    by 1860.

  • [62] The Dutch West India Company would eventually attempt to ease tensions between Stuyvesant and residents of New Amsterdam.

  • New York is home to the highest number of billionaires of any city in the world.

  • [128] The World Trade Center PATH station, which had opened on July 19, 1909, as the Hudson Terminal, was also destroyed in the attacks.

  • [45] He made a ten-day exploration of the area and claimed the region for the Dutch East India Company.

  • In 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then a separate city), the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx),
    the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens.

  • Anchored by Wall Street in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City has been called both the world’s leading financial center and the most powerful city in
    the world,[35] and is home to the world’s two largest stock exchanges by total market capitalization, the New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq.

  • The United Nations Headquarters was completed in 1952, solidifying New York’s global geopolitical influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated
    New York’s displacement of Paris as the center of the art world.

  • The Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the American Revolution, took place in Brooklyn in 1776.

  • Discovery of the African Burying Ground in the 1990s, during construction of a new federal courthouse near Foley Square, revealed that tens of thousands of Africans had been
    buried in the area in the colonial period.

  • The only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates, including Benjamin Franklin, and British
    general Lord Howe on September 11, 1776.

  • New York was the last capital of the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation and the first capital under the Constitution of the United States.

  • Most of New York City is built on the three islands of Long Island, Manhattan, and Staten Island.

  • It extended from the southern tip of Manhattan to modern day Wall Street, where a 12-foot wooden stockade was built in 1653 to protect against Native American and British
    raids.

  • [94] The city adopted the Commissioners’ Plan of 1811, which expanded the city street grid to encompass almost all of Manhattan.

  • [63] English rule Fort George and the City of New York c. 1731.

  • [81] After the battle, in which the Americans were defeated, the British made the city their military and political base of operations in North America.

  • The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants; more than 200,000 were living in New York by 1860, upwards of a quarter of the city’s population.

  • [43] In 1609, the English explorer Henry Hudson rediscovered New York Harbor while searching for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for the Dutch East India Company.

  • New York City suffered the bulk of the economic damage and largest loss of human life in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001, attacks.

  • [146] Boroughs Main articles: Boroughs of New York City and Neighborhoods in New York City New York City is sometimes referred to collectively as the Five Boroughs.

  • [27] Many districts and monuments in New York City are major landmarks, including three of the world’s ten most visited tourist attractions in 2013.

  • The city has over 120 colleges and universities, including Columbia University, New York University, and the City University of New York system, which is the largest urban
    public university system in the United States.

  • [106] New York’s non-White population was 36,620 in 1890.

  • [75] It also became a center of slavery, with 42% of households holding slaves by 1730, the highest percentage outside Charleston, South Carolina.

  • [135] In March 2020, the first case of COVID-19 in the city was confirmed in Manhattan.

  • It is home to Central Park and most of the city’s skyscrapers, and is sometimes locally known as The City.

  • [96] The current 5 boroughs of Greater New York as they appeared in 1814.

  • Several small islands also compose part of the borough of Manhattan, including Randall’s Island, Wards Island, and Roosevelt Island in the East River, and Governors Island
    and Liberty Island to the south in New York Harbor.

  • [28] A record 66.6 million tourists visited New York City in 2019.

 

Works Cited

[‘1. Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
2. ^ Official weather observations for Central
Park were conducted at the Arsenal at Fifth Avenue and 64th Street from 1869 to 1919, and at Belvedere Castle since 1919.[206]
3. “US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990”. United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
4. ^
“2021 U.S. Gazetteer Files”. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 5, 2021.
5. ^ “US Board on Geographic Names”. United States Geological Survey. June 23, 2018. Retrieved January 31, 2008. Search for feature ID 975772.
6. ^ Jump up
to:a b c “QuickFacts: New York city, New York”. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 17, 2021.
7. ^ “2020 Population and Housing State Data”. United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2021. Retrieved November 24, 2021.
8. ^ Jump up to:a b “Gross
Domestic Product by County, 2020” (PDF). Bureau of Economic Analysis. December 9, 2020. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
9. ^ “U.S. metro areas—ranked by Gross Metropolitan Product (GMP) 2020 | Statistic”. Statista. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
10. ^ “State
& County QuickFacts—Kings County (Brooklyn Borough), New York”. United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 17, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
11. ^ “World Urban Areas” (PDF). Demographia. April 2018. Retrieved April 27, 2018.
12. ^
“10 Most Photographed Places in the World Will Surprise You”. Travelzoo, Canadian Edition. May 24, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
13. ^ “NYC Mayor’s Office for International Affairs”. The City of New York. Archived from the original on June 16,
2015. Retrieved June 24, 2015.
14. ^ “DDC New York”. Digital Diplomacy Coalition, New York. Archived from the original on July 27, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2018. Established in 2014, DDC New York has partnered with the United Nations, major tech
and social media companies, multiple governments, and NGOs to bring unique programs to the area community.
15. ^ Jump up to:a b [1] Ashkan Zandieh. Accessed June 1, 2022.
16. ^ “A 5-Borough Centennial Preface for Katharine Bement Davis Mini-History”.
The New York City Department of Correction. 1997. Archived from the original on October 23, 2011. Retrieved October 26, 2011.
17. ^ Lubin, Gus (February 15, 2017). “Queens has more languages than anywhere in the world—here’s where they’re found”.
Business Insider. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
18. ^ Jump up to:a b c “More Foreign-Born Immigrants Live in NYC Than There Are People in Chicago”. HuffPost. December 19, 2013. Retrieved April 16, 2017.
19. ^ “Population of the United Kingdom by
Country of Birth and Nationality”. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved October 26, 2021.
20. ^ Jemima McEvoy. “Where The Richest Live: The Cities With The Most Billionaires 2022”. Forbes. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
21. ^ “History of New York
City, New York”. U-S-History.com. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
22. ^ Jump up to:a b c “Dutch Colonies”. National Park Service. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
23. ^ Fortenbaugh, Robert (1948). “The Nine Capitals of the United States”. United States Senate.
Retrieved September 7, 2008.
24. ^ Jump up to:a b “Statue of Liberty”. World Heritage. UNESCO World Heritage Centre 1992–2011. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
25. ^ “Venture Investment—Regional Aggregate Data”. National Venture Capital Association
and PricewaterhouseCoopers. Archived from the original on April 8, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
26. ^ “The Latest: US Says World Closer to Key Goal on Climate Deal”. The New York Times. Associated Press. April 22, 2016. Archived from the original
on April 25, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
27. ^ Foderaro, Lisa W. (September 21, 2014). “Taking a Call for Climate Change to the Streets”. The New York Times. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
28. ^ Phillips, Kristine (July 8, 2017). “New York mayor
on Germany trip: The world should know that Americans don’t align with Trump”. The Washington Post. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
29. ^ Jump up to:a b c Gleason, Will (March 11, 2019). “Citing its diversity and culture, NYC was voted best city in the
world in new global survey”. Time Out. Retrieved May 19, 2019. After compiling the thoughts of over 30,000 people, both from our NYC readership and half-a-world away, New York was voted the greatest city on the planet for 2019. In a hint as to why
this happened, and why now, it also lead [sic] the categories of most diverse metropolis and best culture.
30. ^ Jump up to:a b c Appleton, Kate; Beattie, Rich; Glover, Adrien; Matthews, Lyndsey; Orcutt, April; Pramis, Joshua; Shields, Ann (November
10, 2014). “The World’s Most Visited Tourist Attractions—No. 3: Times Square, New York City—Annual Visitors: 50,000,000”. Travel + Leisure. Retrieved July 12, 2015. No. 3 Times Square, … No. 4 (tie) Central Park, … No. 10 Grand Central Terminal,
New York City
31. ^ “Times Square”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 10, 2011.
32. ^ “The Most Jivin’ Streetscapes in the World”. Luigi Di Serio. 2010. Archived from the original on September 21, 2014. Retrieved May 10, 2011.
33. ^ “New
York Architecture Images—Midtown Times Square”. 2011 nyc-architecture. Archived from the original on January 25, 2017. Retrieved May 10, 2011.
34. ^ Multiple sources:
a. “Singapore transport minister says Suez block may disrupt supplies to region”.
Reuters. March 25, 2021. Retrieved March 25, 2021. A container ship, almost as long as the Empire State Building is high, is blocking transit in both directions through the Suez Canal, one of the world’s busiest shipping channels for oil and grain
and other trade linking Asia and Europe.
b. Lewis, Sophie (October 27, 2020). “Massive coral reef taller than the Empire State Building found off Australian coast”. CBS News. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
c. “World’s Largest Cruise Ship Is Size of
Empire State Building”. iHeart Media. March 28, 2018. Retrieved March 25, 2021.
35. ^ “Manhattan, New York—Some of the Most Expensive Real Estate in the World Overlooks Central Park”. The Pinnacle List. Archived from the original on November 29,
2014. Retrieved November 24, 2014.
36. ^ Brennan, Morgan (March 22, 2013). “The World’s Most Expensive Billionaire Cities”. Forbes. Retrieved July 6, 2013.
37. ^ [2] Accessed June 18, 2022.
38. ^ Bird, Mike (September 22, 2015). “The 25 cities
with the most economic power on earth”. Insider. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
39. ^ Florida, Richard (May 8, 2012). “What Is the World’s Most Economically Powerful City?”. The Atlantic. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
40. ^ Badoe, Etta (November 11, 2015).
“1664 New Amsterdam becomes New York Dutch rulers surrender to England”. Queens Chronicle. Archived from the original on February 1, 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
41. ^ Archdeacon, Thomas J. (2013). New York City, 1664–1710: Conquest and Change.
Cornell University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8014-6891-9.
42. ^ Pritchard, Evan T. (2002). Native New Yorkers: The Legacy of the Algonquin people of New York. p. 27. ISBN 1-57178-107-2.
43. ^ Debo, Angie (2013). A History of the Indians of the
United States. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-8061-8965-9.
44. ^ Rankin, Rebecca B.; Rodgers, Cleveland (1948). New York: The World’s Capital City, Its Development and Contributions to Progress. Harper.
45. ^ WPA Writer’s Project
(2004). A Maritime History of New York. Going Coastal Productions. p. 246. ISBN 0-9729803-1-8.
46. ^ Lankevich, George J. (2002). New York City: A Short History. NYU Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-8147-5186-2.
47. ^ Jump up to:a b “The Hudson River”.
New Netherland Institute. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
48. ^ “Henry Hudson”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
49. ^ Roberts, Sam (October 2, 2012). “Honoring a Very Early New Yorker”. The New York Times. Retrieved October 28, 2021.
50. ^
“CUNY DSI Publishes Monograph on New York’s First Immigrant”. The City College of New York. May 14, 2013. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
51. ^ Briney, Amanda. “15 Oldest Cities in the United States”. About.com. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
52. ^ Dutch
Colonies, National Park Service. Retrieved May 19, 2007. “Sponsored by the West India Company, 30 families arrived in North America in 1624, establishing a settlement on present-day Manhattan.”
53. ^ GovIsland Park-to-Tolerance: through Broad Awareness
and Conscious Vigilance, Tolerance Park. Retrieved February 9, 2017. See Legislative Resolutions Senate No. 5476 and Assembly No. 2708.
54. ^ “Timeline: A selected Wall Street chronology”. PBS. Retrieved October 28, 2021.
55. ^ Binder, Frederick
M.; Reimers, David M. (1996). All the Nations Under Heaven: An Ethnic and Racial History of New York City. Columbia University Press. p. 4. ISBN 0-231-07879-X.
56. ^ “Pieter Schaghen Letter”. S4ulanguages.com. 1626. Retrieved October 28, 2021. “…
hebben t’eylant Manhattes van de wilde gekocht, voor de waerde van 60 gulden: is groot 11000 morgen. …” (“… They have purchased the Island Manhattes from the Indians for the value of 60 guilders. It is 11,000 morgens in size …)
57. ^ “Value
of the Guilder versus Euro”. International Institute of Social History. Retrieved July 25, 2019.
58. ^ “Peter Schaghen Letter”. Nnp.org. Archived from the original on October 23, 2010. Retrieved October 28, 2010.
59. ^ Miller, Christopher L.;
Hamell, George R. (September 1986). “A New Perspective on Indian-White Contact: Cultural Symbols and Colonial Trade”. The Journal of American History. 73 (2): 311–328. doi:10.2307/1908224. JSTOR 1908224.
60. ^ “The Patroon System”. Library of Congress.
Retrieved July 10, 2016.
61. ^ “The Story of New Amsterdam”. New Amsterdam History Center. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
62. ^ Jacobs, Jaap (2009). The Colony of New Netherland: A Dutch Settlement in Seventeenth-Century America. Cornell University
Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-0801475160.
63. ^ Eisenstadt, Peter; Moss, Laura-Eve; Huxley, Carole F. (2005). The Encyclopedia of New York State. Syracuse University Press. p. 1051. ISBN 978-0-8156-0808-0.
64. ^ Jump up to:a b “Peter Stuyvesant”. New-York
Historical Society. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
65. ^ Jump up to:a b “Peter Stuyvesant”. New Netherland Institute. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
66. ^ “The surrender of New Netherland, 1664”. Gilder Lehrman
Institute of American History. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
67. ^ Homberger, Eric (2005). The Historical Atlas of New York City: A Visual Celebration of 400 Years of New York City’s History. Owl Books. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-8050-7842-8.
68. ^ Miller,
John (2000). James II (The English Monarchs Series). Yale University Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-0-300-08728-4.
69. ^ “Treaty of Breda”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 10, 2016.
70. ^ Roper, L. H. (2017). Advancing Empire. Cambridge University
Press. p. 215. ISBN 978-1-107-11891-1.
71. ^ Van Luling, Todd (April 17, 2014). “8 Things Even New Yorkers Don’t Know About New York City”. HuffPost. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
72. ^ Douglas, Peter. “The Man Who Took Back New Netherland” (PDF).
New Netherland Institute. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
73. ^ “Native Americans”. Penn Treaty Museum. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
74. ^ “Gotham Center for New York City History” Timeline 1700–1800
75. ^ Nogueira, Pedro (2009). “The Early History
of Yellow Fever (PDF)”. Thomas Jefferson University.
76. ^ “Timeline – Yellow Fever in America”. Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). Retrieved October 30, 2021.
77. ^ Foote, Thelma Wills (2004). Black and White Manhattan: The History of Racial
Formation in Colonial New York City. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-19-508809-0.
78. ^ Oltman, Adele (October 24, 2005). “The Hidden History of Slavery in New York”. The Nation. Archived from the original on November 30, 2019. Retrieved
July 9, 2013.
79. ^ Asante, Molefi Kete; Mazama, Ama; Cérol, Marie-José (2005). Encyclopedia of Black Studies. SAGE. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-7619-2762-4.
80. ^ Linder, Doug (2001). “The Trial of John Peter Zenger: An Account”. University of Missouri–Kansas
City. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
81. ^ Moore, Nathaniel Fish (1876). An Historical Sketch of Columbia College, in the City of New York, 1754–1876. Columbia University. p. 8.
82. ^ Boyer, Paul; Clark, Clifford; Hawley, Sandra; Kett, Joseph; Rieser,
Andrew (2009). The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People, Volume 1: To 1877, Concise. Cengage Learning. p. 100. ISBN 978-1-111-78553-6.
83. ^ Reno, Linda Davis (2008). The Maryland 400 in the Battle of Long Island, 1776. McFarland. p.
3. ISBN 978-0-7864-5184-5.
84. ^ Hinks, Peter P. (2007). Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 508. ISBN 978-0-313-33144-2.
85. ^ Trinity Church bicentennial celebration, May 5, 1897, By Trinity Church (New
York, N.Y.) p. 37, ISBN 978-1-356-90825-7
86. ^ “The People’s Vote: President George Washington’s First Inaugural Speech (1789)”. U.S. News and World Report. Archived from the original on September 25, 2008. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
87. ^
“Residence Act”. Web Guides: Primary Documents in American History. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on February 22, 2017. Retrieved April 23, 2017.
88. ^ Fortenbaugh, Robert (1948). “The Nine Capitals of the United States”. United
States Senate. p. 9. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
89. ^ Shorto, Russell (February 9, 2004). “The Streets Where History Lives”. The New York Times. Retrieved June 19, 2013.
90. ^ Smil, Vaclav (2019). Growth: From Microorganisms to Megacities. Cambridge,
Massachusetts: The MIT Press. p. 336. ISBN 978-0-262-04283-3. OCLC 1085577162.
91. ^ “An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Negro Slavery in New York” (L. 1799, Ch. 62)
92. ^ Harper, Douglas (2003). “Emancipation in New York”. Slave North. Retrieved
February 6, 2013.
93. ^ Jump up to:a b c “New York Divided: Slavery and the Civil War Online Exhibit”. New-York Historical Society (physical exhibit). September 3, 2007. Archived from the original on April 14, 2012. Retrieved May 10, 2012.
94. ^
Lockwood, Charles (July 23, 1978). “Quintessential Housing Of the Past: Tenements”. The New York Times. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
95. ^ Harris, Leslie M. “African-Americans in New York City, 1626–1863”. Department of History, Emory University.
Retrieved October 31, 2021.
96. ^ Rosenwaike, Ira (1972). Population History of New York City. Syracuse University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-8156-2155-3.
97. ^ Bridges, William (1811). Map of the City Of New York And Island Of Manhattan With Explanatory
Remarks And References.; Lankevich (1998), pp. 67–68.
98. ^ Mushkat, Jerome (1990). Fernando Wood: A Political Biography. Kent State University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-87338-413-1.
99. ^ “Cholera in Nineteenth Century New York”. Virtual New York.
City University of New York. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
100. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Harris, Leslie M. (2003). “The New York City Draft Riots”. In the Shadow of Slavery: African Americans in New York City, 1626–1863. University of Chicago Press. Excerpted
from pages 279–288. ISBN 9780226317755.
101. ^ “The Draft in the Civil War”. U-S-History.com. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
102. ^ Jump up to:a b McPherson, James M.; Hogue, James Keith (2001). Ordeal by Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction. McGraw-Hill
Education. p. 399. ISBN 978-0-07-743035-1.
103. ^ Cook, Adrian (1974). The Armies of the Streets: The New York City Draft Riots of 1863. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 193–195. ISBN 9780813162553.
104. ^ “The 100 Year Anniversary of the Consolidation
of the 5 Boroughs into New York City”. NYC100 Centennial Celebration. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved October 28, 2010.
105. ^ Cudahy, Brian J. (2004). The New York Subway: Its Construction and Equipment : Interborough
Rapid Transit, 1904. Fordham University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-8232-2401-2.
106. ^ Blake, Angela M. (2009). How New York Became American, 1890–1924. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 63–66. ISBN 978-0-8018-8874-8.
107. ^ Sheard, Bradley (1998).
Lost Voyages: Two Centuries of Shipwrecks in the Approaches to New York. Aqua Quest Publications, Inc. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-881652-17-5.
108. ^ “The 1911 Triangle Factory Fire”. Kheel Center, Cornell University. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
109. ^
Rosenwaike, Ira (1972). Population History of New York City. Syracuse University Press. Table 30. ISBN 978-0-8156-2155-3.
110. ^ Gates Jr., Henry Louis; Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks (2009). Harlem Renaissance Lives from the African American National
Biography. Oxford University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-19-538795-7.
111. ^ Roche, Linda De (2015). The Jazz Age: A Historical Exploration of Literature: A Historical Exploration of Literature. ABC-CLIO. pp. 18–19. ISBN 978-1-61069-668-5.
112. ^
“New York Urbanized Area: Population & Density from 1800 (Provisional)”. Demographia. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
113. ^ Allen, Oliver E. (1993). “Chapter 9: The Decline”. The Tiger—The Rise and Fall of[Tammany Hall. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
ISBN 978-0-201-62463-2.
114. ^ Burns, Ric (August 22, 2003). “The Center of the World—New York: A Documentary Film (Transcript)”. PBS. Archived from the original on June 23, 2011. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
115. ^ Jump up to:a b Goicichea, Julia
(August 16, 2017). “Why New York City Is a Major Destination for LGBT Travelers”. The Culture Trip. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
116. ^ “Workforce Diversity The Stonewall Inn, National Historic Landmark National Register Number: 99000562”. National
Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Retrieved May 1, 2011.
117. ^ Rosenberg, Eli (June 24, 2016). “Stonewall Inn Named National Monument, a First for the Gay Rights Movement”. The New York Times. Retrieved June 25, 2016.
118. ^ Murphy,
Timothy (2013). Reader’s Guide to Lesbian and Gay Studies. Routledge. p. 572. ISBN 978-1-135-94234-2.
119. ^ Jump up to:a b “Brief History of the Gay and Lesbian Rights Movement in the U.S.” University of Kentucky. Retrieved September 2, 2017.
120. ^
Jump up to:a b Frizzell, Nell (June 28, 2013). “Feature: How the Stonewall riots started the LGBT rights movement”. PinkNews. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
121. ^ Jump up to:a b “Stonewall riots”. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
122. ^
Jump up to:a b “Civil Rights at Stonewall National Monument”. National Park Service, Department of the Interior. June 2016. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
123. ^ Jump up to:a b “Obama inaugural speech references Stonewall gay-rights riots”. North Jersey
Media Group. January 21, 2013. Archived from the original on May 30, 2013. Retrieved July 2, 2013.
124. ^ Jump up to:a b Williams, Cristan (January 25, 2013). “So, what was Stonewall?”. The TransAdvocate. Retrieved March 28, 2017.
125. ^ Tannenbaum,
Allan (February 2004). “New York in the 70s: A Remembrance”. The Digital Journalist. Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2011.
126. ^ Effgen, Christopher (September 11, 2001). “New York Crime Rates 1960–2009”. Disastercenter.com.
Retrieved October 28, 2010.
127. ^ Waller, Irvin (2013). Smarter Crime Control. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-4422-2170-3.
128. ^ Dieterle, David A. (2017). Economics: The Definitive Encyclopedia from Theory to Practice [4 volumes].
ABC-CLIO. p. 396. ISBN 978-0-313-39708-0.
129. ^ “Missing Doctor Added to List of 9/11 Victims”. The New York Sun. New York: TWO SL LLC. Associated Press. July 10, 2008. Retrieved February 21, 2013.
130. ^ Greenspan, Elizabeth (2013). Battle for
Ground Zero: Inside the Political Struggle to Rebuild the World Trade Center. St. Martin’s Press/Harvard University. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-137-36547-7.
131. ^ “World Trade Center Transportation Hub”. Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Archived
from the original on January 3, 2020. Retrieved February 9, 2017. The state-of-the-art World Trade Center Transportation Hub, completed in 2016, serves 250,000 Port Authority Trans-Hudson (PATH) daily commuters and millions of annual visitors from
around the world. At approximately 800,000 square feet, the Hub, designed by internationally acclaimed architect Santiago Calatrava, is the third largest transportation center in New York City.
132. ^ Hetter, Katia; Boyette, Chris (November 12,
2013). “It’s official: One World Trade Center to be tallest U.S. skyscraper”. CNN. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
133. ^ “New York City Skyscraper Diagram”. SkyscraperPage.com. Skyscraper Source Media. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
134. ^ “One World
Trade Center”. SkyscraperPage.com. Skyscraper Source Media. Retrieved February 9, 2017. The roof height is the same as original One World Trade Center. The building is topped out by a 124-meter (408-foot) spire. So the tower rises 1,776 feet (541-meter)
which marks the year of the American declaration of Independence.
135. ^ Matthews, Laura (April 30, 2012). “One World Trade Center On Top As Tallest Building in New York City”. International Business Times. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
136. ^ Lesser,
Benjamin (April 30, 2012). “It’s official: 1 World Trade Center is now New York’s tallest skyscraper”. Daily News. New York. Retrieved January 22, 2013.
137. ^ Nocera, Joe (September 14, 2012). “Two Days in September”. The New York Times. Retrieved
May 6, 2017. On the left, that anger led, a year ago, to the rise of the Occupy Wall Street movement. Thus, Anniversary No. 2: Sept. 17, 2011, was the date Occupy Wall Street took over Zuccotti Park in Lower Manhattan, which soon led to similar actions
in cities across the country. The movement’s primary issue was income inequality—”We are the 99 percent”, they used to chant.
138. ^ West, Melanie Grayce (March 1, 2020). “First Case of Coronavirus Confirmed in New York State”. The Wall Street
Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
139. ^ Jackson, Kenneth T.; Keller, Lisa; Flood, Nancy (2010). The Encyclopedia of New York City: Second Edition. Yale University Press. p. 2384. ISBN 978-0-300-18257-6.
140. ^ “Remnants of an
Ice Age, The Wisconsin Ice Sheet Continues Its Journey”. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved August 8, 2015.
141. ^ “The Hudson River Estuary”. Life.bio.sunysb.edu. Stony Brook University. Archived from the original on June
4, 2017. Retrieved August 20, 2011.
142. ^ Berger, Joseph (July 19, 2010). “Reclaimed Jewel Whose Attraction Can Be Perilous”. The New York Times. Retrieved July 21, 2010.
143. ^ Gillespie, Angus K. (1999). Twin Towers: The Life of New York City’s
World Trade Center. Rutgers University Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-7838-9785-1.
144. ^ Lopate, Phillip (2005). Waterfront: A Walk Around Manhattan. Anchor Press. ISBN 978-0-385-49714-5.
145. ^ New York State Gazetteer from 2010 United States Census,
United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
146. ^ Roberts, Sam (May 22, 2008). “It’s Still a Big City, Just Not Quite So Big”. The New York Times. Retrieved May 22, 2008.
147. ^ Lundrigan, Margaret (2004). Staten Island: Isle of
the Bay. Arcadia Publishing. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-7385-2443-6.
148. ^ Howard, David (2002). Outside Magazine’s Urban Adventure New York City. W.W. Norton & Company. p. 35. ISBN 978-0-393-32212-5.
149. ^ “A Story Map: 2020 Census Demographic Data
Map Viewer”. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
150. ^ QuickFacts New York city, New York; Bronx County (Bronx Borough), New York; Kings County (Brooklyn Borough), New York; New York County (Manhattan Borough), New York; Queens County
(Queens Borough), New York; Richmond County (Staten Island Borough), New York, United States Census Bureau. Accessed June 11, 2018.
151. ^ “NYC Population: Current and Projected Populations”. NYC.gov. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
152. ^ “GDP by County,
Metro, and Other Areas”. www.bea.gov. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Retrieved November 2, 2021.
153. ^ “The Five Boroughs of the City of New York: A Brief Historical Description”. The History Box. October 7, 2017. Archived from the original on October
7, 2017. Retrieved July 10, 2020.
154. ^ Carlson, Jen (May 21, 2012). “Do You Refer To Manhattan As “The City”?”. Gothamist. Archived from the original on October 25, 2016. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
155. ^ Mann, Camille; Valera, Stephanie. “10
Most Crowded Islands in the World”. The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on April 25, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
156. ^ Barry, Dan (October 11, 2001). “A Nation challenged: in New York; New York Carries On, but Test of Its Grit Has
Just Begun”. The New York Times. Retrieved March 27, 2016. A roaring void has been created in the financial center of the world.
157. ^ Sorrentino, Christopher (September 16, 2007). “When He Was Seventeen”. The New York Times. Retrieved March 27,
2016. In 1980 there were still the remains of the various downtown revolutions that had reinvigorated New York’s music and art scenes and kept Manhattan in the position it had occupied since the 1940s as the cultural center of the world.
158. ^
Immerso, Michael (2002). Coney Island: The People’s Playground. Rutgers University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-8135-3138-0.
159. ^ Hughes, C.J. (August 17, 2016). “Marine Park, Brooklyn: Block Parties, Bocce and Salt Air”. The New York Times. Retrieved
October 29, 2017. The neighborhood of Marine Park, a compact enclave in southeast Brooklyn, has a major claim to fame. It sits next to the borough’s largest park, Marine Park
160. ^ “19 Reasons Why Brooklyn Is New York’s New Startup Hotspot”.
CB Insights. October 19, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
161. ^ Jump up to:a b Friedman, Vanessa (April 30, 2016). “Brooklyn’s Wearable Revolution”. The New York Times. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
162. ^ Symonds, Alexandria (April 29, 2016).
“One Celebrated Brooklyn Artist’s Futuristic New Practice”. The New York Times. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
163. ^ O’Donnell, Michelle (July 4, 2006). “In Queens, It’s the Glorious 4th, and 6th, and 16th, and 25th …” The New York Times. Retrieved
July 20, 2014.
164. ^ Jump up to:a b Kim, Christine. “Queens, New York, Sightseeing”. USA Today. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
165. ^ Jump up to:a b Weber, Andrew (April 30, 2013). “Queens”. NewYork.com. Archived from the original on May 13, 2015.
Retrieved March 20, 2016.
166. ^ Frazier, Ian (June 26, 2006). “Utopia, the Bronx”. The New Yorker. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
167. ^ Jump up to:a b “Animals & Exhibits”. Bronx Zoo. Wildlife Conservation Society. Archived from the original on
January 14, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2016.
168. ^ Ward, Candace (2000). New York City Museum Guide. Dover Publications. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-486-41000-5.
169. ^ Jump up to:a b Toop, David (1992). Rap Attack 2: African Rap to Global Hip Hop. Serpent’s
Tail. ISBN 978-1-85242-243-1.
170. ^ Jump up to:a b c Foderaro, Lisa W. (May 31, 2013). “How Big Is That Park? City Now Has the Answer”. The New York Times. Retrieved May 31, 2013.
171. ^ “Staten Island Greenbelt”. NYNJTC.org. New York–New Jersey
Trail Conference. Retrieved October 28, 2010.
172. ^ Goldman, Henry (October 30, 2018). “NYC’s Fastest-Growing Neighborhood Gets $180 Million Investment”. Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
173. ^ Taylor, Marisa. “As One World Trade Center
soars, so do its costs”. MSNBC. Archived from the original on February 1, 2012. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
174. ^ Skyline Ranking, Emporis. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
175. ^ “Alchemy borrows $220M for Woolworth conversion”. Real Estate Weekly.
June 15, 2016. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 9, 2017. The neo-gothic Woolworth Building was commissioned by Frank W. Woolworth in 1910 as his eponymous company’s new headquarters and designed by renowned architect
Cass Gilbert. The building was completed in 1913 and was for 17 years the tallest building in the world.
176. ^ Fischler, Raphael (1998). “The Metropolitan Dimension of Early Zoning: Revisiting the 1916 New York City Ordinance”. Journal of the American
Planning Association. 64 (2): 170–188. doi:10.1080/01944369808975974.
177. ^ “Favorites! 100 Experts Pick Their top 10 New York Towers”. The Skyscraper Museum. January 22, 2006. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
178. ^ Jump up to:a b Pogrebin, Robin
(April 16, 2006). “7 World Trade Center and Hearst Building: New York’s Test Cases for Environmentally Aware Office Towers”. The New York Times. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
179. ^ Plunz, Richard A. (1990). “Chapters 3 [Rich and Poor] & 4 [Beyond
the Tenement]”. History of Housing in New York City: Dwelling Type and Change in the American Metropolis. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-06297-8.
180. ^ Garb, Margaret (March 1, 1998). “If You’re Thinking of Living In/Riverdale, the
Bronx; A Community Jealous of Its Open Space”. The New York Times. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
181. ^ “New York Metro: 6 Affordable Neighborhoods”. New York. September 17, 2001. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved February
10, 2012.
182. ^ Shaman, Diana (February 8, 2004). “If You’re Thinking of Living In/Douglaston, Queens; Timeless City Area, With a Country Feel”. The New York Times. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
183. ^ Lankevich (1998), pp. 82–83; Wilson, Rufus
Rockwell (1902). New York: Old & New: Its Story, Streets, and Landmarks. J.B. Lippincott. p. 354.
184. ^ Elliott, Debbie (December 2, 2006). “Wondering About Water Towers”. NPR. Retrieved September 1, 2008.
185. ^ Hood, Clifton (2004). 722 Miles:
The Building of the Subways and How They Transformed New York. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 175–177. ISBN 978-0-8018-5244-2.
186. ^ Robertson, Jessica; Petersen, Mark (July 17, 2014). “New Insight on the Nation’s Earthquake Hazards”. United
States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on August 11, 2014. Retrieved August 12, 2014.
187. ^ Peel, M.C.; Finlayson, B.L.; McMahon, T.A. “World Map of Köppen-Geiger climate classification”. The University of Melbourne. Archived from
the original on January 13, 2015. Retrieved April 26, 2013.
188. ^ “New York Polonia Polish Portal in New York”. NewYorkPolonia.com. Retrieved April 26, 2013.
189. ^ “Trewartha maps”. kkh.ltrr.arizona.edu. University of Arizona. Retrieved January
30, 2019.
190. ^ “Chapter 47. Global mapping”. fao.org. Food and Agriculture Organization. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
191. ^ Jump up to:a b “New York Central Park, NY Climate Normals 1961−1990”. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Retrieved July 18, 2020.
192. ^ “USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map”. Agricultural Research Service, PRISM Climate Group Oregon State University. Archived from the original on February 27, 2014. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
193. ^ Jump up to:a b c
“New York, NY”. United States National Weather Service. Retrieved November 13, 2017.
194. ^ “The Climate of New York”. Cornell University. Archived from the original on April 12, 2008. Retrieved July 6, 2012.
195. ^ Jump up to:a b c “NowData –
NOAA Online Weather Data”. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 4, 2021.
196. ^ “Days below 0°F in New York City”. Weather 2000. Retrieved June 24, 2021.
197. ^ Pollak, Michael (January 10, 2014). “Determining New York
City’s Record Wind Chill”. The New York Times. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
198. ^ “New York City Sea Temperature—United States—Sea Temperatures”. World Sea Temperatures. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
199. ^ Dolnick, Sam (August 28, 2011). “Damage
From Irene Largely Spares New York—Recovery Is Slower in New York Suburbs”. The New York Times. Retrieved November 5, 2021.
200. ^ “Superstorm Sandy blamed for at least 11 U.S. deaths as it slams East Coast”. CNN. October 29, 2012. Retrieved January
22, 2013.
201. ^ Stone, Jeff; Gallucci, Maria (October 29, 2014). “Hurricane Sandy Anniversary 2014: Fortifying New York—How Well Armored Are We for the Next Superstorm?”. International Business Times. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
202. ^ Eshelman,
Robert S. (November 15, 2012). “ADAPTATION: Political support for a sea wall in New York Harbor begins to form”. Environment & Energy Publishing, LLC. Archived from the original on July 2, 2015. Retrieved July 23, 2015.
203. ^ Jump up to:a b “Temperaturmonatsmittel
NEW YORK CENTRAL PARK 1821–1987”. Wetterzentrale. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
204. ^ “Warmest and Coldest Years and Months at Central Park (1869 to Present)” (PDF). United States National Weather Service.
Retrieved August 22, 2021.
205. ^ “Wettest and Driest Years and Months at Central Park (1869 to Present)” (PDF). United States National Weather Service. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
206. ^ “Monthly & Annual Snowfall at Central Park” (PDF). United
States National Weather Service. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
207. ^ “All-Time Extremes Central Park, NY Photo credit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/tonythemisfit/2812442552/’]