• [134] The black population of Vancouver is small in comparison to other Canadian major cities, making up 0.9 percent of the city.

• [30][31] The indigenous Squamish people who reside in a region that encompasses southwestern British Columbia including this city gave the name K’emk’emeláy̓ which means “place
  of many maple trees”; this was originally the name of a village inhabited by said people where a sawmill was established by one Captain Edward Stamp as part of the foundations to the British settlement later becoming part of Vancouver.

• The Greater Vancouver area had a population of 2.6 million in 2021, making it the third-largest metropolitan area in Canada.

• [64] Amalgamation with Point Grey and South Vancouver gave the city its final boundaries not long before it became the third-largest metropolis in the country.

• [109] Vancouver’s characteristic approach to urban planning originated in the late 1950s, when city planners began to encourage the building of high-rise residential towers
  in Vancouver’s West End,[110] subject to strict requirements for setbacks and open space to protect sight lines and preserve green space.

• [23] Major film production studios in Vancouver and nearby Burnaby have turned Greater Vancouver and nearby areas into one of the largest film production centres in North
  America,[24][25] earning it the nickname “Hollywood North”.

• [123] The 2016 census recorded more than 631,000 people in the city, making it the eighth-largest among Canadian cities.

• [40] The explorer and North West Company trader Simon Fraser and his crew became the first-known Europeans to set foot on the site of the present-day city.

• [161] Some still-standing Vancouver landmarks, including the SkyTrain public transit system and Canada Place, were built as part of the exposition.

• The city holds one of the largest concentrations of ethnic Chinese residents in North America.

• From the mid-1950s until the 1980s, many Portuguese immigrants came to Vancouver and the city had the third-largest Portuguese population in Canada in 2001.

• [21][22] While forestry remains its largest industry, Vancouver is well known as an urban centre surrounded by nature, making tourism its second-largest industry.

• [12][13][14] In terms of housing affordability, Vancouver is also one of the most expensive cities in Canada and in the world.

• [131] This arrival of Asian immigrants continued a tradition of immigration from around the world that had established Vancouver as the second-most popular destination for
  immigrants in Canada after Toronto.

• [49] Incorporation The first Vancouver City Council meeting following the Great Vancouver Fire in 1886 The City of Vancouver was incorporated on April 6, 1886, the same year
  that the first transcontinental train arrived.

• [124] The metropolitan area referred to as Greater Vancouver, with more than 2.4 million residents, is the third-most populous metropolitan area in the country[124] and the
  most populous in Western Canada.

• A sawmill established at Moodyville (now the City of North Vancouver) in 1863, began the city’s long relationship with logging.

• [139] Vancouver has a large LGBT community,[140] with a recognized gay enclave focused in the West End neighbourhood of the downtown core, particularly along Davie Street,
  officially designated as Davie Village,[141] though the gay community is omnipresent throughout West End and Yaletown areas.

• Europeans became acquainted with the area of the future Vancouver when José María Narváez of Spain explored the coast of present-day Point Grey and parts of Burrard Inlet
  in 1791—although one author contends that Francis Drake may have visited the area in 1579.

• Urban development in Vancouver is characterized by a large residential population living in the city centre with mixed-use developments.

• The largest trees in Vancouver’s old-growth forest were in the Gastown area, where the first logging occurred and on the southern slopes of False Creek and English Bay, especially
  around Jericho Beach.

• [46] Vancouver’s population grew from a settlement of 1,000 people in 1881 to over 20,000 by the turn of the century and 100,000 by 1911.

• The Fraser Gold Rush of 1858 brought over 25,000 men, mainly from California, to nearby New Westminster (founded February 14, 1859) on the Fraser River, on their way to the
  Fraser Canyon, bypassing what would become Vancouver.

• [55] The rise of industrial tensions throughout the province led to Canada’s first general strike in 1918, at the Cumberland coal mines on Vancouver Island.

• Two modern buildings that define the southern skyline away from the downtown area are City Hall and the Centennial Pavilion of Vancouver General Hospital, both designed by
  Townley and Matheson in 1936 and 1958, respectively.

• [51] The economy of early Vancouver was dominated by large companies such as the CPR, which fuelled economic activity and led to the rapid development of the new city;[52]
  in fact, the CPR was the main real estate owner and housing developer in the city.

• [103] Approximately 74 percent of the people living in Metro Vancouver live outside the city.

• [32] History Before 1850 Archaeological records indicate that Aboriginal people were already living in the Vancouver area from 8,000 to 10,000 years ago.

• The Vancouver Fire Department was established that year and the city quickly rebuilt.

• [105] Vancouver has also been ranked among Canada’s most expensive cities to live in.

• [34] The region where Vancouver is currently located was referred to in contemporary Halkomelem as Lhq’á:lets,[38][39] meaning “wide at the bottom/end”.

• [63] After the war, these Japanese-Canadian men and women were not allowed to return to cities like Vancouver causing areas, like the aforementioned Japantown, to cease to
  be ethnically Japanese areas as the communities never revived.

• [146] Economy Main article: Economy of Vancouver With its location on the Pacific Rim and at the western terminus of Canada’s transcontinental highway and rail routes, Vancouver
  is one of the nation’s largest industrial centres.

• [160] Another significant international event held in Vancouver, the 1986 World Exposition, received over 20 million visitors and added $3.7 billion to the Canadian economy.

• A prominent addition to the city’s landscape is the giant tent-frame Canada Place (designed by Zeidler Roberts Partnership Partnership, MCMP & DA Architects), the former Canada
  Pavilion from the 1986 World Exposition, which includes part of the Convention Centre, the Pan-Pacific Hotel, and a cruise ship terminal.

• [158] Since the 1990s, development of high-rise condominia in the downtown peninsula has been financed, in part, by an inflow of capital from Hong Kong immigrants due to the
  former colony’s 1997 handover to China.

• Hogan’s Alley, a small area adjacent to Chinatown, just off Main Street at Prior, was once home to a significant black community.

• [126] People of English, Scottish, and Irish origins were historically the largest ethnic groups in the city,[127] and elements of British society and culture are still visible
  in some areas, particularly South Granville and Kerrisdale.

• [66] Until the city’s naming in 1885, “Vancouver” referred to Vancouver Island and it remains a common misconception that the city is located on the island.

• [42][43][44] Vancouver is among British Columbia’s youngest cities;[45] the first European settlement in what is now Vancouver was not until 1862 at McCleery’s Farm on the
  Fraser River, just east of the ancient village of Musqueam in what is now Marpole.

• Since the 1980s, immigration increased substantially, making the city more ethnically and linguistically diverse; 53 percent of Vancouver’s residents do not speak English
  as their first language.

• Vancouver also has a significant aboriginal community of about 11,000 people.

• The larger Lower Mainland-Southwest economic region (which includes also the Squamish-Lillooet, Fraser Valley, and Sunshine Coast Regional District) has a population of over
  2.93 million.

• Germans are the next-largest European ethnic group in Vancouver and were a leading force in the city’s society and economy until the rise of anti-German sentiment with the
  outbreak of World War I in 1914.

• [42] One of those merchants, Charles Woodward, had opened the first Woodward’s store at Abbott and Cordova Streets in 1892 and, along with Spencer’s and the Hudson’s Bay department
  stores, formed the core of the city’s retail sector for decades.

• [142] Pie chart of the ethnic breakdown of Vancouver from the 2016 census European (47.2%) Chinese (26.5%) South Asian (6%) Filipino (5.8%) Southeast Asian (2.7%) Aboriginal
  (2.1%) Latin American (1.7%) Japanese (1.6%) Korean (1.5%) West Asian (1.4%) Black (1%) Arab (0.5%) Multiple visible minorities (1.8%) Visible minority not included elsewhere (0.2%) Homelessness Main article: Homelessness in Vancouver Homelessness
  is a significant and persistent issue in Vancouver.

• [148] The city’s selection to co-host the 2010 Winter Olympics was also a major influence on economic development.

• Concern was expressed that Vancouver’s increasing homelessness problem would be exacerbated by the Olympics because owners of single room occupancy hotels, which house many
  of the city’s lowest income residents, converted their properties to attract higher income residents and tourists.

• [73] Many plants and trees growing throughout Vancouver and the Lower Mainland were imported from other parts of the continent and from points across the Pacific.

• [14] As of 2019, Vancouver has been ranked as having the third-highest quality of living of any city on Earth.

• [62] These riots, and the formation of the Asiatic Exclusion League, also act as signs of a growing fear and mistrust towards the Japanese living in Vancouver and throughout
  BC.

• [45] The Great Vancouver Fire on June 13, 1886, razed the entire city.

• Vancouver has one of the largest urban parks in North America, Stanley Park, which covers 404.9 ha (1,001 acres).

• [75] Vancouver is also one of the wettest Canadian cities.

• The success of these dense but liveable neighbourhoods led to the redevelopment of urban industrial sites, such as North False Creek and Coal Harbour, beginning in the mid-1980s.

• The city’s large natural seaport on the Pacific Ocean became a vital link in the trade between Asia-Pacific, East Asia, Europe, and Eastern Canada.

• [129] Almost 30 percent of the city’s inhabitants are of Chinese heritage.

• [72] The area is thought to have had the largest trees of these species on the British Columbia Coast.

• While during summer months the inland temperatures are significantly higher, Vancouver has the coolest summer average high of all major Canadian metropolitan areas.

• [130] In the 1980s, an influx of immigrants from Hong Kong in anticipation of the transfer of sovereignty from the United Kingdom to China, combined with an increase in immigrants
  from mainland China and previous immigrants from Taiwan, established in Vancouver one of the highest concentrations of ethnic Chinese residents in North America.

• [60] Alcohol prohibition began in the First World War and lasted until 1921, when the provincial government established control over alcohol sales, a practice still in place
  today.

• Main article: Vancouverism As of 2011, Vancouver is the most densely populated city in Canada.

• The resource sector was initially based on logging and later on exports moving through the seaport, where commercial traffic constituted the largest economic sector in Vancouver
  by the 1930s.

• [104] As part of the larger Metro Vancouver region, it is influenced by the policy direction of livability as illustrated in Metro Vancouver’s Regional Growth Strategy.

• [16][17] Vancouver has hosted many international conferences and events, including the 1954 Commonwealth Games, UN Habitat I, Expo 86, APEC Canada 1997, the World Police and
  Fire Games in 1989 and 2009; several matches of 2015 FIFA Women’s World Cup including the finals at BC Place in Downtown Vancouver,[18] and the 2010 Winter Olympics and Paralympics which were held in Vancouver and Whistler, a resort community
  125 km (78 mi) north of the city.

• These were, in succession, the Carter-Cotton Building (former home of The Vancouver Province newspaper), the Dominion Building (1907) and the Sun Tower (1911), the former
  two at Cambie and Hastings Streets and the latter at Beatty and Pender Streets.

• [147] Vancouver is also the headquarters of forest product and mining companies.

• [149] The city’s strong focus on lifestyle and health culture also makes it a hub for many lifestyle brands with Lululemon, Arc’teryx, Kit and Ace, Mountain Equipment Co-op,
  Herschel Supply Co., Aritzia, Reigning Champ, and Nature’s Path Foods all founded and headquartered in Vancouver.

• Stamp, who had begun logging in the Port Alberni area, first attempted to run a mill at Brockton Point, but difficult currents and reefs forced the relocation of the operation
  in 1867 to a point near the foot of Dunlevy Street.

 

Works Cited

[‘1. 1981–2010 normals are for Vancouver International Airport, while extreme high and low temperatures are from Vancouver PMO (October 1898 to May 1945),[87] and Vancouver International Airport (January 1937 to present).[88]
1. “Vancouver”. Geographical
Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
2. ^ “Census Profile, 2016 Census – Vancouver [Population centre], British Columbia and British Columbia”. www12.statcan.gc.ca. Statistics Canada – Government of Canada. February 8, 2017. Archived from
the original on May 23, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
3. ^ “Population size and growth in Canada: Key results from the 2016 Census”. Statistics Canada. May 10, 2016. Archived from the original on February 10, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
4. ^
“Census Profile, 2016 Census – Vancouver, City Census subdivision, British Columbia Province”. Archived from the original on November 3, 2018. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
5. ^ “Data table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population – Vancouver,
City (CY) [Census subdivision], British Columbia”. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved February 10, 2022.
6. ^ “Table 36-10-0468-01 Gross domestic product (GDP) at basic prices, by census metropolitan area (CMA) (x 1,000,000)”.
Statistics Canada. January 27, 2017. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved April 27, 2021.
7. ^ “Population of Metro Vancouver outpaced national growth rate”. Vancouver Sun. Vancouver. February 8, 2017. Archived from the original
on February 8, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
8. ^ Campion-Smith, Bruce (February 8, 2017). “Canada’s population grew 1.7M in 5 years, latest census shows”. Toronto Star. Toronto. Archived from the original on February 8, 2017. Retrieved February
8, 2017.
9. ^ “Census 2006 Community Profiles: Vancouver, City and CMA”. Government of Canada. 2006. Archived from the original on November 4, 2011. Retrieved October 10, 2011.
10. ^ “City Facts 2004” (PDF). City of Vancouver. 2004. Archived from
the original (PDF) on May 12, 2006. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
11. ^ “Census Profile, 2016 Census”. StatCan. Archived from the original on March 17, 2017. Retrieved January 4, 2020.
12. ^ Staff, DH Vancouver (March 20, 2018). “Vancouver ranked best
city in North America for quality of living”. Daily Hive. Archived from the original on February 19, 2019. Retrieved February 27, 2019.
13. ^ “Vancouver and Melbourne top city league”. BBC News. October 4, 2002. Archived from the original on July
12, 2015. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
14. ^ Jump up to:a b c Taylor, Chloe (March 13, 2019). “These are the world’s top cities to live in, according to researchers”. CNBC. Archived from the original on May 9, 2019. Retrieved December 23, 2019.
15. ^
“Vancouver yet again most expensive place to live in Canada”. CTV News. June 26, 2019. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
16. ^ Morley, A. (1974). Vancouver, from milltown to metropolis. Vancouver: Mitchell
Press. LCCN 64026114.
17. ^ Jump up to:a b c Norris, John M. (1971). Strangers Entertained. Vancouver, British Columbia Centennial ’71 Committee. LCCN 72170963.
18. ^ “FIFA Women’s World Cup Canada 2015™ match schedule unveiled”. FIFA. Archived
from the original on April 26, 2013. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
19. ^ Jump up to:a b “Vancouver 2010 Schedule”. olympic.org. International Olympic Committee. 2010. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
20. ^ “World
Port Rankings 2016”. American Association of Port Authorities. Archived from the original on April 29, 2018. Retrieved August 1, 2019.
21. ^ “Port Metro Vancouver Mid-Year Stats Include Bright Spots in a Difficult First Half for 2009”. Port Metro
Vancouver. July 31, 2009. Archived from the original on June 15, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
22. ^ “Cargo and terminals”. Port of Vancouver. March 18, 2015. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
23. ^ “Overnight visitors to Greater Vancouver by volume, monthly
and annual basis” (PDF). Vancouver Convention and Visitors Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 17, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
24. ^ “Industry Profile”. BC Film Commission. Archived from the original on July 7, 2011. Retrieved June
9, 2011.
25. ^ “Ontario film industry outperforming B.C.’s”. Business In Vancouver. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012. Retrieved August 12, 2012.
26. ^ Gasher, Mike (November 2002). Hollywood North: The Feature Film Industry in British
Columbia. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. ISBN 978-0-7748-0967-2.
27. ^ Shrimpton, James (August 17, 2007). “Vancouver: Welcome to Brollywood”. News Limited. Archived from the original on October 20, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
28. ^
“Canada’s Hollywood Gets a Boost with New Studio”. Miami Herald. August 9, 1988. Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved March 16, 2013.
29. ^ “Dictionary of Canadian Biography: George Vancouver”. biography.ca. Archived from the original
on February 3, 2018.
30. ^ Davis, Chuck; W. Kaye Lamb (1997). Greater Vancouver Book: An Urban Encyclopaedia. Surrey, BC: Linkman Press. pp. 34–36. ISBN 978-1-896846-00-2.
31. ^ Davis, Chuck. “Coevorden”. The History of Metropolitan Vancouver.
Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
32. ^ Sterritt, Angela (June 24, 2021). “Road signs along the Sea to Sky Highway offer insight into the history of the Sḵwx̱wú7mesh people”. CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
Archived from the original on July 25, 2021. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
33. ^ Thom, Brian (1996). “Stó:lo Culture – Ideas of Prehistory and Changing Cultural Relationships to the Land and Environment”. Archived from the original on July 18, 2007.
Retrieved November 23, 2006.
34. ^ Jump up to:a b Carlson, Keith Thor, ed. (2001). A Stó:lō-Coast Salish Historical Atlas. Vancouver, BC: Douglas & McIntyre. pp. 6–18. ISBN 978-1-55054-812-9.
35. ^ Roy, Patricia E. (March 12, 2019). “Vancouver”.
The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada. Archived from the original on July 20, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
36. ^ Barman, J. (2005). Stanley Park’s Secret. Harbour Publishing. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-55017-346-8.
37. ^ Schultz, Colin. “One of
Canada’s Biggest Cities Just Officially Admitted That It Was Built on Unceded Aboriginal Territory”. Smithsonian Magazine. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
38. ^ “Stolo Dictionary”. University of the Fraser Valley.
Archived from the original on July 3, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2020. Lhq’á:lets Vancouver
39. ^ Galloway, Brent Douglas (2009). Dictionary of Upriver Halkomelem. University of California Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-520-09872-5. Archived from the
original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2020.
40. ^ Bawlf, R. Samuel (2003). The Secret Voyage of Sir Francis Drake: 1577–1580. Walker & Company. ISBN 978-0-8027-1405-3.
41. ^ “History of City of Vancouver”. Caroun.com. Archived from the
original on March 29, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2007.
42. ^ Jump up to:a b Hull, Raymond; Soules, Christine; Soules, Gordon (1974). Vancouver’s Past. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-95364-9.
43. ^ Hauka, Donald J. (2003).
McGowan’s War. New Star Books. ISBN 1-55420-001-6.
44. ^ Matthews, J.S. “Skit” (1936). Early Vancouver. City of Vancouver.
45. ^ Jump up to:a b c Cranny, Michael; Jarvis, Graham; Moles, Garvin; Seney, Bruce (1999). Horizons: Canada Moves West.
Scarborough, ON: Prentice Hall Ginn Canada. ISBN 978-0-13-012367-1.
46. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Davis, Chuck (1997). The Greater Vancouver Book: An Urban Encyclopaedia. Surrey, British Columbia: Linkman Press. pp. 39–47. ISBN 1-896846-00-9.
47. ^
“Welcome to Gastown”. Gastown Business Improvement Society. March 28, 2008. Archived from the original on November 25, 2009. Retrieved December 5, 2009.
48. ^ “Chronology[1757–1884]”. Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Retrieved June 7,
2011.
49. ^ Morton, James (1973). In the Sea of Sterile Mountains: The Chinese in British Columbia. Vancouver: J.J. Douglas. ISBN 978-0-88894-052-0.
50. ^ Davis, Chuck; von Kleist, Richard (1997). Greater Vancouver Book: An Urban Encyclopaedia.
Surrey, BC: Linkman Press. p. 780. ISBN 978-1-896846-00-2.
51. ^ “Our History: Acquisitions, Retail, Woodward’s Stores Limited”. Hudson’s Bay Company. Archived from the original on February 27, 2007. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
52. ^ “British Columbia
facts – economic history”. Archived from the original on September 11, 2011. Retrieved June 12, 2011.
53. ^ “BC Sugar”. The History of Metropolitan Vancouver. Archived from the original on January 4, 2015. Retrieved May 29, 2014. The dream had become
reality: B.C. Sugar was incorporated March 26, 1890. Its president, Benjamin Tingley Rogers, was 24.
54. ^ McCandless, R. C. (1974). “Vancouver’s ‘Red Menace’ of 1935: The Waterfront Situation”. BC Studies (22): 68.
55. ^ Phillips, Paul A.
(1967). No Power Greater: A Century of Labour in British Columbia. Vancouver: BC Federation of Labour/Boag Foundation. pp. 39–41.
56. ^ Phillips, Paul A. (1967). No Power Greater: A Century of Labour in British Columbia. Vancouver: BC Federation
of Labour/Boag Foundation. pp. 71–74.
57. ^ Manley, John (1994). “Canadian Communists, Revolutionary Unionism, and the ‘Third Period’: The Workers’ Unity League” (PDF). Journal of the Canadian Historical Association. New Series. 5: 167–194. doi:10.7202/031078ar.
Archived (PDF) from the original on June 14, 2007. Retrieved November 12, 2006.
58. ^ Jump up to:a b Brown, Lorne (1987). When Freedom was Lost: The Unemployed, the Agitator, and the State. Montreal: Black Rose Books. ISBN 978-0-920057-77-3.
59. ^
Schroeder, Andreas (1991). Carved From Wood: A History of Mission 1861–1992. Mission Foundation. ISBN 978-1-55056-131-9.
60. ^ Robin, Martin (1972). The Rush for Spoils: The Company Province. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-7710-7675-6.
61. ^
Robin, Martin (1972). The Rush for Spoils: The Company Province. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. pp. 187–188. ISBN 978-0-7710-7675-6.
62. ^ Carstairs, Catherine (2000). ‘Hop Heads’ and ‘Hypes’:Drug Use, Regulation and Resistance in Canada (PDF)
(PhD). University of Toronto. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 1, 2007. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
63. ^ Roy, Patricia E. (1990). Mutual Hostages: Canadians and Japanese during the Second World War. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto
Press. p. 103. ISBN 0-8020-5774-8.
64. ^ La Violette, Forrest E. (1948). The Canadian Japanese and World War II. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. p. v.
65. ^ Francis, Daniel (2004). L.D.:Mayor Louis Taylor and the Rise of Vancouver.
Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-1-55152-156-5.
66. ^ “Pacific Maritime Ecozone”. Environment Canada. April 11, 2005. Archived from the original on June 21, 2004. Retrieved December 1, 2009.
67. ^ “Vancouver Is Not On Vancouver
Island”. Archived from the original on November 5, 2011.
68. ^ “Vancouver Island – “Victoria Island” and other Misconceptions”. Archived from the original on September 5, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
69. ^ “World66 – Vancouver Travel Guide”.
World 66. Archived from the original on May 13, 2006. Retrieved October 18, 2006.
70. ^ Jump up to:a b c “About Vancouver”. City of Vancouver. November 17, 2009. Archived from the original on December 1, 2010. Retrieved December 1, 2009.
71. ^
“Stanley Park History”. City of Vancouver. 2009. Archived from the original on August 10, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2009.
72. ^ “”Lower Mainland Ecoregion”: Narrative Descriptions of Terrestrial Ecozones and Ecoregions of Canada (#196)”. Environment
Canada. Archived from the original on January 27, 2007. Retrieved December 4, 2009.
73. ^ “Stanley Park: Forest – Monument Trees”. City of Vancouver. 2009. Archived from the original on December 1, 2010. Retrieved December 1, 2009.
74. ^ “History”.
Vancouver Cherry Blossom Festival. 2009. Archived from the original on May 3, 2009. Retrieved November 30, 2009.
75. ^ “Station Results: Vancouver City Hall, 1971–2000”. Environment Canada. Archived from the original on June 9, 2012. Retrieved November
21, 2011.
76. ^ “Station Results | Canada’s National Climate Archive”. climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca. Environment Canada. February 4, 2013. Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
77. ^ “Station Results | Canada’s
National Climate Archive”. climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca. Environment Canada. February 4, 2013. Archived from the original on May 12, 2013. Retrieved February 27, 2013.
78. ^ Jump up to:a b c “Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010 Station Data”. Environment
Canada. October 31, 2011. Archived from the original on February 26, 2015. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
79. ^ “Temperature record broken in Lower Mainland – again”. CBC News. July 30, 2009. Archived from the original on March 27, 2010. Retrieved
June 9, 2011.
80. ^ “Weather Data – Vancouver Kitsilano”. Environment Canada. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
81. ^ “Weather Data – Vancouver Dunbar South”. Environment Canada. Archived from the original
on October 9, 2016. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
82. ^ “Weather Data – Vancouver Wales St”. Environment Canada. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
83. ^ “Weather Data – VANCOUVER INT’L A”. Environment Canada.
Archived from the original on March 18, 2018. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
84. ^ “Weather Data – VANCOUVER INT’L A”. Environment Canada. October 31, 2011. Archived from the original on March 18, 2018. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
85. ^ “Weather Winners
– Mildest Winters”. Environment Canada. Archived from the original on November 25, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
86. ^ “Plant Hardiness Zones 1981–2010”. Natural Resources Canada. Archived from the original on April 16, 2015. Retrieved January 15,
2015.
87. ^ “Daily Data Report for October 1898”. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
88. ^ “Monthly Data Report for 1937”. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
89. ^ “1981 to 2010 Canadian
Climate Normals”. Environment and Climate Change Canada. September 22, 2015. Climate ID: 1108447. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
90. ^ “Daily Data Report for March 1941”. Canadian Climate Data. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
91. ^
“Daily Data Report for April 1934”. Canadian Climate Data. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
92. ^ “Daily Data Report for September 1944”. Canadian Climate Data. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved May 12,
2016.
93. ^ “Daily Data Report for October 1934”. Canadian Climate Data. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
94. ^ “Daily Data Report for December 1939”. Canadian Climate Data. Environment and Climate Change Canada.
Retrieved May 12, 2016.
95. ^ “Daily Data Report for August 1910”. Canadian Climate Data. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
96. ^ “Daily Data Report for September 1908”. Canadian Climate Data. Environment and Climate
Change Canada. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
97. ^ “Daily Data Report for October 1935”. Canadian Climate Data. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
98. ^ “Calculation Information” (PDF). Environment and Climate Change Canada.
Retrieved May 12, 2016.
99. ^ “Daily Data Report for November 2016”. Canadian Climate Data. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved November 9, 2016.
100. ^ “Daily Data Report for November 1898”. Canadian Climate Data. Environment and
Climate Change Canada. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
101. ^ “Daily Data Report for June 1925”. Environment and Climate Change Canada. Retrieved December 14, 2021.
102. ^ d.o.o, Yu Media Group. “Vancouver, Canada – Detailed climate information and monthly
weather forecast”. Weather Atlas. Retrieved July 6, 2019.
103. ^ Jump up to:a b “Population and dwelling counts, for Canada and census subdivisions (municipalities) with 5,000-plus population, 2011 and 2006 censuses”. Archived from the original
on July 22, 2012. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
104. ^ Bogdanowicz, Julie (August 2006). “Vancouverism”. Canadian Architect. Retrieved June 9, 2011.[permanent dead link]
105. ^ Smith, Ainsley (April 16, 2019). “Vancouver ranked 4th most-expensive
housing market in the world”. The Daily Hive. Archived from the original on December 23, 2019. Retrieved December 23, 2019.
106. ^ “Metro Vancouver home buyers set a record pace in February”. Archived from the original on March 11, 2016. Retrieved
March 10, 2016.
107. ^ vom Hove, Tann (June 17, 2008). “City Mayors: World’s most expensive cities (EIU)”. City Mayors Economics. Archived from the original on March 16, 2010. Retrieved March 30, 2010.
108. ^ Beauchesne, Eric (June 24, 2006).
“Toronto pegged as priciest place to live in Canada”. The Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on December 27, 2009. Retrieved November 29, 2009.
109. ^ Malone, Robert (April 16, 2007). “Which Are The World’s Cleanest Cities?”. Forbes. Archived
from the original on November 30, 2009. Retrieved December 5, 2009.
110. ^ Bula, Frances (September 6, 2007). “Some things worked: The best – or worst – planning decisions made in the Lower Mainland”. Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on
June 4, 2011. Retrieved December 4, 2009.
111. ^ Hutton, T. (2008). The New Economy of the Inner City. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-77134-4. Google Books link Archived May 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
112. ^ “Vancouver EcoDensity
Initiative”. City of Vancouver. Archived from the original on May 13, 2009. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
113. ^ Davis, Chuck. “Rattenbury”. The History of Metropolitan Vancouver. Archived from the original on January 3, 2007. Retrieved November 23, 2006.
114. ^
The Electra, at vancouver.ca Archived January 23, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
115. ^ “Townley, Matheson and Partners”. Archives Association of British Columbia. 2009. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved November 30, 2009.
116. ^
Kalman, Harold (1974). Exploring Vancouver: Ten Tours of the City and its Buildings. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. pp. 160–161. ISBN 978-0-7748-0028-0.
117. ^ Kalman, Harold (1974). Exploring Vancouver: Ten Tours of the City and
its Buildings. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. pp. 22, 24, 78. ISBN 978-0-7748-0028-0.
118. ^ “Marine Building”. Archiseek. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved November 23, 2006.
119. ^ “Living Shangri-La”.
Emporis Buildings. Archived from the original on December 24, 2010. Retrieved November 30, 2009.
120. ^ Jump up to:a b “Vancouver High-rise buildings (in ft)”. Emporis Buildings. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved February
6, 2007.
121. ^ “Data table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population – Vancouver, City (CY) [Census subdivision], British Columbia”. 2.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on February 10, 2022. Retrieved February 15, 2022.
122. ^ “Population
and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), British Columbia”. Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved February 20, 2022.
123. ^ “Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and
territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations”. Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved March 28, 2022.
124. ^ Jump up to:a b Canada, Government of Canada, Statistics. “Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, census
metropolitan areas, census agglomerations and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2011 and 2006 censuses”. www12.statcan.gc.ca. Archived from the original on July 28, 2013. Retrieved July 21, 2017.
125. ^ “Canada 2011 Census Lower Mainland Economic
Region”. February 8, 2012. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved February 19, 2012.
126. ^ Berger, Thomas R. (June 8, 2004). “A City of Neighbourhoods: Report of the 2004 Vancouver Electoral Reform Commission” (PDF). vancouver.ca.
City of Vancouver. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 25, 2011.
127. ^ “Population by selected ethnic origins, by census metropolitan areas (2006 Census)”. Statistics Canada. 2006. Archived from the original on January 15, 2011. Retrieved
December 1, 2009.
128. ^ “Visible minorities (2006 census)”. Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on August 10, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2009.
129. ^ “Census Profile 2016 Census Greater Vancouver”. Statistics Canada. February 8, 2017.
Archived from the original on October 2, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
130. ^ “Visible minority”. Statistics Canada. July 24, 2009. Archived from the original on July 27, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
131. ^ Cernetig, Miro (June 30, 2007).
“Chinese Vancouver: A decade of change”. Vancouver Sun. Canada. Archived from the original on July 21, 2011. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
132. ^ “Canada’s ethnocultural portrait: Canada”. Statistics Canada. 2001. Archived from the original on February
2, 2007. Retrieved January 28, 2007.
133. ^ Jump up to:a b “Census Profile 2016 Census Greater Vancouver”. Statistics Canada. February 8, 2017. Archived from the original on December 10, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
134. ^ Hiebert, D., (June
2009). “The Economic Integration of Immigrants in Metropolitan Vancouver”. IRPPChoices 15 (7), p. 6. Retrieved July 13, 2009. Archived November 30, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
135. ^ Sarah-Jane (Saje) Mathieu, “North of the Colour Line: Sleeping
Car Porters and the Battle Against Jim Crow on Canadian Rails,1880–1920” Archived June 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Labour/Le Travail no. 47 (Spring 2001).
136. ^ Accessed 2006-09-27. Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine City
of Vancouver Community Profiles
137. ^ Pendakur, Krishna (December 13, 2005). “Visible Minorities and Aboriginal Peoples in Vancouver’s Labour Market”. Human Resources and Skills Development Canada. Archived from the original on October 16, 2008.
Retrieved January 24, 2010.
138. ^ Santos, Henrique (2006). “Portuguese-Canadians and Their Academic Underachievement in High School in British Columbia: The Case of an Invisible Minority”. Simon Fraser University. Archived from the original (PDF)
on June 13, 2011. Retrieved May 23, 2012.
139. ^ “Community Highlights for Vancouver”. Statistics Canada. February 1, 2007. Archived from the original on February 14, 2009. Retrieved January 24, 2010.
140. ^ “Gay U.S. couples can’t get divorces
for Canadian marriages”. CBC News. September 25, 2009. Archived from the original on September 29, 2009. Retrieved January 24, 2010.
141. ^ Burrows, Matthew (July 31, 2008). “Gay clubs build community in Vancouver”. The Georgia Straight. Archived
from the original on November 27, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
142. ^ Weichel, Andrew (August 2, 2009). “Milk protégé praises Vancouver Pride celebration”. CTV News. Archived from the original on August 10, 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
143. ^
“Census Profile, 2016 Census Vancouver, City [Census subdivision], British Columbia and Canada [Country]”. Statistics Canada. Archived from the original on November 3, 2018. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
144. ^ “Census Profile, 2016 Census Aboriginal
population”. Statistics Canada. April 24, 2018. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
145. ^ “Census Profile, 2016 Census Ethnic origin population”. Statistics Canada. April 24, 2018. Archived from the original
on November 17, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
146. ^ “Vancouver Homeless Count 2019” (PDF). City of Vancouver. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
147. ^ “Port Metro Vancouver”. Port Metro Vancouver.
June 4, 2013. Archived from the original on February 10, 2010. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
148. ^ Jump up to:a b c “Economy”. Vancouver WN City Guide. World New Network. Archived from the original on January 31, 2010. Retrieved July 11, 2009.
149. ^
“Film and Television Production in Vancouver”. Vancouver Economic Commission. Archived from the original on March 13, 2018. Retrieved March 12, 2018.
150. ^ “Discovery Series: Exclusive Roundtable and Office Tour with Daily Hive Vancouver”. Greater
Vancouver Board of Trade. Archived from the original on November 29, 2018. Retrieved January 28, 2019.
151. ^ “Fast Facts about Vancouver’s Tourist Industry”. Tourism Vancouver. Archived from the original on March 13, 2018. Retrieved March 12,
2018.
152. ^ RBC Economics (May 2012). Housing Trends and Affordability (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 13, 2006.
153. ^ Cox, Wendell; Pavletich, Hugh (2012). 8th Annual Demographia International Housing Affordability
Survey: 2012 Ratings for Metropolitan Markets (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 23, 2013. Retrieved June 5, 2012.
154. ^ Bula, Frances (January 22, 2007). “Vancouver is 13th least affordable city in world”. Vancouver Sun.
Archived from the original on July 17, 2010. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
155. ^ “Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey: 2006” (PDF). Wendell Cox Consultancy. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 11, 2006. Retrieved November
12, 2006.
156. ^ “Housing Affordability” (PDF). RBC Financial Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 13, 2006. Retrieved September 27, 2006.
157. ^ “Survey of Vancouver housing price increase exceeds rest of Canada”. BIV Daily Business
News. April 9, 2010. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved April 28, 2010.
158. ^ “Snow washing: Canada frets about anonymously owned firms – Identity checks to obtain a library card are more onerous than those to form a private
firm”. The Economist. January 4, 2018. Archived from the original on February 15, 2018. Retrieved February 14, 2018. … 2009 the national police force estimated that up to C$15bn ($12bn) was being laundered in the country each year (an estimated
annual $2trn is laundered globally).
159. ^ Bhatty, Ayesha (May 25, 2012). “Canada prepares for an Asian future”. BBC News. Archived from the original on May 29, 2012. Retrieved May 29, 2012.
160. ^ “Homelessness could triple by 2010: report”.
CBC News. September 21, 2006. Archived from the original on June 13, 2009. Retrieved January 25, 2010.
161. ^ Jump up to:a b O’Leary, Kim Patrick (2011). “Expo 86”. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica-Dominion. Archived from the original on December
28, 2011. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
162. ^ “Vancouver Charter”. Queen’s Printer. November 18, 2009. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved November 29, 2009.
163. ^ “Vancouver Insite drug-injection facility can stay open”. BBC
News. September 30, 2011. Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved September 30, 2011.
164. ^ Smith, Andrea Barbara (1981). The Origins of the NPA: A Study in Vancouver Politics (MA). University of British Columbia.
165. ^ “Conflicts
and consensus in Vancouver’s political history”. Vancouver Sun. Retrieved March 3, 2022.
166. ^ “Vancouver Votes Municipal Election 2008”. City of Vancouver. Archived from the original on March 10, 2021. Retrieved November 29, 2009.
167. ^ Zussman,
Richard; Ferreras, Jesse (June 30, 2018). “B.C. municipal election 2018: Vancouver results – BC | Globalnews.ca”. globalnews.ca. Archived from the original on October 9, 2018. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
168. ^ “Vancouver 2018 Budget Highlights”
(PDF). January 25, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 8, 2018.
169. ^ “Who is Metro Vancouver”. Metro Vancouver. Archived from the original on August 20, 2012. Retrieved August 9, 2012.
170. ^ “BC Liberal leader Kevin Falcon wins
seat in legislature through byelection”. British Columbia. April 30, 2022. Retrieved June 17, 2022.
171. ^ “2018 VPD Annual Report” (PDF). VPD. 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 23, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
172. ^ Jump up
to:a b “2018 Annual Report” (PDF). City of Vancouver. 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 23, 2019. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
173. ^ “Mounted Squad: Patrol District One”. Vancouver Police Department. January 18, 2005. Archived from
the original on February 21, 2005. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
174. ^ “Operations Division”. City of Vancouver. January 3, 2006. Archived from the original on May 17, 2006. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
175. ^ Cohen, Jackie (March 31, 2001). “Getting
Dot-Bombed in Vancouver”. Wired. Archived from the original on February 11, 2010. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
176. ^ “Growbusters”. CBC News. July 26, 2000. Archived from the original on May 27, 2007. Retrieved January 17, 2007.
177. ^ Burrows,
Mathew (February 21, 2002). “Who You Gonna Call?”. The Republic. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved January 31, 2010.
178. ^ “Police-reported crime statistics” (PDF). Statistics Canada. July 22, 2019. Archived from the original
on January 11, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
179. ^ “Police-reported Crime Severity Index”. Statistics Canada. April 21, 2009. Archived from the original on June 9, 2011. Retrieved December 1, 2009.
180. ^ “Gun crime in Metro Vancouver highest
per capita in Canada”. Canada.com. February 20, 2008. Archived from the original on February 14, 2009. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
181. ^ “Firearm-related violent crime” (PDF). StatsCan. 2017. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved
January 11, 2020.
182. ^ “200 Injured In Vancouver”. The New York Times. June 16, 1994. Archived from the original on March 16, 2008. Retrieved July 14, 2008.
183. ^ Wyshynski, Greg (June 16, 2011). “Shocking scenes from the Vancouver Game 7 riots”.
Yahoo!. Archived from the original on June 18, 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2011.
184. ^ “Vancouver seeking new ways to tackle city’s growing litter problem”. The Globe and Mail. February 8, 2016. Archived from the original on September 22, 2020. Retrieved
January 25, 2019.
185. ^ “Needles, needles everywhere. Ideas for ridding Vancouver of them? Not so many”. Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on March 26, 2019. Retrieved January 25, 2019.
186. ^ “Needle exchange & disposal”. Vancouver Coastal
Health. Archived from the original on October 17, 2018. Retrieved January 25, 2019.
187. ^ “Land Force Western Area”. National Defence Canada. August 12, 2008. Archived from the original on May 5, 2009. Retrieved July 17, 2009.
188. ^ “Land Force
Western Area Units”. National Defence Canada. September 30, 2009. Archived from the original on May 6, 2009. Retrieved July 17, 2009.
189. ^ “The Naval Reserve: Nearest Units”. National Defence Canada. January 29, 2010. Archived from the original
on February 25, 2009. Retrieved July 17, 2009.
190. ^ “Jericho Beach Flying Boat Station”. Royal Canadian Legion, BC/Yukon Command. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved July 17, 2009.
191. ^ Jump up to:a b “About Us”. Vancouver
School Board. 2011. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
192. ^ Jump up to:a b “District Review Report, School District No. 39 Vancouver” (PDF). British Columbia Education. 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original
on December 13, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
193. ^ “VSB webcat”. Vancouver School Board. Archived from the original on November 14, 2016.
194. ^ “Carte des écoles Archived August 17, 2015, at the Wayback Machine.” Conseil scolaire francophone
de la Colombie-Britanique. Retrieved on January 22, 2015.
195. ^ “FISA History”. Federation of Independent School Associations. 2011. Archived from the original on April 16, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
196. ^ “About UBC”. University of British
Columbia. 2011. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
197. ^ “About SFU”. Simon Fraser University. 2011. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
198. ^ “QS World University Rankings
– 2022”. QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. Archived from the original on December 6, 2021. Retrieved September 2, 2021.
199. ^ “University of British Columbia”. QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. Archived from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved
September 2, 2021.
200. ^ “Times Higher Education’s The World University Rankings 2010”. Archived from the original on September 17, 2010. Retrieved September 19, 2011.
201. ^ “Simon Fraser University”. QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. Archived
from the original on January 16, 2022. Retrieved September 2, 2021.
202. ^ “Emily Carr University of Art + Design”. Emily Carr University of Art and Design. 2011. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2011.
203. ^ “Message
from the President of Vancouver Film School, James Griffin”. Vancouver Film School. Photo credit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/horiavarlan/4263272885/’]