university of oxford

 

  • [18] Women’s education[edit] First two women’s colleges Lady Margaret Hall (1878) Somerville College (1879) The university passed a statute in 1875 allowing examinations for
    women at roughly undergraduate level;[52] for a brief period in the early 1900s, this allowed the “steamboat ladies” to receive ad eundem degrees from the University of Dublin.

  • The six current PPHs are: • Blackfriars Hall • Campion Hall • Regent’s Park College • St Benet’s Hall • St Stephen’s House • Wycliffe Hall The PPHs and colleges join as the
    Conference of Colleges, which represents the common concerns of the several colleges of the university, to discuss matters of shared interest and to act collectively when necessary, such as in dealings with the central university.

  • There are thirty-nine colleges of the University of Oxford and six permanent private halls (PPHs), each controlling its membership and with its own internal structure and
    activities.

  • [21] It is known that teaching at Oxford existed in some form as early as 1096, but it is unclear when a university came into being.

  • The list of distinguished scholars at the University of Oxford is long and includes many who have made major contributions to politics, the sciences, medicine, and literature.

  • “[38] Nevertheless, Walpole argued: Among the many deficiencies attending a university education there was, however, one good thing about it, and that was the education which
    the undergraduates gave themselves.

  • There is evidence of teaching as early as 1096,[2] making it the oldest university in the English-speaking world and the world’s second-oldest university in continuous operation.

  • [71][72] In June 2017, Oxford announced that starting the following academic year, history students may choose to sit a take-home exam in some courses, with the intention
    that this will equalise rates of firsts awarded to women and men at Oxford.

  • [42] All students, regardless of their chosen area of study, were required to spend (at least) their first year preparing for a first-year examination that was heavily focused
    on classical languages.

  • [52] However, during this period Oxford colleges were single sex, so the number of women was also limited by the capacity of the women’s colleges to admit students.

  • [108] Academic profile Admission[edit] University admission statistics[109] Percentage of state-school students at Oxford and Cambridge[110][111] In common with most British
    universities, prospective students apply through the UCAS application system, but prospective applicants for the University of Oxford, along with those for medicine, dentistry, and University of Cambridge applicants, must observe an earlier
    deadline of 15 October.

  • [52] There were also 25 women students living at home or with friends in 1879, a group which evolved into the Society of Oxford Home-Students and in 1952 into St Anne’s College.

  • [83] Tom Quad, Christ Church Colleges To be a member of the university, all students, and most academic staff, must also be a member of a college or hall.

  • [31] Thereafter, until the 1820s, no new universities were allowed to be founded in England, even in London; thus, Oxford and Cambridge had a duopoly, which was unusual in
    large western European countries.

  • [3] Oxford has educated a wide range of notable alumni, including 28 prime ministers of the United Kingdom and many heads of state and government around the world.

  • [25][26] In later centuries, geographical origins continued to influence many students’ affiliations when membership of a college or hall became customary in Oxford.

  • [74][75] The detective novel Gaudy Night by Dorothy L. Sayers, herself one of the first women to gain an academic degree from Oxford, is largely set in the all-female Shrewsbury
    College, Oxford (based on Sayers’ own Somerville College[76]), and the issue of women’s education is central to its plot.

  • Central governance[edit] The university’s formal head is the Chancellor, currently Lord Patten of Barnes, though as at most British universities, the Chancellor is a titular
    figure and is not involved with the day-to-day running of the university.

  • He quoted the Oxford University Commissioners in 1852 stating: “The education imparted at Oxford was not such as to conduce to the advancement in life of many persons, except
    those intended for the ministry.

  • [112] The Sutton Trust maintains that Oxford University and Cambridge University recruit disproportionately from 8 schools which accounted for 1,310 Oxbridge places during
    three years, contrasted with 1,220 from 2,900 other schools.

  • [34] The method of teaching at Oxford was transformed from the medieval scholastic method to Renaissance education, although institutions associated with the university suffered
    losses of land and revenues.

  • The University of Oxford is a “public university” in the sense that it receives some public money from the government, but it is a “private university” in the sense that it
    is entirely self-governing and, in theory, could choose to become entirely private by rejecting public funds.

  • [44] On 7 October 1920 women became eligible for admission as full members of the university and were given the right to take degrees.

  • [65][66] The majority of men’s colleges accepted their first female students in 1979,[66] with Christ Church following in 1980,[67] and Oriel becoming the last men’s college
    to admit women in 1985.

  • Oxford operates the world’s oldest university museum, as well as the largest university press in the world[16] and the largest academic library system nationwide.

  • If the average undergraduate carried from University little or no learning, which was of any service to him, he carried from it a knowledge of men and respect for his fellows
    and himself, a reverence for the past, a code of honour for the present, which could not but be serviceable.

  • Science students found this particularly burdensome and supported a separate science degree with Greek language study removed from their required courses.

  • [44] The University Roll of Service records that, in total, 14,792 members of the university served in the war, with 2,716 (18.36%) killed.

  • This concept of a Bachelor of Science had been adopted at other European universities (London University had implemented it in 1860) but an 1880 proposal at Oxford to replace
    the classical requirement with a modern language (like German or French) was unsuccessful.

  • [61] In the early 20th century, Oxford and Cambridge were widely perceived to be bastions of male privilege,[62] however the integration of women into Oxford moved forward
    during the First World War.

  • [68] Most of Oxford’s graduate colleges were founded as coeducational establishments in the 20th century, with the exception of St Antony’s, which was founded as a men’s college
    in 1950 and began to accept women only in 1962.

  • This group held regular meetings at Wadham under the guidance of the college’s Warden, John Wilkins, and the group formed the nucleus that went on to found the Royal Society.

  • [19] Oxford is the home of numerous scholarships, including the Rhodes Scholarship, one of the oldest international graduate scholarship programmes.

  • It is also a core member of the Europaeum and forms part of the “golden triangle” of highly research intensive and elite English universities.

  • Thereafter, an increasing number of students lived in colleges rather than in halls and religious houses.

  • Laud was also responsible for the granting of a charter securing privileges for the University Press, and he made significant contributions to the Bodleian Library, the main
    library of the university.

  • The commission’s report envisioned a centralised university run predominantly by professors and faculties, with a much stronger emphasis on research.

  • [53] In June 1878, the Association for the Education of Women (AEW) was formed, aiming for the eventual creation of a college for women in Oxford.

  • [12][24] Aerial view of Merton College’s Mob Quad, the oldest quadrangle of the university, constructed in the years from 1288 to 1378 The students associated together on
    the basis of geographical origins, into two ‘nations’, representing the North (northerners or Boreales, who included the English people from north of the River Trent and the Scots) and the South (southerners or Australes, who included English
    people from south of the Trent, the Irish and the Welsh).

  • Furthermore, although the university’s emphasis had historically been on classical knowledge, its curriculum expanded during the 19th century to include scientific and medical
    studies.

  • Though certain colleges do have subject alignments (e.g., Nuffield College as a centre for the social sciences), these are exceptions, and most colleges will have a broad
    mix of academics and students from a diverse range of subjects.

  • It called for an enlargement of the curriculum, with honours to be awarded in many new fields.

  • [20] History Founding[edit] Balliol College, one of the university’s oldest constituent colleges The University of Oxford’s foundation date is unknown.

  • [2][10][11] It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris.

  • From the beginnings of the Church of England as the established church until 1866, membership of the church was a requirement to receive the BA degree from the university
    and “dissenters” were only permitted to receive the MA in 1871.

  • [45] Not all the members of the university who served in the Great War were on the Allied side; there is a remarkable memorial to members of New College who served in the
    German armed forces, bearing the inscription, ‘In memory of the men of this college who coming from a foreign land entered into the inheritance of this place and returning fought and died for their country in the war 1914–1918’.

  • [25] Another founder, Walter de Merton, a Lord Chancellor of England and afterwards Bishop of Rochester, devised a series of regulations for college life;[28][29] Merton College
    thereby became the model for such establishments at Oxford,[30] as well as at the University of Cambridge.

  • Administrative reforms during the 19th century included the replacement of oral examinations with written entrance tests, greater tolerance for religious dissent, and the
    establishment of four women’s colleges.

  • After considerable internal wrangling over the structure of the arts curriculum, in 1886 the “natural science preliminary” was recognized as a qualifying part of the first
    year examination.

  • Two university proctors, elected annually on a rotating basis from two of the colleges, are the internal ombudsmen who make sure that the university and its members adhere
    to its statutes.

  • The current campaign, its second, was launched in May 2008 and is entitled “Oxford Thinking – The Campaign for the University of Oxford”.

  • [80] Organisation As a collegiate university, Oxford is structured as a federation, comprising over forty self-governing colleges and halls, along with a central administration
    headed by the Vice-Chancellor.

  • [116] Most applicants choose to apply to one of the individual colleges, which work with each other to ensure that the best students gain a place somewhere at the university
    regardless of their college preferences.

  • [48] Schools of “Natural Sciences” and “Law, and Modern History” were added in 1853.

  • One difference between a college and a PPH is that whereas colleges are governed by the fellows of the college, the governance of a PPH resides, at least in part, with the
    corresponding Christian denomination.

  • Colleges arrange the tutorial teaching for their undergraduates, and the members of an academic department are spread around many colleges.

  • [27] At about the same time, private benefactors established colleges as self-contained scholarly communities.

  • [13] The university is made up of thirty-nine semi-autonomous constituent colleges, six permanent private halls, and a range of academic departments which are organised into
    four divisions.

  • [107] Affiliations[edit] Oxford is a member of the Russell Group of research-led British universities, the G5, the League of European Research Universities, and the International
    Alliance of Research Universities.

  • He said, “Few medical men, few solicitors, few persons intended for commerce or trade, ever dreamed of passing through a university career.”

  • The University of Oxford began to award doctorates for research in the first third of the 20th century.

  • [37] From the mid-18th century onwards, however, the university took little part in political conflicts.

  • [12] The two English ancient universities share many common features and are jointly referred to as Oxbridge.

  • It grew quickly from 1167 when English students returned from the University of Paris.

  • [93] The university was one of the first in the UK to raise money through a major public fundraising campaign, the Campaign for Oxford.

  • Students were to be allowed to save money by boarding in the city, instead of in a college.

  • [88][87] The college figure does not reflect all the assets held by the colleges as their accounts do not include the cost or value of many of their main sites or heritage
    assets such as works of art or libraries.

  • It was not until 1959 that the women’s colleges were given full collegiate status.

 

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