nobel prize

 

  • [7] A prize may not be shared among more than three individuals, although the Nobel Peace Prize can be awarded to organizations of more than three people.

  • In 1944, the Nobel Foundation, together with the three members in exile, made sure that nominations were submitted for the Peace Prize and that the prize could be awarded
    once again.

  • [9] The Nobel Prizes, beginning in 1901, and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, beginning in 1969, have been awarded 603 times to 962 people and 25 organizations.

  • [130][131][132] In 1948, the year of Gandhi’s death, the Norwegian Nobel Committee decided to make no award that year on the grounds that “there was no suitable living candidate”.

  • [65][66] The Peace Prize can also be awarded for a lifetime body of work.

  • [62][63][64] According to Ralf Pettersson, former chairman of the Nobel Prize Committee for Physiology or Medicine, “the criterion ‘the previous year’ is interpreted by the
    Nobel Assembly as the year when the full impact of the discovery has become evident.

  • [47][48] The board of the Nobel Foundation decided that after this addition, it would allow no further new prizes.

  • [58] On 3 October 2011, the laureates for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine were announced; however, the committee was not aware that one of the laureates, Ralph M.
    Steinman, had died three days earlier.

  • In the subsequent year, all prizes were awarded except those for literature and peace.

  • Robert and Ludvig Nobel were involved in the oil business in Azerbaijan, and according to Swedish historian E. Bargengren, who accessed the Nobel family archive, it was this
    “decision to allow withdrawal of Alfred’s money from Baku that became the decisive factor that enabled the Nobel Prizes to be established”.

  • [50] The announcement of the laureates in Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2009 by Gunnar Öquist, permanent secretary of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 2009 Nobel Prize in
    Literature announcement by Peter Englund in Swedish, English, and German Nominations[edit] Nomination forms are sent by the Nobel Committee to about 3,000 individuals, usually in September the year before the prizes are awarded.

  • [2][10] Four individuals and two organisations have received more than one Nobel Prize.

  • The laureate is only obliged to give the lecture within six months of receiving the prize, but some have happened even later.

  • [59] Recognition time lag[edit] Nobel’s will provided for prizes to be awarded in recognition of discoveries made “during the preceding year”.

  • According to his will and testament read in Stockholm on 30 December 1896, a foundation established by Alfred Nobel would reward those who serve humanity.

  • [43] Prize in Economic Sciences[edit] Main article: Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences Map of Nobel laureates by country In 1968, Sweden’s central bank Sveriges Riksbank
    celebrated its 300th anniversary by donating a large sum of money to the Nobel Foundation to be used to set up a prize in honour of Alfred Nobel.

  • [46] These members kept the work of the committee going, but did not award any prizes.

  • [104][105] Controversies and criticisms Controversial recipients[edit] When it was announced that Henry Kissinger was to be awarded the Peace Prize, two of the Norwegian Nobel
    Committee members resigned in protest.

  • Except for the Peace Prize, which can be awarded to institutions, the awards can only be given to individuals.

  • [22] Nobel’s instructions named a Norwegian Nobel Committee to award the Peace Prize, the members of whom were appointed shortly after the will was approved in April 1897.

  • [26] Another important task of the Nobel Foundation is to market the prizes internationally and to oversee informal administration related to the prizes.

  • Regarding the Peace Prize, inquiries are also sent to governments, former Peace Prize laureates, and current or former members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee.

  • [89] The amount of prize money depends upon how much money the Nobel Foundation can award each year.

  • [128][129] Overlooked achievements[edit] Mahatma Gandhi, although nominated five times, was never awarded a Nobel Peace Prize.

  • [118][119] Past Peace Prize laureates were divided, some saying that Obama deserved the award, and others saying he had not secured the achievements to yet merit such an accolade.

  • [106][107][108] Peace Prize Among the most criticised Nobel Peace Prizes was the one awarded to Henry Kissinger and Lê Đức Thọ.

  • [95] Diplomas[edit] Nobel laureates receive a diploma directly from the hands of the King of Sweden, or in the case of the peace prize, the chairman of the Norwegian Nobel
    Committee.

  • [49] Award process The award process is similar for all of the Nobel Prizes, the main difference being who can make nominations for each of them.

  • [2] Nobel Prizes are awarded in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace (Nobel characterized the Peace Prize as “to the person who
    has done the most or best to advance fellowship among nations, the abolition or reduction of standing armies, and the establishment and promotion of peace congresses”).

  • The following year, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel was awarded for the first time.

  • Thus, with the Chemistry Prize, the academy “was chiefly faced with merely deciding the order in which these scientists should be awarded the prize”.

  • [9] The committee later decided that as the decision to award Steinman the prize “was made in good faith”, it would remain unchanged.

  • [55] There are four awarding institutions for the six prizes awarded: • Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences • Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute • Swedish Academy •
    Norwegian Nobel Committee The institutions meet to choose the laureate or laureates in each field by a majority vote.

  • Nobel Foundation[edit] Formation of Foundation[edit] Main article: Nobel Foundation Alfred Nobel’s will stated that 94% of his total assets should be used to establish the
    Nobel Prizes.

  • There has been one laureate, William Vickrey, who in 1996 died after the prize (in Economics) was announced but before it could be presented.

  • According to the official sources, Alfred Nobel bequeathed most of his fortune to the Nobel Foundation that now forms the economic base of the Nobel Prize.

  • Although Mahatma Gandhi, an icon of nonviolence in the 20th century, was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize five times, in 1937, 1938, 1939, 1947, and a few days before he
    was assassinated on 30 January 1948, he was never awarded the prize.

  • [147] The strict rule against awarding a prize to more than three people is also controversial.

  • The Peace Prize and its recipients’ lectures are presented at the annual Prize Award Ceremony in Oslo, Norway, usually on 10 December.

  • [23] The Nobel Foundation reached an agreement on guidelines for how the prizes should be awarded; and, in 1900, the Nobel Foundation’s newly created statutes were promulgated
    by King Oscar II.

  • For example, US President Theodore Roosevelt received the Peace Prize in 1906 but gave his lecture in 1910, after his term in office.

  • [71] The most recent controversy [[1]] was caused by awarding the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize to Barack Obama in his first year as US President.

  • Endorsed by such influential publications as The New England Journal of Medicine, leucotomy or “lobotomy” became so popular that about 5,000 lobotomies were performed in the
    United States in the three years immediately following Moniz’s receipt of the Prize.

  • [81] The highlight of the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm occurs when each Nobel laureate steps forward to receive the prize from the hands of the King of Sweden.

  • An article in Foreign Policy magazine identified seven people who “never won the prize, but should have”.

  • Nobel lecture[edit] According to the statutes of the Nobel Foundation, each laureate is required to give a public lecture on a subject related to the topic of their prize.

  • [44] Even though Sweden was officially neutral during the Second World War, the prizes were awarded irregularly.

  • At the same time, Chairman Gunnar Jahn of the Nobel Peace prize committee, lobbied heavily against giving U Thant the prize and the prize was at the last minute awarded to
    UNICEF.

  • [67][68] However, they can also be awarded for specific recent events.

  • [89] The diploma contains a picture and text in Swedish which states the name of the laureate and normally a citation of why they received the prize.

  • [100] If two laureates share the prize in a category, the award grant is divided equally between the recipients.

  • In his will, he bequeathed all of his “remaining realisable assets” to be used to establish five prizes which became known as “Nobel Prizes.”

  • [25] In accordance with Nobel’s will, the primary task of the foundation is to manage the fortune Nobel left.

  • [56] A maximum of three laureates and two different works may be selected per award.

  • Gaston Ramon received a total of 155[142] nominations in physiology or medicine from 1930 to 1953, the last year with public nomination data for that award as of 2016.

  • [87] Prizes Medals[edit] The Nobel Foundation announced on 30 May 2012 that it had awarded the contract for the production of the five (Swedish) Nobel Prize medals to Svenska
    Medalj AB.

  • Nobel’s portrait also appears on the obverse of the Peace Prize medal and the medal for the Economics Prize, but with a slightly different design.

  • [57] Posthumous nominations[edit] Although posthumous nominations are not presently permitted, individuals who died in the months between their nomination and the decision
    of the prize committee were originally eligible to receive the prize.

  • [148] When a prize is awarded to recognise an achievement by a team of more than three collaborators, one or more will miss out.

  • The Literature Prize is typically awarded to recognise a cumulative lifetime body of work rather than a single achievement.

  • [53][113] Immediately after the award was announced, one of the five Norwegian Nobel Committee members denounced Arafat as a terrorist and resigned.

  • [134] Geir Lundestad, 2006 Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee, said, The greatest omission in our 106 year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the
    Nobel Peace Prize.

  • Once the Nobel Foundation and its guidelines were in place, the Nobel Committees began collecting nominations for the inaugural prizes.

  • Subsequently, they sent a list of preliminary candidates to the prize-awarding institutions.

  • Since 1974, laureates must be thought alive at the time of the October announcement.

  • If there are three, the awarding committee has the option of dividing the grant equally, or awarding one-half to one recipient and one-quarter to each of the others.

  • [76][77][78] Award ceremonies Except for the Peace Prize, the Nobel Prizes are presented in Stockholm, Sweden, at the annual Prize Award Ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary
    of Nobel’s death.

  • These are the three most nominated scientists without awards in the data published as of 2016.

  • [96][97] Award money[edit] The laureates are given a sum of money when they receive their prizes, in the form of a document confirming the amount awarded.

  • Soon thereafter, the other prize-awarding organizations were designated.

 

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