tree

 

  • A tree typically has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground by the trunk, which typically contains woody tissue for strength, and vascular tissue to carry materials
    from one part of the tree to another.

  • The vascular system of trees allows water, nutrients and other chemicals to be distributed around the plant, and without it trees would not be able to grow as large as they
    do.

  • [49] Parts Roots Main article: Root A young red pine (Pinus resinosa) with spread of roots visible, as a result of soil erosion The roots of a tree serve to anchor it to the
    ground and gather water and nutrients to transfer to all parts of the tree.

  • Certain monocots may be considered trees under a slightly looser definition;[8] while the Joshua tree, bamboos and palms do not have secondary growth and never produce true
    wood with growth rings,[9][10] they may produce “pseudo-wood” by lignifying cells formed by primary growth.

  • Light is very limited under their dense cover and there may be little plant life on the forest floor, although fungi may abound.

  • [60] Some tree species have developed root extensions that pop out of soil, in order to get oxygen, when it is not available in the soil because of excess water.

  • [17] Trees have modified structures such as thicker stems composed of specialised cells that add structural strength and durability, allowing them to grow taller than many
    other plants and to spread out their foliage.

  • They differ from shrubs, which have a similar growth form, by usually growing larger and having a single main stem;[5] but there is no consistent distinction between a tree
    and a shrub,[18] made more confusing by the fact that trees may be reduced in size under harsher environmental conditions such as on mountains and subarctic areas.

  • [13] Overview The tree growth habit is an evolutionary adaptation found in different groups of plants: by growing taller, trees are able to compete better for sunlight.

  • [59] Many large trees have buttress roots which flare out from the lower part of the trunk.

  • Trees are not a monophyletic taxonomic group but consist of a wide variety of plant species that have independently evolved a trunk and branches as a way to tower above other
    plants to compete for sunlight.

  • [84] The seeds of conifers, the largest group of gymnosperms, are enclosed in a cone and most species have seeds that are light and papery that can be blown considerable distances
    once free from the cone.

  • Mangroves often grow in water and some species have propagules, which are buoyant fruits with seeds that start germinating before becoming detached from the parent tree.

  • [83] The great diversity in tree fruits and seeds reflects the many different ways that tree species have evolved to disperse their offspring.

  • [78] A few trees do not have true leaves but instead have structures with similar external appearance such as Phylloclades – modified stem structures[79] – as seen in the
    genus Phyllocladus.

  • [93] The single extant species of Ginkgophyta (Ginkgo biloba) has fleshy seeds produced at the ends of short branches on female trees,[94] and Gnetum, a tropical and subtropical
    group of gymnosperms produce seeds at the tip of a shoot axis.

  • [107] Non-native tree species provide a less biodiverse community, for example in the United Kingdom the sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus), which originates from southern Europe,
    has few associated invertebrate species, though its bark supports a wide range of lichens, bryophytes and other epiphytes.

  • [2][6] A commonly applied narrower definition is that a tree has a woody trunk formed by secondary growth, meaning that the trunk thickens each year by growing outwards, in
    addition to the primary upwards growth from the growing tip.

  • [11] Tree species in the genus Dracaena, despite also being monocots, do have secondary growth caused by meristem in their trunk, but it is different from the thickening meristem
    found in dicotyledonous trees.

  • [53] Fossil evidence shows that roots have been associated with mycorrhizal fungi since the early Paleozoic, four hundred million years ago, when the first vascular plants
    colonised dry land.

  • [31] Many tall palms are herbaceous[32] monocots, which do not undergo secondary growth and never produce wood.

  • [19][20] The greatest number of these grow in tropical regions; many of these areas have not yet been fully surveyed by botanists, making tree diversity and ranges poorly
    known.

  • [3] Trees are also typically defined by height,[4] with smaller plants from 0.5 to 10 m (1.6 to 32.8 ft) being called shrubs,[5] so the minimum height of a tree is only loosely
    defined.

  • [51] The hyphae of the fungus can link different trees and a network is formed, transferring nutrients and signals from one place to another.

  • [111] Uses Food Further information: nut (fruit) and fruit Trees are the source of many of the world’s best known fleshy fruits.

  • This process enables the tree to live in low nitrogen habitats where they would otherwise be unable to thrive.

  • If damage occurs the tree may in time become hollow.

  • [72] In some tree species in temperate climates, a second spurt of growth, a Lammas growth may occur which is believed to be a strategy to compensate for loss of early foliage
    to insect predators.

  • [26] Trees are either evergreen, having foliage that persists and remains green throughout the year,[27] or deciduous, shedding their leaves at the end of the growing season
    and then having a dormant period without foliage.

  • Of the rest, many are gymnosperms or softwood trees;[22] these include conifers, cycads, ginkgophytes and gnetales, which produce seeds which are not enclosed in fruits, but
    in open structures such as pine cones, and many have tough waxy leaves, such as pine needles.

  • On the ground underneath trees there is shade, and often there is undergrowth, leaf litter, and decaying wood that provide other habitat.

  • Some of the tree ferns, order Cyatheales, have tall straight trunks, growing up to 20 metres (66 ft), but these are composed not of wood but of rhizomes which grow vertically
    and are covered by numerous adventitious roots.

  • When the days get shorter and the temperature begins to decrease, the leaves no longer make new chlorophyll and the red and yellow pigments already present in the blades become
    apparent.

  • [68] Many older trees may become hollow but may still stand upright for many years.

  • Trees have evolved leaves in a wide range of shapes and sizes, in response to environmental pressures including climate and predation.

  • The tree form has evolved separately in unrelated classes of plants in response to similar environmental challenges, making it a classic example of parallel evolution.

  • Trees need to draw water high up the stem through the xylem from the roots by capillary action, as water continually evaporates from the leaves in the process of transpiration.

  • [105] Many species of tree support their own specialised invertebrates.

  • In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are usable as lumber or plants above a specified height.

  • [64] A section of yew (Taxus baccata) showing 27 annual growth rings, pale sapwood and dark heartwood Although the bark functions as a protective barrier, it is itself attacked
    by boring insects such as beetles.

  • If seeds only fell straight to the ground, competition among the concentrated saplings and the shade of the parent would likely prevent it from flourishing.

  • [1][2] In its broadest sense, a tree is any plant with the general form of an elongated stem, or trunk, which supports the photosynthetic leaves or branches at some distance
    above the ground.

  • It can also limit damage done to a tree by pollution as the fungus accumulate heavy metals within its tissues.

  • [109] In ecosystems such as mangrove swamps, trees play a role in developing the habitat, since the roots of the mangrove trees reduce the speed of flow of tidal currents
    and trap water-borne sediment, reducing the water depth and creating suitable conditions for further mangrove colonisation.

  • In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves.

  • Trees provide shade and shelter, timber for construction, fuel for cooking and heating, and fruit for food as well as having many other uses.

  • [38] In suitable environments, such as the Daintree Rainforest in Queensland, or the mixed podocarp and broadleaf forest of Ulva Island, New Zealand, forest is the more-or-less
    stable climatic climax community at the end of a plant succession, where open areas such as grassland are colonised by taller plants, which in turn give way to trees that eventually form a forest canopy.

  • In tropical and subtropical regions, many trees keep their leaves all year round.

  • [12] Aside from structural definitions, trees are commonly defined by use; for instance, as those plants which yield lumber.

  • Individual leaves may fall intermittently and be replaced by new growth but most leaves remain intact for some time.

  • [82] Seeds Main article: Seed Seeds are the primary way that trees reproduce and their seeds vary greatly in size and shape.

  • [43] The long cold winter of the far north is unsuitable for plant growth and trees must grow rapidly in the short summer season when the temperature rises and the days are
    long.

  • Other tropical species and those in arid regions may shed all their leaves annually, such as at the start of the dry season.

  • [28] Most conifers are evergreens, but larches (Larix and Pseudolarix) are deciduous, dropping their needles each autumn, and some species of cypress (Glyptostrobus, Metasequoia
    and Taxodium) shed small leafy shoots annually in a process known as cladoptosis.

  • [25] The three main parts of trees include the root, stem, and leaves; they are integral parts of the vascular system which interconnects all the living cells.

  • In much of the world, forests are shrinking as trees are cleared to increase the amount of land available for agriculture.

  • [84] Cracked thorny skin of a Aesculus tree seed Other seeds, such as apple pips and plum stones, have fleshy receptacles and smaller fruits like hawthorns have seeds enclosed
    in edible tissue; animals including mammals and birds eat the fruits and either discard the seeds, or swallow them so they pass through the gut to be deposited in the animal’s droppings well away from the parent tree.

  • [100] Ecology Trees are an important part of the terrestrial ecosystem,[101] providing essential habitats including many kinds of forest for communities of organisms.

  • [4][7] Under such a definition, herbaceous plants such as palms, bananas and papayas are not considered trees regardless of their height, growth form or stem girth.

  • Buds also form in the axils of the leaves ready to produce new side shoots.

  • [71] Buds and growth Further information: Bud Trees do not usually grow continuously throughout the year but mostly have spurts of active expansion followed by periods of
    rest.

  • [14] Trees tend to be tall and long-lived,[15] some reaching several thousand years old.

  • [16] Several trees are among the oldest organisms now living.

  • Wood gives structural strength to the trunk of most types of tree; this supports the plant as it grows larger.

  • [81] Trees use a variety of methods of seed dispersal.

  • Trees tend to be long-lived, some reaching several thousand years old.

  • There are also some trees among the old lineages of flowering plants called basal angiosperms or paleodicots; these include Amborella, Magnolia, nutmeg and avocado,[24] while
    trees such as bamboo, palms and bananas are monocots.

  • Others again eject their seeds (ballistic dispersal), or use gravity so that seeds fall and sometimes roll.

  • [84] The miniature cone-like catkins of alder trees produce seeds that contain small droplets of oil that help disperse the seeds on the surface of water.

  • [57] The roots are, generally, an underground part of the tree, but some tree species have evolved roots that are aerial.

  • Frozen ground may limit water availability and conifers are often found in colder places at higher altitudes and higher latitudes than broad leaved trees.

  • Trees usually reproduce using seeds.

  • In the interglacials, trees recolonised the land that had been covered by ice, only to be driven back again in the next glacial period.

 

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