figure skating

 

  • In singles and pairs figure skating competition, competitors perform two programs: the short program, in which they complete a set of required elements consisting of jumps,
    spins and steps; and the free skate, also known as the long program, in which they have a slightly wider choice of elements.

  • From intermediate through senior-level competition, skaters generally perform two programs (the short program and the free skate), which, depending on the discipline, may
    include spins, jumps, moves in the field, lifts, throw jumps, death spirals, and other elements or moves.

  • [41] According to world champion and figure skating commentator Scott Hamilton, spins are often used “as breathing points or transitions to bigger things”[41] Figure skating
    spins, along with jumps, spirals, and spread eagles were originally individual compulsory figures, sometimes special figures.

  • • A basic outside edge spiral position with the free leg held unsupported behind the body • A pair outside edge spiral in a catch-foot position • Back inside death spiral
    • Parallel mirror spread eagles with the man on an inside edge and the woman on an outside edge • Ina Bauer • Canadian Championships Dance • Hydroblading • Male ice dancer in Besti squat while lifting his partner • Spread eagle Compulsory
    figures[edit] Compulsory figures involves using the blades of the figure skates to draw circles, figure eights, and similar shapes on the surface of the ice.

  • A spiral is an element in which the skater moves across the ice on a specific edge with the free leg held at hip level or above.

  • Skating on both at the same time (which is referred to as a flat) may result in lower skating skills scores.

  • [54] Turns, steps, moves[edit] Along with other forms of skating, figure skating is one of the only human powered activities where travelling backwards is integral to the
    discipline.

  • According to the International Skating Union (ISU), “the Woman must be caught in the air at the waist by the Man prior to landing and be assisted to a smooth landing on the
    ice on a backward outside edge on one foot”[49] during a twist lift.

  • Video demonstrating basic figure skating jumps A figure skater only needs to be able to jump in one direction, either clockwise or counter-clockwise.

  • [18] Single skating has required elements that skaters must perform during a competition and that make up a well-balanced skating program.

  • They can also do the jump on any pattern they choose, whereas, the other harness, they must do in a straight line.

  • All six are landed on one foot on the back outside edge (with counter-clockwise rotation, for single and multi-revolution jumps), but have different takeoffs, by which they
    may be distinguished.

  • the best jumper is not always placed first if the judges consider the difference in jumping execution to be outweighed by another skater’s speed, spins, presentation, etc.

  • For a set of jumps to be considered a combination, each jump must take off from the landing edge of the previous jump, with no steps, turns, or change of edge between jumps.

  • [62] This event acts to preserve the historic origins of figure skating, offering a perfect black ice surface on which the compulsory figures competition is held.

  • [46] Judges look for the following when evaluating pair lifts: speed of entry and exit; control of the woman’s free leg when she is exiting out of the lift, with the goal
    of keeping the leg high and sweeping; the position of the woman in the air; the man’s footwork; quick and easy changes of position; and the maintenance of flow throughout the lift.

  • [7] Ice dance blades have short tails to enable close foot work and reduce the risk of blade clash in close complex moves.

  • There are two kinds of split jump: • Russian split, performed in a position that is similar to that of a straddle split • ladies split, performed in the position of the more
    traditional split, facing the direction of the front leg • Ross Miner sets up for a jump.

  • The toe picks are mainly used to help launch the skater into the air for the take-off when performing jumps.

  • • Mohawk: the two-foot equivalent • Rocker: one-foot turn involving a change of lobe as well as direction • Counter: one-foot turn involving a change of lobe as well as direction
    • Twizzles: traveling multi-rotation turns on one foot Choctaws are the two-foot equivalents of rockers and counters.

  • Other jumps[edit] Several other jumps are usually performed only as single jumps and in elite skating are used as transitional movements or highlights in step sequences.

  • [48] They require more strength and coordination than many other pair elements, and are usually the first or second element in a program.

  • Spins[edit] Main article: Figure skating spins Spins are an element in which the skater rotates, centered on a single point on the ice, while holding one or more body positions.

  • Besides regular physical exercise, skaters do walk-throughs of jumps off the ice to practice sufficient rotation and height of their jumps, and to practice consistency in
    landing on one foot.

  • The man performs a pivot, one toe anchored in the ice, while holding the hand of his partner, who circles him on a deep edge with her body almost parallel to the ice.

  • There are many types of jumps, identified by the way the skater takes off and lands, as well as by the number of rotations that are completed.

  • Athletes working on single or double jumps require less support and may use a less stiff boot.

  • Toe loops and loops are commonly performed as the second or third jump in a combination because they take off from the back outside edge of the landing foot, or skating leg.

  • To perform a salchow or flip on the back end of a combination, a half loop (which is actually a full rotation, but lands on a back inside edge of the landing leg) may be used
    as a connecting jump.

  • Loop (also known as a Rittberger jump) – the skater takes off backwards from the outside edge of the right (or left) foot.

  • [19] • Pair skating is defined as “the skating of two persons in unison who perform their movements in such harmony with each other as to give the impression of genuine Pair
    Skating as compared with independent Single Skating”.

  • “Moves in the field” (known in the United Kingdom as field moves) replaced compulsory figures as a discipline to teach the same turns and edge skills.

  • Moves in the field is a pre-determined required sequence that demonstrated basic skating skills and edge control.

  • Highest governing body: International Skating Union; Nicknames: Skating; Characteristics: Team members: Individuals, duos, or groups; Mixed-sex: Yes; Equipment: Figure skates;
    Glossary: Glossary of figure skating terms; Presence: Olympic; Part of the Summer Olympics in 1908 and 1920; Part of the first Winter Olympics in 1924 to today Terminology The term “professional” in skating refers not to skill level but competitive
    status.

  • In 1982, the ISU enacted a rule stating that a skater may perform each type of triple only once in a program, or twice if one of them is incorporated into a combination or
    sequence.

  • [citation needed] Prior to most jumps, a figure skater needs to skate backward to build power and speed.

  • Dancers’ blades also have a smaller toe pick as they do not require the large toe pick used for jumping in the other disciplines.

  • Hydroblading refers to a deep edge performed with the body as low as possible to the ice in a near-horizontal position.

  • The close formations, and the need for the team to stay in unison, add to the difficulty of the footwork performed by the skaters in these elements.

  • [45] There are five groups of lifts in pair skating, categorized in order of increasing level of difficulty.

  • The ISU defines dance lifts as “a movement in which one of the partners is elevated with active and/or passive assistance of the other partner to any permitted height, sustained
    there and set down on the ice”.

  • [24] The elements performed by pairs teams must be “linked together by connecting steps of a different nature”[25] and by other comparable movements and with a variety of
    holds and positions.

  • Salchow – the skater takes off backwards from the inside edge of the left (or right) foot, allowing the edge to come round, the opposite leg helps to launch the jump into
    the air.

  • The ability to skate well backwards and forwards are considered to be equally important, as is the ability to transition well between the two.

  • However, if the coaches see fit, they could use another harness usually called “the fishing pole harness.”

  • The various turns, which skaters can incorporate into step sequences, include: • Three-turn: The blade turns into the curve of the edge or lobe.

  • Judges look at the depth, stability, and control of the skating edge, speed and ice coverage, extension, and other factors.

  • [58][59][60] A death spiral is a required element of pair skating.

  • The man must also be in a full pivot position and the death spiral must be held for a minimum amount of rotation, depending on the level.

  • Lutz – similar to the flip, but the skater takes off from the backward outside edge of the left (or right) foot, launching the jump using the opposite toe pick.

  • Edge jumps[edit] An Axel jump Edge jumps use no toe assist, and include (in order of score value): 1.

  • In the context of a competitive program, they include sequences that may include spirals, spread eagles, Ina Bauers, hydroblading, and similar extended edge moves, along with
    loops, twizzles, and different kinds of turns.

  • In figure skating, it is always desirable to skate on only one edge of the blade.

  • [44] • Camel spin • Sit spin • Upright spin • Pair camel spin • Pair spin with woman in layback and man in sit spin • Layback spin with catch-foot • Biellmann spin • Death
    drop Lifts[edit] Main article: Figure skating lifts Pair skaters performing a one-arm overhead lift Figure skating lifts are required elements in pair skating and ice dance.

  • The apparently effortless power and glide across the ice exhibited by elite figure skaters fundamentally derives from efficient use of the edges to generate speed.

  • If used during a spin, the toe pick will cause the skater to lose momentum, or move away from the center of the spin.

  • [26] According to the ISU, an ice dance team consists of one woman and one man.

  • Skates used in singles and pair skating have a set of large, jagged teeth called a “toe pick” on the front of each blade.

  • As of 2011, the woman’s head must at some time reach her skating knee.

  • [20] The ISU also states that a pairs team consists of “one Woman and one Man”.

  • They may also be thinner to assist with glide and fast changes of edge.

  • (For clockwise rotation, the skater takes off using the alternative foot and always lands backwards on the outside edge of the left foot.)

  • Some elite skaters can complete a jump in about one second, with 26 inches of height and 10 feet in distance.

  • Spirals are distinguished by the edge of the blade used (inside or outside), the direction of motion (forward or backward), and the skater’s position.

  • [34] Through the ISU guidelines skaters must perform a minimum of seven elements in their short program and twelve elements in their long program.

  • Likewise, blades designed for free and pairs skating have a longer tail to assist landing.

  • According to ISU rule 342, a figure skating rink for an ISU event “if possible, shall measure sixty (60) meters in one direction and thirty (30) meters in the other, but not
    larger, and not less than fifty-six (56) meters in one direction and twenty-six (26) meters in the other.

  • Senior-level male single skaters perform mostly triple and quadruple jumps in competition.

  • Olympic-sized rinks make the differences in skill between skaters more apparent but they are not available for all events.

  • A medal is generally attributed to only one country, even if a partnership is composed of skaters with different nationalities.

  • The blade profile and picks are designed to assist with spinning and with jump entry, take-off, landing and exit.

  • They may also include former Olympic and World champions who have ended their competitive career, as well as skaters with little or no international competitive experience.

  • [63] Beyond the early 20th century, no skaters have been allowed to represent two countries in the same competition.

  • As this is the only rotating jump to take off from a forward edge, it includes an extra half rotation.

 

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Photo credit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/aidanmorgan/4281102584/’]