athens

 

  • [35] The leading position of Athens may well have resulted from its central location in the Greek world, its secure stronghold on the Acropolis and its access to the sea,
    which gave it a natural advantage over inland rivals such as Thebes and Sparta.

  • [citation needed] The first modern city plan consisted of a triangle defined by the Acropolis, the ancient cemetery of Kerameikos and the new palace of the Bavarian king (now
    housing the Greek Parliament), so as to highlight the continuity between modern and ancient Athens.

  • In late June 2007,[41] the Attica region experienced a number of brush fires,[41] including a blaze that burned a significant portion of a large forested national park in
    Mount Parnitha,[42] considered critical to maintaining a better air quality in Athens all year round.

  • The decades that followed became known as the Golden Age of Athenian democracy, during which time Athens became the leading city of Ancient Greece, with its cultural achievements
    laying the foundations for Western civilization.

  • • The Gazi (Greek:) area, one of the latest in full redevelopment, is located around a historic gas factory, now converted into the Technopolis cultural multiplex, and also
    includes artists’ areas, active nightlife and night clubs, small clubs, cafeterias, bars and restaurants, as well as Athens’s “Gay village”.

  • In 2021, Athens’ urban area hosted more than three and a half million people, which is around 35% of the entire population of Greece.

  • [citation needed] Iron Age burials, in the Kerameikos and other locations, are often richly provided for and demonstrate that from 900 BC onwards Athens was one of the leading
    centres of trade and prosperity in the region.

  • [citation needed] At the time, after the extensive destruction it had suffered during the war of independence, it was reduced to a town of about 4,000 people (less than half
    its earlier population) in a loose swarm of houses along the foot of the Acropolis.

  • Later, under Rome, Athens was given the status of a free city because of its widely admired schools.

  • However, Athens, like many other Bronze Age settlements, went into economic decline for around 150 years afterwards.

  • Athens dominates and is the capital of the Attica region and is one of the world’s oldest cities, with its recorded history spanning over 3,400 years[6] and its earliest human
    presence beginning somewhere between the 11th and 7th millennia BC.

  • Work is underway to transform the grounds of the old Athens Airport – named Elliniko – in the southern suburbs, into one of the largest landscaped parks in Europe, to be named
    the Hellenikon Metropolitan Park.

  • A number of its renovated buildings also host fashionable bars, making it a hotspot for the city in the last decade, while live music restaurants known as “rebetadika”, after
    rebetiko, a unique form of music that blossomed in Syros and Athens from the 1920s until the 1960s, are to be found.

  • Daily average highs for July have been measured around 34 °C or 93 °F in downtown Athens, but some parts of the city may be even hotter for the higher density of buildings,
    and the lower density of vegetation, such as the center,[51] in particular, western areas due to a combination of industrialization and a number of natural factors, knowledge of which has existed since the mid-19th century.

  • By the late 1970s, the pollution of Athens had become so destructive that according to the then Greek Minister of Culture, Constantine Trypanis, “…the carved details on
    the five the caryatids of the Erechtheum had seriously degenerated, while the face of the horseman on the Parthenon’s west side was all but obliterated.

  • • Psiri – The reviving Psiri (Greek:) neighbourhood – also known as Athens’s “meat packing district” – is dotted with renovated former mansions, artists’ spaces, and small
    gallery areas.

  • Originally intended as an association of Greek city-states to continue the fight against the Persians, the league soon turned into a vehicle for Athens’s own imperial ambitions.

  • Athens is built around a number of hills.

  • “[40] A series of measures taken by the authorities of the city throughout the 1990s resulted in the improvement of air quality; the appearance of smog (or nefos as the Athenians
    used to call it) has become less common.

  • Landmarks of the modern era, dating back to the establishment of Athens as the capital of the independent Greek state in 1834, include the Hellenic Parliament and the so-called
    “Architectural Trilogy of Athens”, consisting of the National Library of Greece, the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, and the Academy of Athens.

  • A second Olympic complex, next to the sea at the beach of Palaio Faliro, also features modern stadia, shops and an elevated esplanade.

  • The route in its entirety provides visitors with views of the Parthenon and the Agora (the meeting point of ancient Athenians), away from the busy City Centre.

  • • Exarcheia (Greek:), located north of Kolonaki, often regarded as the city’s anarchist scene and as a student quarter with night clubs, cafés, bars and bookshops.

  • [citation needed] A series of anti-pollution measures taken by the city’s authorities in the 1990s, combined with a substantial improvement of the city’s infrastructure (including
    the Attiki Odos motorway, the expansion of the Athens Metro, and the new Athens International Airport), considerably alleviated pollution and transformed Athens into a much more functional city.

  • [16] The Municipality of Athens (also City of Athens), which actually constitutes a small administrative unit of the entire city, had a population of 637,798 (in 2021)[3]
    within its official limits, and a land area of 38.96 km2 (15.04 sq mi).

  • [86] This is often regarded as one of the more prestigious areas of the capital.

  • [citation needed] Following the Greek War of Independence and the establishment of the Greek Kingdom, Athens was chosen as the capital of the newly independent Greek state
    in 1834, largely because of historical and sentimental reasons.

  • During the 1920s a number of Greek refugees, expelled from Asia Minor after the Greco-Turkish War and Greek genocide, swelled Athens’s population; nevertheless it was most
    particularly following World War II, and from the 1950s and 1960s, that the population of the city exploded[citation needed], and Athens experienced a gradual expansion.

  • [91] Many of the southern suburbs (such as Alimos, Palaio Faliro, Elliniko, Glyfada, Voula, Vouliagmeni and Varkiza) known as the Athens Riviera, host a number of sandy beaches,
    most of which are operated by the Greek National Tourism Organisation and require an entrance fee.

  • [citation needed] Athens is a Beta-status global city according to the Globalization and World Cities Research Network,[13] and is one of the biggest economic centers in Southeastern
    Europe.

  • Athens had by this time become a significant naval power with a large fleet, and helped the rebellion of the Ionian cities against Persian rule.

  • With a population close to four million, it is also the seventh largest city in the European Union.

  • The National Garden of Athens was completed in 1840 and is a green refuge of 15.5 hectares in the centre of the Greek capital.

  • Beach in the southern suburb of Alimos, one of the many beaches in the southern coast of Athens The Athens Metropolitan Area consists of 58[89] densely populated municipalities,
    sprawling around the Municipality of Athens (the City Centre) in virtually all directions.

  • [83] The metro’s expansion to the western suburbs of the city has brought easier access to the area since spring 2007, as the line 3 now stops at Gazi (Kerameikos station).

  • Parts of the City Centre have been redeveloped under a masterplan called the Unification of Archeological Sites of Athens, which has also gathered funding from the EU to help
    enhance the project.

  • The hills of Athens also provide green space.

  • The meteorology of Athens is deemed to be one of the most complex in the world because its mountains cause a temperature inversion phenomenon which, along with the Greek government’s
    difficulties controlling industrial pollution, was responsible for the air pollution problems the city has faced.

  • Heavy snow fell in the Greater Athens area and Athens itself between 14–17 February 2021, when snow blanketed the entire city and its suburbs from the north to the furthest
    south, coastal suburbs,[55] with depth ranges up to 25 centimetres (9.8 in) in Central Athens.,[56][57] and with even the Acropolis of Athens completely covered with snow.

  • [12] In modern times, Athens is a large cosmopolitan metropolis and central to economic, financial, industrial, maritime, political and cultural life in Greece.

  • [52][53][54] Due to the large area covered by Athens Metropolitan Area, there are notable climatic differences between parts of the urban conglomeration.

  • [20] The heritage of the Classical Era is still evident in the city, represented by ancient monuments, and works of art, the most famous of all being the Parthenon, considered
    a key landmark of early Western civilization.

  • [7] Classical Athens was a powerful city-state.

  • Athens is the hottest city in mainland Europe [47][48] and according to the Hellenic National Meteorological Service the Athens Basin is also the warmest area of Greece with
    an average annual temperature of 19.8 °C (67.6 °F).

  • Guided by Pericles, who promoted the arts and fostered democracy, Athens embarked on an ambitious building program that saw the construction of the Acropolis of Athens (including
    the Parthenon), as well as empire-building via the Delian League.

  • [41] The major waste management efforts undertaken in the last decade (particularly the plant built on the small island of Psytalia) have greatly improved water quality in
    the Saronic Gulf, and the coastal waters of Athens are now accessible again to swimmers.

  • Measures taken by the Greek authorities throughout the 1990s have improved the quality of air over the Attica Basin.

  • [18] Athens is also the southernmost capital on the European mainland and the warmest major city in continental Europe with an average annual temperature of up to 19.8 °C
    (67.6 °F) locally.

  • Nevertheless, air pollution still remains an issue for Athens, particularly during the hottest summer days.

  • [33] This issue is not unique to Athens; for instance, Los Angeles and Mexico City also suffer from similar atmospheric inversion problems.

  • Athens was the host city of the first modern-day Olympic Games in 1896, and 108 years later it hosted the 2004 Summer Olympics, making it one of the few cities to have hosted
    the Olympics more than once.

  • The city also retains Roman, Byzantine and a smaller number of Ottoman monuments, while its historical urban core features elements of continuity through its millennia of
    history.

  • [24] Modern scholars now generally agree that the goddess takes her name from the city,[24] because the ending -ene is common in names of locations, but rare for personal
    names.

  • After the establishment of the modern Greek state, and partly due to the conservatism of the written language, [aˈθine] again became the official name of the city and remained
    so until the abandonment of Katharevousa in the 1970s, when, Athína, became the official name.

  • Locations[edit] Neighbourhoods of the center of Athens (Municipality of Athens)[edit] Changing of the Greek Presidential Guard in front of the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
    at Syntagma Square.

  • After the Asia Minor Catastrophe in 1922 thousands of families settled in Athens and the population of the city doubled.

  • In the 1980s, it became evident that smog from factories and an ever-increasing fleet of automobiles, as well as a lack of adequate free space due to congestion, had evolved
    into the city’s most important challenge.

  • • Syntagma, Syntagma Square, (Greek: Constitution Square), is the capital’s central and largest square, lying adjacent to the Greek Parliament (the former Royal Palace) and
    the city’s most notable hotels.

  • Lycabettus is one of the tallest hills of the city proper and provides a view of the entire Attica Basin.

  • [85] Exarcheia is home to the Athens Polytechnic and the National Archaeological Museum; it also contains important buildings of several 20th-century styles: Neoclassicism,
    Art Deco and Early Modernism (including Bauhaus influences).

  • [citation needed] Athens expanded its settlement in the second half of the Middle Byzantine Period, in the ninth to tenth centuries AD, and was relatively prosperous during
    the Crusades, benefiting from Italian trade.

  • On the left is the building of the National Bank of Greece.

  • Another district known for its student-crammed, stylish cafés is Theseum or Thission (Greek:), lying just west of Monastiraki.

  • Athens is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the Acropolis of Athens and the medieval Daphni Monastery.

  • It also has a large financial sector, and its port Piraeus is both the largest passenger port in Europe,[14][15] and the third largest in the world.

  • [citation needed] Today, it is often simply called; ‘the capital’.

  • [74] Furthermore, Metropolitan Athens has experienced temperatures of 47.5°C and over in four different locations.

  • Neoclassicism, the international style of this epoch, was the architectural style through which Bavarian, French and Greek architects such as Hansen, Klenze, Boulanger or
    Kaftantzoglou designed the first important public buildings of the new capital.

  • [32][33] By 1400 BC, the settlement had become an important centre of the Mycenaean civilization, and the Acropolis was the site of a major Mycenaean fortress, whose remains
    can be recognised from sections of the characteristic Cyclopean walls.

  • [62][73] Athens holds the official World Meteorological Organization record for the highest temperature ever recorded in Europe, at 48 °C (118.4 °F), which was recorded in
    the Elefsina and Tatoi suburbs of Athens on 10 July 1977.

 

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Photo credit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/blondinrikard/14090546015/’]