new york stock exchange

 

  • • In 2007, US President George W. Bush shows up unannounced to the Floor about an hour and a half before a Federal Open Market Committee interest-rate decision on January
    31;[64] NYSE announces its merger with the American Stock Exchange; NYSE Composite closes above 10,000 on June 1; DJIA exceeds 14,000 on July 19 and closes at a peak of 14,164.53 on October 9.

  • Trading The New York Stock Exchange (sometimes referred to as “The Big Board”)[42] provides a means for buyers and sellers to trade shares of stock in companies registered
    for public trading.

  • [28] The last time the stock exchange was closed due to weather for a full two days was on March 12 and 13, 1888.

  • “[23] NYSE’s stock exchange traders floor before the introduction of electronic readouts and computer screens On October 19, 1987, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA)
    dropped 508 points, a 22.6% loss in a single day, the second-biggest one-day drop the exchange had experienced.

  • With 354 members, the Open Board of Stock Brokers rivaled the NYSE in membership (which had 533) “because it used a more modern, continuous trading system superior to the
    NYSE’s twice-daily call sessions”.

  • The trading floor of the New York Stock Exchange in March 2022 Following the Black Monday market crash in 1987, NYSE imposed trading curbs to reduce market volatility and
    massive panic sell-offs.

  • [17] Notable events[edit] See also: Wall Street Crash of 1929; Black Monday (1987); Friday the 13th mini-crash; October 27, 1997 mini-crash; and Economic effects arising from
    the September 11 attacks 20th century[edit] The exchange was closed shortly after the beginning of World War I (July 31, 1914), but it partially re-opened on November 28 of that year in order to help the war effort by trading bonds,[18] and
    completely reopened for stock trading in mid-December.

  • The earliest securities traded were mostly governmental securities such as War Bonds from the Revolutionary War and First Bank of the United States stock,[9] although Bank
    of New York stock was a non-governmental security traded in the early days.

  • [62] • In 1997, on October 27, a sell-off in Asia’s stock markets hurts the U.S. markets as well; DJIA sees the largest one-day point drop of 554 (or 7.18%) in history.

  • In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, the NYSE was closed for four trading sessions, resuming on Monday, September 17, one of the rare times the NYSE was closed for
    more than one session and only the third time since March 1933.

  • Like the fall of many foreign markets, the Dow suffered a 7.18% drop in value (554.26 points) on October 27, 1997, in what later became known as the 1997 Mini-Crash but from
    which the DJIA recovered quickly.

  • On September 25, 1995, NYSE member Michael Einersen, who designed and developed this system, executed 1000 shares of IBM through this HHC ending a 203-year process of paper
    transactions and ushering in an era of automated trading.

  • [9] After re-forming as the New York Stock and Exchange Board, the broker organization began renting out space exclusively for securities trading, which previously had been
    taking place at the Tontine Coffee House.

  • [8] • Type: Stock exchange; Location: New York City, New York, U.S.; Founded: May 17, 1792; 230 years ago[1] ; Owner: Intercontinental Exchange; Key people: Sharon Bowen (Chair)
    Lynn Martin (President); Currency: United States dollar; No.

  • [10] The Bank of North America, along with the First Bank of the United States and the Bank of New York, were the first shares traded on the New York Stock Exchange.

  • of listings: 2,400[2] ; Market cap: US$26.2 trillion (2021)[3] ; Volume: US$20.161 trillion (2011); Indices: Dow Jones Industrial Average, S&P 500, NYSE Composite History
    The earliest recorded organization of securities trading in New York among brokers directly dealing with each other can be traced to the Buttonwood Agreement.

  • Robert Wright of Bloomberg writes that the merger increased the NYSE’s members as well as trading volume, as “several dozen regional exchanges were also competing with the
    NYSE for customers.

  • In 2005, seat prices shot up to $3.25 million as the exchange entered into an agreement to merge with Archipelago and became a for-profit, publicly traded company.

  • The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE, nicknamed “The Big Board”)[4] is an American stock exchange in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City.

  • • In 2008, the DJIA loses more than 500 points on September 15 amid fears of bank failures, resulting in a permanent prohibition of naked short selling and a three-week temporary
    ban on all short selling of financial stocks; in spite of this, record volatility continues for the next two months, culminating at 5+1⁄2-year market lows.

  • It is by far[5][6] the world’s largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies at US$30.1 trillion as of February 2018.

  • Due to the amount of coverage that the opening/closing bells receive, many companies coordinate new product launches and other marketing-related events to start on the same
    day as when the company’s representatives ring the bell.

  • They will gather around the appropriate post where a specialist broker, who is employed by a NYSE member firm (that is, they are not an employee of the New York Stock Exchange),
    acts as an auctioneer in an open outcry auction market environment to bring buyers and sellers together and to manage the actual auction.

  • [50] • In 1863, the name changed to the New York Stock Exchange.

  • Following the 2011 rule change, at the start of each trading day, the NYSE sets three circuit breaker levels at levels of 7% (Level 1), 13% (Level 2), and 20% (Level 3) of
    the average closing price of the S&P 500 for the preceding trading day.

  • [71] In April 2011, Intercontinental Exchange (ICE), an American futures exchange, and NASDAQ OMX Group had together made an unsolicited proposal to buy NYSE Euronext for
    approximately US$11,000,000,000, a deal in which NASDAQ would have taken control of the stock exchanges.

  • The NYSE now sells one-year licenses to trade directly on the exchange.

  • Black Monday was followed by Terrible Tuesday, a day in which the Exchange’s systems did not perform well and some people had difficulty completing their trades.

  • An additional trading room, at 30 Broad Street, was closed in February 2007.

  • It began trading under the name NYSE Group on March 8, 2006.

  • [59] To date, the NASDAQ is the second-largest exchange in the world by market capitalization, behind only the NYSE.

  • [15] The floor of the New York Stock Exchange in 1908 On April 21, 2005, the NYSE announced its plans to merge with Archipelago in a deal intended to reorganize the NYSE as
    a publicly traded company.

  • [46] (The biggest one-day decline in the S&P 500 since 1987 was the 11.98% drop on March 16, 2020.)

  • The NYSE trading floor in 2009 Electronic[edit] As of January 24, 2007, all NYSE stocks can be traded via its electronic hybrid market (except for a small group of very high-priced
    stocks).

  • In March 2020, the NYSE announced plans to temporarily move to all-electronic trading on March 23, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

  • Government regulation of securities trading was eventually seen as necessary, with arguably the most dramatic changes occurring in the 1930s after a major stock market crash
    precipitated the Great Depression.

  • [27] On October 29, 2012, the stock exchange was shut down for two days due to Hurricane Sandy.

  • To raise the profile of the composite index, in 2003, the NYSE set its new base value of 5,000 points equal to the 2002 yearly close.

  • • In 1987, Black Monday, October 19, sees the second-largest one-day DJIA percentage drop (22.6%, or 508 points) in history.

  • [48][49] • In 1817, the constitution of the New York Stock and Exchange Board is adopted.

  • A Level 3 decline results in trading being suspended for the remainder of the day.

  • The NYSE trading floor is at the New York Stock Exchange Building on 11 Wall Street and 18 Broad Street and is a National Historic Landmark.

  • [54] • In 1929, the central quote system was established; Black Thursday, October 24 and Black Tuesday, October 29 signal the end of the Roaring Twenties bull market.

  • The main bell, which is rung at the beginning and end of the trading day, is controlled by a green button.

  • • In 1923, Poor’s Publishing introduced their “Composite Index”, today referred to as the S&P 500, which tracked a small number of companies on the NYSE.

  • [47] This was done to reflect the value of all stocks trading at the exchange instead of just the 30 stocks included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average.

  • • In 1989, On September 14, seven members of ACT-UP, The AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power, entered the NYSE and protested by chaining themselves to the balcony overlooking
    the trading floor and unfurling a banner, “SELL WELCOME,” in reference to drug manufacturer Burroughs Wellcome.

  • [73] Notable bell-ringers[edit] Many of the people who ring the bell are business executives whose companies trade on the exchange.

  • Customers can now send orders for immediate electronic execution, or route orders to the floor for trade in the auction market.

  • On October 1, 1934, the exchange was registered as a national securities exchange with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, with a president and a thirty-three-member
    board.

  • The NYSE is owned by Intercontinental Exchange, an American holding company that it also lists (NYSE: ICE).

  • Wall Street is the leading U.S. money center for international financial activities and the foremost U.S. location for the conduct of wholesale financial services.

  • Security after the September 11 attacks • In 2001, trading in fractions (n⁄16) ends, replaced by decimals (increments of $0.01, see Decimalization); September 11 attacks occur
    causing NYSE to close for four sessions.

  • The original signal was a gavel (which is still in use today along with the bell), but during the late 1800s, the NYSE decided to switch the gavel for a gong to signal the
    day’s beginning and end.

  • On May 6, 2010, the Dow Jones Industrial Average posted its largest intraday percentage drop since the crash on October 19, 1987, with a 998-point loss later being called
    the 2010 Flash Crash (as the drop occurred in minutes before rebounding).

  • [66] On February 5, the DJIA dropped 1,175 points, making it the largest point drop in history.

  • [19][20][21] The Black Thursday crash of the Exchange on October 24, 1929, and the sell-off panic which started on Black Tuesday, October 29, are often blamed for precipitating
    the Great Depression.

  • After the NYSE changed to its present location at 18 Broad Street in 1903, the gong was switched to the bell format that is currently being used.

  • [30] On August 14, 2014, Berkshire Hathaway’s A Class shares, the highest priced shares on the NYSE, hit $200,000 a share for the first time.

  • [9] On May 17, 1792, twenty-four brokers signed the Buttonwood Agreement, which set a floor commission rate charged to clients and bound the signers to give preference to
    the other signers in securities sales.

  • [24] Subsequently, there was another major drop for the Dow on October 13, 1989—the Mini-Crash of 1989.

  • NYSE’s governing board voted to merge with rival Archipelago on December 6, 2005, and became a for-profit, public company.

  • [44] Until 2005, the right to directly trade shares on the exchange was conferred upon owners of the 1,366 “seats”.

  • On February 1, 2012, the European Commission blocked the merger of NYSE with Deutsche Börse, after commissioner Joaquín Almunia stated that the merger “would have led to a
    near-monopoly in European financial derivatives worldwide”.

 

Works Cited

[‘”History of the New York Stock Exchange”. Library of Congress. Archived from the original on April 4, 2016. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
2. ^ “NYSE Q1 2016 Investor Presentation” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 7, 2016. Retrieved August
1, 2016.
3. ^ “New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) | TradingHours.com”. www.tradinghours.com. Retrieved April 13, 2021.
4. ^ “Merriam-Webster Dictionary’s definition of “Big Board””. Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on January 20, 2013.
Retrieved November 6, 2012.(subscription required)
5. ^ “The NYSE Makes Stock Exchanges Around The World Look Tiny”. Business Insider. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
6. ^ “Is the New York Stock Exchange
the Largest Stock Market in the World?”. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved March 26, 2017.
7. ^ “2016”. Archived from the original on February 12, 2019. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
8. ^ Jump up to:a b c Rothwell, Steve
(December 19, 2012), “For the New York Stock Exchange, a sell order”, San Jose Mercury News, Associated Press
9. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e “National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form, 11 Wall Street”. National Park Service. Retrieved
August 10, 2014. OCRed document unreable
10. ^ FCC. “Financial consulting company – New York Stock Exchange”. financial-consulting.pro. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
11. ^ Pound, Richard W. (2005). Fitzhenry and Whiteside Book of Canadian Facts and
Dates. Fitzhenry and Whiteside. p. 188.
12. ^ E. Wright, Robert (January 8, 2013). “The NYSE’s Long History of Mergers and Rivalries”. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on April 11, 2017. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
13. ^ “NYSEData.com Factbook:
Chronology of New York Stock Exchange (1792–1929)”. www.nyxdata.com. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2017.
14. ^ Hirst, Scott (January 1, 2017). “Frozen Charters”. The Harvard Law School Program on Corporate Governance
Discussion Paper. No. 2016-01.
15. ^ Edmonston, Peter (April 28, 2006). “Where Wall Street Meets to Eat, the Last Lunch”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 13, 2012. Retrieved January 29, 2009.
16. ^ “Intercontinental Exchange
– Board of Directors”. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
17. ^ Osipovich, Alexander (October 26, 2017). “Startup Exchange Cleared to Take on NYSE, Nasdaq for Stock Listings”. Wall Street Journal. New York City,
United States. Archived from the original on October 26, 2017. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
18. ^ “The exchange opens”. The Independent. December 7, 1914. Archived from the original on December 30, 2012. Retrieved July 24, 2012.
19. ^ Baily, Thomas
A; Kennedy, David M. (1994). The American Pageant (10th ed.). D.C. Heath and Company. ISBN 0-669-33892-3.
20. ^ Barron, James (September 17, 2003). “After 1920 Blast, The Opposite Of ‘Never Forget’; No Memorials on Wall St. For Attack That Killed
30”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
21. ^ “Terrific Explosion Outside Morgan’s Office”. The Wall Street Journal. September 17, 1920. p. 3. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved February 6, 2021 – via newspapers.com .
22. ^
Ledbetter, James (August 23, 2007). “The day the NYSE went Yippie”. CNN. Archived from the original on July 11, 2015. Retrieved July 9, 2015.
23. ^ Abbie Hoffman, Soon to be a Major Motion Picture, p. 100, Putnam, 1980. Archived May 6, 2016, at
the Wayback Machine
24. ^ “Terrible Tuesday: How the Stock Market Almost Disintegrated A Day After the Crash”. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
25. ^ “Rage against Wall Street”. Green Left Weekly #397. March 15, 2000. Archived
from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved October 11, 2007.
26. ^ Davis, Marc (September 2, 2011). “How September 11 Affected The U.S. Stock Market”. Investopedia. Archived from the original on November 16, 2016. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
27. ^
“SEC.gov” (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
28. ^ “Stock markets to open today; NYSE backup plan criticized – Business Courier”. Bizjournals.com. October 31, 2012. Archived from the original on
June 15, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
29. ^ Mehta, Nina (October 31, 2012). “U.S. Stocks to Open After Longest Storm Outage Since 1888”. Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on May 24, 2013. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
30. ^ Lynch,
Sarah N (May 2014). “New York Stock Exchange to pay $4.5 million to settle SEC charges”. Reuters. Washington. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved August 15, 2014. The New York Stock Exchange agreed on Thursday to pay $4.5 million
to settle charges brought by U.S. securities regulators that the exchange flouted its own rules, marking the latest crackdown on violations of market structure rules.
31. ^ “Berkshire Hathaway shares top $200,000 apiece”. Forbes. August 14, 2014.
Archived from the original on August 14, 2014. Retrieved August 15, 2014.
32. ^ Gillespie, Patrick; Egan, Matt; Long, Heather (July 8, 2015). “New York Stock Exchange suspends trading”. CNN Money. Archived from the original on July 8, 2015. Retrieved
July 8, 2015.
33. ^ “New York Stock Exchange to Have First Female Leader in 226-Year History”. Wall Street Journal. May 22, 2018. Archived from the original on May 22, 2018. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
34. ^ Schneider, Avie (March 18, 2020). “New
York Stock Exchange To Shift To All-Electronic Trading”. NPR. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
35. ^ Aratani, Lauren (May 26, 2020). “New York Stock Exchange reopens two months after closing due to Covid-19”. the Guardian. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
36. ^
“National Historic Landmarks Survey, New York” (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 20, 2007.
37. ^ “New York Stock Exchange”. National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. September 17, 2007.
Archived from the original on October 12, 2007.
38. ^ George R. Adams (March 1977). “New York Stock Exchange National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination (1MB PDF)” (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved January 30, 2008.
39. ^ “National
Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination (1MB PDF)” (PDF). National Park Service. 1983.
40. ^ Berger, Joseph (July 11, 1985). “New York Stock Exchange Among 6 Buildings Gaining Landmark Status”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved
October 15, 2020.
41. ^ “Holidays and Trading Hours”. nyse.com. New York Stock Exchange. Archived from the original on May 9, 2017. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
42. ^ Headline: Big Board; Inline text: NYSE or New York Stock Exchange. “Big Board
vs. Nasdaq: Let Round 2 Begin”. The New York Times. April 22, 2005. Rivalry between New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq
43. ^ Shell, Adam (July 12, 2007). “Technology squeezes out real, live traders”. USA Today. Archived from the original on December
17, 2011. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
44. ^ Mecane, Joe (March 15, 2011). “What’s an Exchange to Do? The Role of the Exchange in Evaluating Algorithms”. FIXGlobal. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 29, 2013.
45. ^
“NYSE License Application Forms” (PDF). NYSE Trading License Publication. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 11, 2015. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
46. ^ “NYSE Market Model: Circuit Breakers”. New York Stock Exchange. Archived from the original
on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 1, 2015.
47. ^ Waring, David. “The New York Stock Exchange(NYSE).” Informed Trades, 2007, p.1
48. ^ “NYSE, New York Stock Exchange > About Us > History > Firsts & Records”. Nyse.com. Archived from the original
on June 18, 2010. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
49. ^ “NYSE, New York Stock Exchange – About Us – History – Timeline – Timeline 2008 Specialists are Transformed into Designated Market Makers (DMMs)”. Nyse.com. January 1, 1991. Archived from the original
on June 11, 2010. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
50. ^ “NYSE, New York Stock Exchange – About Us – History – Timeline – Timeline”. Nyse.com. Archived from the original on May 15, 2010. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
51. ^ George Winslow, “New York Gold Market”
in The Encyclopedia of New York City (2d ed.: eds. Kenneth T. Jackson, Lisa Keller & Nancy Flood).
52. ^ Jump up to:a b “NYSE, New York Stock Exchange – About Us – History – Timeline – Timeline”. Nyse.com. Archived from the original on August 19,
2010. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
53. ^ Nelson, Samuel Armstrong (1907). The Consolidated Stock Exchange of New York: Its History, Organization, Machinery and Methods. A.B. Benesch Company.
54. ^ Jump up to:a b “S&P 500 | stock market”. Encyclopedia
Britannica. Archived from the original on October 8, 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
55. ^ NYSE: Timeline Archived August 15, 2010, at the Wayback Machine”
56. ^ Jump up to:a b c Lynch, John; Detrick, Ryan (March 5, 2018). “The bull is 9, can
it make 10?” (PDF). LPL Research Weekly Market Commentary.[permanent dead link]
57. ^ Jump up to:a b “NYSE, New York Stock Exchange – About Us – History – Timeline – Timeline”. Nyse.com. December 20, 1967. Archived from the original on August 13,
2010. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
58. ^ “First Female Member of NYSE Muriel Siebert Dies at 80”. NPR.org. August 26, 2013. Archived from the original on October 10, 2014. Retrieved October 7, 2014.
59. ^ “History of the NASDAQ and American Stock
Exchanges (Business Reference Services, Library of Congress)”. www.loc.gov. Archived from the original on April 14, 2013. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
60. ^ “What is NASDAQ?”. Business News Daily. Archived from the original on March 11, 2018. Retrieved
March 10, 2018.
61. ^ “ACT UP Demonstrations on Wall Street”. NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project. Outweek. Retrieved September 4, 2020.
62. ^ “NYSE, New York Stock Exchange – About Us – History – Timeline 1995 Video: Trading Posts Upgrade”. Nyse.com.
January 1, 1991. Archived from the original on June 18, 2010. Retrieved June 10, 2010.
63. ^ “CNNMoney.com – U.S. stocks whipped by losses – October 27, 1997”. Archived from the original on December 3, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2017.
64. ^ Byron,
Katy (January 31, 2007). “President Bush makes surprise visit to NYSE”. CNN Money. Cable News Network. Archived from the original on February 10, 2007. Retrieved February 20, 2007.
65. ^ Randewich, Noel (May 19, 2015). “Stocks end mixed; Dow creeps
up to new record high”. Reuters. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved July 1, 2017.
66. ^ Imbert, Fred (January 4, 2018). “Dow closes above 25,000 for the first time after strong jobs data”. CNBC. Archived from the original
on March 11, 2018. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
67. ^ “Dow Plunges 1,175, The Biggest Point Drop In History”. NPR.org. Archived from the original on March 6, 2018. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
68. ^ “NYSE | A Necessary Step: All-Electronic Trading at
the NYSE”. www.nyse.com. Retrieved May 25, 2021.
69. ^ “NYSE Euronext Completes Acquisition of American Stock Exchange”. New York Stock Exchange. October 1, 2008. Archived from the original on October 8, 2008.
70. ^ “Europe Blocks NYSE and Deutsche
Boerse Merger”. CNBC. February 1, 2012. Archived from the original on February 1, 2012. Retrieved February 1, 2012.
71. ^ NYSE Euronext and Deutsche Boerse Terminate Business Combination Agreement (press release), NYSE Euronext, February 2, 2012,
archived from the original on July 12, 2015
72. ^ Jump up to:a b c Das, Anupreeta; Strasburg, Jenny (December 20, 2012), “Upstart in Talks To Buy NYSE” (paper), The Wall Street Journal, p. A1
73. ^ Jump up to:a b “What is the history behind the
opening and closing bells on the NYSE?”. Archived from the original on October 16, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
74. ^ Gardner, Ralph Jr. (April 30, 2010). “Lessons in Ringing the New York Stock Exchange’s Closing Bell”. Wall Street Journal.
Archived from the original on January 13, 2015. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
75. ^ “Liza Minnelli Rings The New York Stock Exchange Closing Bell Photos and Images – Getty Images”. Archived from the original on February 12, 2017. Retrieved March 26,
2017.
76. ^ “United Nations Secretary-General Launches Principles for Responsible Investment at the NYSE”. Principles for Responsible Investment. NYSE. Archived from the original on May 14, 2014. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
77. ^ “United Nations Secretary-General
Ban Ki-moon Visits the NYSE and Rings The Closing Bell® to Commemorate NYSE Euronext’s Participation in the United Nations Sustainable Stock Exchanges (SSE) Initiative”. NYSE. NYSE. Archived from the original on July 26, 2013. Retrieved May 13, 2014.
78. ^
“Events”. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
79. ^ “The Tradition of the NYSE Bell”. Archived from the original on September 18, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
2. Buck, James E. (1992). The New York Stock Exchange:
The First 200 Years. Greenwich Pub. Group. ISBN 0-944641-02-4.
3. Geisst, Charles R. (2004). Wall Street: A History – From its Beginnings to the Fall of Enron. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517060-1.
4. Kent, Zachary (1990). The Story of
the New York Stock Exchange. Scholastic Library Pub. ISBN 0-516-04748-5.
5. Sloane, Leonard (1980). The Anatomy of the Floor. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-12249-7.
6. Sobel, Robert (1975). N.Y.S.E.: A History of the New York Stock Exchange, 1935–1975.
Weybright and Talley. ISBN 0-679-40124-5.
Photo credit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/pikerslanefarm/8747396730/’]