• In some European countries the term “kindergarten” refers to formal education of children classified as ISCED level 0 – with one or several years of such education being compulsory
  – before children start primary school at ISCED level 1.

• [57] The three prime areas: • communication and language • physical development • personal, social and emotional development The four specific areas: • literacy • mathematics
  • understanding the world • expressive arts and design Until the mid-1980s, nursery schools only admitted pupils in the final year (three terms) leading up to their admission to primary school, but pupils now attend nursery school for four
  or five terms.

• Before this law was passed there was a large number of children who did not attend an Early Childhood Education Program.

• [57] Pre-schools in England follow the Early Years Foundation Stage statutory framework for education produced by the Department for Education, which carries on into their
  first year of school at the age of four.

• [56] The Early Years Foundation Stage sets the standards that all early years providers must meet to ensure that children learn and develop well and are kept healthy and safe.

• Currently, the Early Years curriculum in Wales, produced by the Welsh Assembly Government Department for Children, Education, Lifelong Learning and Skills, is set out in the
  booklet “Desirable Outcomes for Children’s Learning Before Compulsory School Age”.

• This gives parents the option of two years of funded pre-school education before beginning primary one, the first year of compulsory education.

• Since 2005 it has been a statutory duty for all Local Education Authorities to secure sufficient nursery education in their area for children from the term following their
  third birthday.

• This can also be used to define services for children younger than kindergarten age, especially in countries where kindergarten is compulsory.

• [58] However, a new ‘Foundation Phase’ covering 3- to 7-year-olds is being rolled out across Wales from 2008, with a focus on ‘learning through play’,[59] which covers seven
  areas of learning: • Personal and Social Development and Well Being • Language, Literacy and Communication Skills • Mathematical Development • Bilingualism and Multi-cultural Understanding • Knowledge and Understanding of the World • Physical
  Development • Creative Development Northern Ireland [edit] In Northern Ireland funded Nursery School places can be applied for from ages 3 and up.

• The exploratory study in Hu and Szente 2010 (cited under Early Childhood Inclusive Education) has indicated that Chinese kindergarten teachers hold negative attitudes toward
  inclusion of children with disabilities, as they do not have enough knowledge and skills for working with this population.

• All pupils in the Early Years must follow a programme of education in seven areas, divided into ‘prime areas’ and ‘specific areas’.

• Furthermore, Gu 2007 has focused on the issues of new early childhood teachers’ professional development and puts forward some feasible suggestions about how new teachers
  deal with key events in their everyday teaching practices.

• A preschool (sometimes spelled as pre school or pre-school), also known as nursery school, pre-primary school, play school or creche, is an educational establishment or learning
  space offering early childhood education to children before they begin compulsory education at primary school.

• It is also common practice for many children to attend nursery much earlier than this.

• [19] The first three years of a child’s life are critical for setting the foundation for language acquisition, socialization, and attitudes to learning.

• Since the enactment of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Public Law 101–476 in 1975 and its amendments, PL 102-119 and PL 105–17 in 1997, the educational
  system has moved away from self-contained special education classrooms to inclusion, leading special education teachers to practice in a wider variety of settings.

• [1] The following terms may be used for educational institutions for this age group: • Pre-primary or creche[2] from 6 weeks old to 6 years old – is an educational childcare
  service a parent can enroll their child(ren) in before primary school.

• Currently, the Chinese government has shown interest in early childhood education, implementing policies in the form of The Guidance for Kindergarten Education (Trial Version)
  in 2001 and The National Education Reform and Development of Long-Term planning Programs (2010–2020) in 2010.

• The government soon realized that a large number of children were having trouble in their first years of primary school and parents were having to stay home becoming jobless.

• 2009, which studies across three cultures, the continuity and change across the systems of early childhood education are evident.

• Pre-school education in Scotland is planned around the Early Level of the Curriculum for Excellence which identifies Outcomes & Experiences around the following eight curricular
  areas: • Expressive Arts, • Health & Wellbeing, • Languages, • Mathematics, • Religious & Moral Education, • Sciences • Social Studies • Technologies Responsibility for the review of care standards in Scottish nurseries rests with the Care
  Commission.

• The ownership of pre-school education facilities (namely, kindergartens) according to the Law could be public (state or municipality) as well as private.

• England [edit] A voucher system for nursery provision was introduced in England and Wales under the Major government, providing for 15 hours per week free childcare or education
  for three and four-year-olds, much of it provided through reception classes in primary schools.

• Many nurseries have the facilities to take on babies, using the ‘Early Years Foundation Stage’, framework as a guide to give each child the best possible start to becoming
  a competent learner and skilful communicator.

• Funding While a majority of American preschool programs remain tuition-based, support for some public funding of early childhood education has grown over the years.

• A higher quality of educational provisions for children living in rural areas will be another goal for the Chinese government.

• It promotes teaching and learning to ensure children’s ‘school readiness’ and gives children the broad range of knowledge and skills that provide the right foundation for
  good future progress through school and life.

• Preschool education is important and beneficial for any child attending nursery school because it gives the child a head start through social interactions.

• With regard to families’ support of their children’s early development at home, family education should be focused and the collaborative partnership between kindergarten and
  family needs to be enhanced.

• The NEP 2020 has placed a great deal of importance on early childhood care and education, advocating that the foundational stage (3 to 8 years) is critical and requires official/formal
  intervention.

• In an age when school was restricted to children who had already learned to read and write at home, there were many attempts to make school accessible to orphans or to the
  children of women who worked in factories.

• [51] In the United States, students who may benefit from special education receive services in preschools.

• [7][8][9] In conjunction with his venture for cooperative mills Owen wanted the children to be given a good moral education so that they would be fit for work.

• Scotland [edit] In Scotland a voucher system for part-time pre-school provision was introduced in parallel with England and Wales under the Major government, but with a strong
  emphasis on age-appropriate education rather than simply childcare, and avoiding the use of reception classes in primary schools.

• He began working for the Infant School Society the next year, informing others about his views.

• [47][48] Japan [edit] Young children in a kindergarten in Japan In Japan, development of social skills and a sense of group belonging are major goals.

• [18] Elizabeth Harrison wrote extensively on the theory of early childhood education and worked to enhance educational standards for kindergarten teachers by establishing
  what became the National College of Education in 1886.

• Furthermore, currently, administrative authorities intend to establish an independent budget for the ECE field in order to support early childhood education in rural areas
  (Zhao and Hu 2008).

• • Kindergarten (US) from 5 to 6 years old – held in a Nursery School and/or some primary elementary schools; in many parts of world (less so in English speaking countries)
  it refers to the first stages of formal education.

• “Playing with other children, away from adults, is how children learn to make their own decisions, control their emotions and impulses, see from others’ perspectives, negotiate
  differences with others, and make friends,” according to Peter Gray, a professor at Boston College and an expert on the evolution of play and its vital role in child development.

• [citation needed] United Kingdom [edit] In the UK, pre-school education in nursery classes or schools has some local government funding for children aged between two and four.

• Many researchers have detailed the important issues of early childhood education, especially teacher education.

• For example, the Scottish Early Years Framework[54] and the Curriculum for Excellence[55] define expected outcomes even at this age.

• He published many works on the subject, and his work became the model for infant schools throughout England and further afield.

• They work to ensure that all students meet the standard rather that each reaches his or her own potential.

• Therefore, kindergarten teachers should support family members in their role as the child’s first teacher and build collaborative partnerships with family, as presented in
  Ding 2007.

• Although preschools exhibit great variety, most target age-appropriate personal development, such as learning empathy, rather than academic programs.

• He also wrote “The Infant System, for developing the physical, intellectual, and moral powers off all children from one to seven years of age”.

• Furthermore, within the process of reform, family education and family collaborations cannot be ignored in child development.

• Collaborations with area Head Start and other private preschools helped fund a public preschool in one district.

• [60] Preschools, both private and school sponsored, are available for children from ages three to five.

• [49] Participation in group activities is highly valued, leading some schools to, for example, count a child who is standing still near a group exercise session as participating.

• North Korea [edit] Preschool education in North Korea is public and provides a variety of activities, such as dance, math, drawing and Korean, as well as basic abilities such
  as using a spoon and respecting elders.

• [24] A 19-month-old girl after her first 9 hours at preschool Some studies dispute the benefits of preschool education,[25][26] finding that preschool can be detrimental to
  cognitive and social development.

• [3][4] • Preschool (US and UK) from 2 to 5 years old – held in a Nursery School; readiness has to do with whether the child is on track developmentally, and potty training
  is a big factor, so a child can start as early as 2 years old.

• Nursery in England is also called FS1 which is the first year of foundation before they go into primary or infants.

• Internationally, there is strong opposition to this type of early childhood care and education curriculum and defence of a broad-based curriculum that supports a child’s overall
  development including health and physical development, emotional and spiritual wellbeing, social competence, intellectual development and communication skills.

• Private voluntary or independent (PVI sector) nursery education is also available throughout the UK and varies between structured pre-school education and a service offering
  child-minding facilities.

• As of 2008, 38 states and the District of Columbia invested in at least some preschool programs, and many school districts were providing preschool services on their own,
  using local and federal funds.

• Much of this revolves around content and pedagogy; the extent to which academic content should be included in the curriculum and whether formal instruction or child-initiated
  exploration, supported by adults, is more effective.

• This year of school is usually called Reception.

• Early childhood education in China has made dramatic progress since the 1980s.

• Many of these programs follow similar curriculum as pre-kindergarten.

• According to the 7th article of the Law, “the purpose of pre-school education shall be to help a child satisfy inherent, cultural (including ethnic), social and cognitive
  needs.”

• [44] The type of document that emerges from this perspective is likely to be more open, offering a framework which teachers and parents can use to develop curricula specific
  to their contexts.

 

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Photo credit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/tinyfroglet/921984328/’]