air pollution

 

  • Health effects Even at levels lower than those considered safe by United States regulators, exposure to three components of air pollution, fine particulate matter, nitrogen
    dioxide and ozone, correlates with cardiac and respiratory illness.

  • [83] Carbon dioxide is a natural component of the atmosphere, essential for plant life and given off by the human respiratory system.

  • Air pollution is the contamination of air due to the presence of substances in the atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living beings, or cause damage
    to the climate or to materials.

  • [8] For some pollutants such as black carbon, traffic related exposures may dominate total exposure despite short exposure times since high concentrations coincide with proximity
    to major roads or participation in (motorized) traffic.

  • It creates a smog type formation in the air that has been linked to many lung diseases and disruptions to the natural environment and animals.

  • It is a pollutant and a component of smog that is produced in large quantities as a result of human activities (mostly the combustion of fossil fuels).

  • (In developing and poor countries, traditional biomass burning is the major source of air pollutants.

  • (In developing and poor countries, traditional biomass burning is the major source of air pollutants.

  • [12] Moreover, communities with the most exceptional aging have low ambient air pollution, suggesting a link between air pollution levels and longevity.

  • [8] Outdoor air pollution attributable to fossil fuel use alone causes ~3.61 million deaths annually, making it one of the top contributors to human death,[4][9] with anthropogenic
    ozone and PM2.5 causing ~2.1 million.

  • [71] • Volcanic activity, which produces sulfur, chlorine, and ash particulates[72] Emission factors[edit] Main article: AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors
    Beijing air in 2005 after rain (left) and a smoggy day (right) Air pollutant emission factors are reported representative values that aim to link the quantity of a pollutant released into the ambient air to an activity connected with that
    pollutant’s release.

  • [101] Modern smog is usually caused by automotive and industrial emissions, which are acted on in the atmosphere by UV light from the sun to produce secondary pollutants,
    which then combine with the primary emissions to generate photochemical smog.

  • [108] Growing evidence that air pollution—even when experienced at very low levels—hurts human health, led the WHO to revise its guideline (from 10 µg/m³ to 5 µg/m³) for what
    it considers a safe level of exposure of particulate pollution, bringing most of the world—97.3 percent of the global population—into the unsafe zone.

  • Air pollution can cause diseases, allergies, and even death to humans; it can also cause harm to other living organisms such as animals and food crops, and may damage the
    natural environment (for example, climate change, ozone depletion or habitat degradation) or built environment (for example, acid rain).

  • This is one of the causes for concern over the environmental impact of the use of these fuels as power sources.

  • Biological sources of air pollution are also found indoors, as gases and airborne particulates.

  • [67] Natural sources[edit] Dust storm approaching Stratford, Texas in 1935 • Dust from natural sources, usually large areas of land with little vegetation or no vegetation
    • Methane, emitted by the digestion of food by animals, for example cattle • Radon gas from radioactive decay within the Earth’s crust.

  • Radon gas from natural sources can accumulate in buildings, especially in confined areas such as the basement and it is the second most frequent cause of lung cancer, after
    cigarette smoking.

  • Especially without proper protections, heavy metals and other contaminates can seep into the soil, and create water pollution and air pollution.

  • For each specific time that the subgroup is in the setting and engaged in particular activities, the exposure to an air pollutant must integrate the concentrations of the
    air pollutant with regard to the time spent in each setting and the respective inhalation rates for each subgroup (playing, cooking, reading, working, spending time in traffic, etc.).

  • [140] The largest cause is air pollution generated by fossil fuel combustion[141] – mostly the production and use of cars, electricity production, and heating.

  • [2] Air pollution can be caused by both human activities and natural phenomena.

  • Pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by human activity include: • Carbon dioxide (CO2): Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been described as “the leading pollutant”[82]
    and “the worst climate pollutant”.

  • During periods of active wildfires, smoke from uncontrolled biomass combustion can make up almost 75% of all air pollution by concentration.

  • Photochemical and chemical reactions involving it fuel many of the chemical activities that occur in the atmosphere during the day and night.

  • Though its use has now been banned in many countries, the extensive use of asbestos in industrial and domestic environments in the past has left a potentially very dangerous
    material in many localities.

  • [28] Some of these efforts have been successful at the international level, such as the Montreal Protocol,[29] which reduced the release of harmful ozone depleting chemicals,
    and the 1985 Helsinki Protocol,[30] which reduced sulphur emissions,[31] while others, such as international action on climate change,[32][33][34] have been less successful.

  • For example, one would want to determine a geographic area’s exposure to a dangerous air pollution, taking into account the various microenvironments and age groups.

  • Indoors, the lack of air circulation allows these airborne pollutants to accumulate more than they would otherwise occur in nature.

  • Sources of air pollution Anthropogenic (human-made) sources[edit] Aviation is a major source of air pollution.

  • These can be substantial; emissions from these sources was estimated to account for almost half of pollution from volatile organic compounds in the Los Angeles basin in the
    2010s.

  • These can be substantial; emissions from these sources was estimated to account for almost half of pollution from volatile organic compounds in the Los Angeles basin in the
    2010s.

  • [64] • Agricultural emissions and emissions from meat production or livestock contribute substantially to air pollution[65][66] o Fertilized farmland may be a major source
    of nitrogen oxides.

  • [64] • Agricultural emissions and emissions from meat production or livestock contribute substantially to air pollution[65][66] o Fertilized farmland may be a major source
    of nitrogen oxides.

  • [135][136][137] A 2021 study found that outdoor air pollution is associated with substantially increased mortality “even at low pollution levels below the current European
    and North American standards and WHO guideline values” shortly before the WHO adjusted its guidelines.

  • [23][24] Various pollution control technologies and strategies are available to reduce air pollution.

  • [67] Anthropogenic (human-made) sources[edit] Aviation is a major source of air pollution.

  • [15] Productivity losses and degraded quality of life caused by air pollution are estimated to cost the world economy $5 trillion per year[20][21][22] but, along with health
    and mortality impacts, are an externality to the contemporary economic system and most human activity, albeit sometimes being moderately regulated and monitored.

  • Individual reactions to air pollutants depend on the type of pollutant a person is exposed to, the degree of exposure, and the individual’s health status and genetics.

  • Individual reactions to air pollutants depend on the type of pollutant a person is exposed to, the degree of exposure, and the individual’s health status and genetics.

  • Vehicles were reported to be “producing about one-third of all U.S. air pollution”[54][better source needed] and are a major driver or climate change.

  • Vehicles were reported to be “producing about one-third of all U.S. air pollution”[54][better source needed] and are a major driver or climate change.

  • The VOC production from these species result in ozone levels up to eight times higher than the low-impact tree species.

  • [109] Indoor air quality A lack of ventilation indoors concentrates air pollution where people often spend the majority of their time.

  • • Stationary sources include: o fossil-fuel power plants and biomass power plants both have smoke stacks (see for example environmental impact of the coal industry)[35] 
    Oil and gas sites that have methane leaks[36][37][38][39] o burning of traditional biomass such as wood, crop waste and dung.

  • • Stationary sources include: o fossil-fuel power plants and biomass power plants both have smoke stacks (see for example environmental impact of the coal industry)[35] 
    Oil and gas sites that have methane leaks[36][37][38][39] o burning of traditional biomass such as wood, crop waste and dung.

  • The human health effects of poor air quality are far reaching, but principally affect the body’s respiratory system and the cardiovascular system.

  • [7] The human health effects of poor air quality are far reaching, but principally affect the body’s respiratory system and the cardiovascular system.

  • [4][13][14][15] Indoor air pollution and poor urban air quality are listed as two of the world’s worst toxic pollution problems in the 2008 Blacksmith Institute World’s Worst
    Polluted Places report.

  • The United States Environmental Protection Agency has published a compilation of air pollutant emission factors for a wide range of industrial sources.

  • [114] In 2020, pollution (including air pollution) was a contributing factor to one in eight deaths in Europe, and was a significant risk factor for pollution-related diseases
    including heart disease, stroke and lung cancer.

  • [46][better source needed] This high emission is due to high emission intensity and high emission factors in its industrial structure.

  • [46][better source needed] This high emission is due to high emission intensity and high emission factors in its industrial structure.

  • Practices like slash-and-burn in forests like the Amazon cause large air pollution with the deforestation.

  • Practices like slash-and-burn in forests like the Amazon cause large air pollution with the deforestation.

  • [57] Controlled or prescribed burning is a practice used in forest management, agriculture, prairie restoration, and greenhouse gas reduction.

  • [57] Controlled or prescribed burning is a practice used in forest management, agriculture, prairie restoration, and greenhouse gas reduction.

  • [25][26] Several international and national legislation and regulation have been developed to limit the negative effects of air pollution.

  • Smog is caused by a huge volume of coal being burned in a certain region, resulting in a mixture of smoke and sulphur dioxide.

  • [117] Mortality[edit] Share of deaths from outdoor air pollution, OWID The World Health Organization estimated in 2014 that every year air pollution causes the premature death
    of some 7 million people worldwide.

  • The daily exposure must therefore include the amount of time spent in each micro-environmental setting as well as the kind of activities performed there.

  • [122] A 2020 study indicates that the global mean loss of life expectancy (LLE; similar to YPLL) from air pollution in 2015 was 2.9 years, substantially more than, for example,
    0.3 years from all forms of direct violence, albeit a significant fraction of the LLE is unavoidable.

  • [123] A study published in 2022 in GeoHealth concluded that eliminating energy-related fossil fuel emissions in the United States would prevent 46,900–59,400 premature deaths
    each year and provide $537–$678 billion in benefits from avoided PM2.5-related illness and death.

  • [112] Chronic carbon monoxide poisoning can result even from poorly-adjusted pilot lights.

  • [138][139] Major causes[edit] Further information: § Sources Comparison of footprint-based and transboundary pollution-based relationships among G20 nations for the number
    of PM2.5-related premature deaths.

 

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