• During the tour, in a broadcast to the British Commonwealth on her 21st birthday, she made the following pledge: “I declare before you all that my whole life, whether it be
  long or short, shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong.

• One month earlier, the King had issued letters patent allowing her children to use the style and title of a royal prince or princess, to which they otherwise would not have
  been entitled as their father was no longer a royal prince.

• [44] The engagement was not without controversy; Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a British subject who had served in the Royal Navy throughout the
  Second World War), and had sisters who had married German noblemen with Nazi links.

• After meeting for the third time at the Royal Naval College in Dartmouth in July 1939, Elizabeth—though only 13 years old—said she fell in love with Philip, and they began
  to exchange letters.

• [30] As she approached her 18th birthday, parliament changed the law so she could act as one of five Counsellors of State in the event of her father’s incapacity or absence
  abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944.

• [130][131] In 1986, the Queen paid a six-day state visit to China, becoming the first British monarch to visit the country.

• [141] In March, her second son, Prince Andrew, separated from his wife, Sarah, and Mauritius removed Elizabeth as head of state; her daughter, Princess Anne, divorced Captain
  Mark Phillips in April;[142] angry demonstrators in Dresden threw eggs at the Queen during a state visit to Germany in October;[143] and a large fire broke out at Windsor Castle, one of her official residences, in November.

• The Queen asked them to wait for a year; in the words of her private secretary, “the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought—she hoped—given
  time, the affair would peter out.

• Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, as Edward was still young and likely to marry and have children of his own, who would precede
  Elizabeth in the line of succession.

• [53] In post-war Britain, it was not acceptable for Philip’s German relations, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding.

• [118] Riding at Windsor with President Reagan, June 1982 From April to September 1982, the Queen’s son, Prince Andrew, served with British forces in the Falklands War, for
  which she reportedly felt anxiety[119] and pride.

• As in 1927, when they had toured Australia and New Zealand, Elizabeth remained in Britain, since her father thought her too young to undertake public tours.

• [138] Turbulent 1990s and annus horribilis Philip and Elizabeth in Germany, October 1992 In the wake of coalition victory in the Gulf War, the Queen became the first British
  monarch to address a joint meeting of the United States Congress in May 1991.

• [133] At a state banquet, the Queen joked about the first British emissary to China being lost at sea with Queen Elizabeth I’s letter to the Wanli Emperor, and remarked, “fortunately
  postal services have improved since 1602”.

• [5] Called “Lilibet” by her close family,[6] based on what she called herself at first,[7] she was cherished by her grandfather, George V, whom she affectionately called “Grandpa
  England”,[8] and her regular visits during his serious illness in 1929 were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery.

• [65] The British Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth’s grandmother, Queen Mary, favoured the retention of the House of Windsor, so Elizabeth issued a declaration
  on 9 April 1952 that Windsor would continue to be the name of the royal house.

• [97] Elizabeth gave birth to her third child, Prince Andrew, on 19 February 1960, which was the first birth to a reigning British monarch since 1857.

• [f][152] During the four-day visit, which is considered to be one of the most important foreign trips of the Queen’s reign,[153] she and Philip attended events in Moscow and
  St.

• [105] With President Tito of Yugoslavia in Belgrade, 1972 In February 1974, the British Prime Minister, Edward Heath, advised the Queen to call a general election in the middle
  of her tour of the Austronesian Pacific Rim, requiring her to fly back to Britain.

• When she toured Canada and visited President Harry S. Truman in Washington, D.C., in October 1951, her private secretary, Martin Charteris, carried a draft accession declaration
  in case of the King’s death while she was on tour.

• [70] Despite the death of Queen Mary on 24 March 1953, the coronation went ahead as planned on 2 June, as Mary had requested before she died.

• [145] Two days later, Prime Minister John Major announced plans to reform the royal finances, drawn up the previous year, including the Queen paying income tax from 1993 onwards,
  and a reduction in the civil list.

• [64] With Elizabeth’s accession, it seemed probable that the royal house would bear the Duke of Edinburgh’s name, in line with the custom of a wife taking her husband’s surname
  on marriage.

• [88] Six years later, in 1963, Macmillan resigned and advised the Queen to appoint the Earl of Home as prime minister, advice she followed.

• Home Secretary Herbert Morrison supported the idea, but the King rejected it because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a Prince of Wales and the Prince of
  Wales had always been the heir apparent.

• [112] The following year brought two blows: one was the unmasking of Anthony Blunt, former Surveyor of the Queen’s Pictures, as a communist spy; the other was the assassination
  of her relative and in-law Lord Mountbatten by the Provisional Irish Republican Army.

• Her first royal walkabout, meeting ordinary members of the public, took place during a tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1970.

• On 6 February 1952, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, Sagana Lodge, after a night spent at Treetops Hotel, when word arrived of the death of George VI and Elizabeth’s
  consequent accession to the throne with immediate effect.

• [116] That October the Queen was the subject of another attack while on a visit to Dunedin, New Zealand.

• The Duke complained, “I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children.

• [60] She chose to retain Elizabeth as her regnal name;[61] thus she was called Elizabeth II, which offended many Scots, as she was the first Elizabeth to rule in Scotland.

• [127] Reports of acrimony between them were exaggerated,[128] and the Queen gave two honours in her personal gift—membership in the Order of Merit and the Order of the Garter—to
  Thatcher after her replacement as prime minister by John Major.

• [155][156] In the year that followed, public revelations on the state of Charles and Diana’s marriage continued.

• [157] In consultation with her husband and John Major, as well as the Archbishop of Canterbury, George Carey, and her private secretary, Robert Fellowes, Elizabeth wrote to
  Charles and Diana at the end of December 1995, suggesting that a divorce would be advisable.

• [103] The Queen toured Yugoslavia in October 1972, becoming the first British monarch to visit a communist country.

• [110] In 1978, the Queen endured a state visit to the United Kingdom by Romania’s communist leader, Nicolae Ceaușescu, and his wife, Elena,[111] though privately she thought
  they had “blood on their hands”.

• [39] Princess Elizabeth went on her first overseas tour in 1947, accompanying her parents through southern Africa.

• When her father died in February 1952, Elizabeth—then 25 years old—became queen regnant of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia,
  New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon (known today as Sri Lanka), as well as Head of the Commonwealth.

• [67] Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret told her sister she wished to marry Peter Townsend, a divorcé‚ 16 years Margaret’s senior and with two sons from
  his previous marriage.

• [81] Throughout her reign, the Queen has made hundreds of state visits to other countries and tours of the Commonwealth; she is the most widely travelled head of state.

• [85] The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden’s successor led, in 1957, to the first major personal criticism of the Queen.

• [33][34][35] Elizabeth (far left) on the balcony of Buckingham Palace with her family and Winston Churchill on 8 May 1945 At the end of the war in Europe, on Victory in Europe
  Day, Elizabeth and Margaret mingled incognito with the celebrating crowds in the streets of London.

• [140] Republican feeling in Britain had risen because of press estimates of the Queen’s private wealth—contradicted by the Palace—and reports of affairs and strained marriages
  among her extended family.

• Two years into his sentence, he attempted to escape a psychiatric hospital with the intention of assassinating Charles, who was visiting the country with Diana and their son
  Prince William.

• Philip broke the news to the new queen.

• [55] Elizabeth gave birth to her first child, Prince Charles, on 14 November 1948.

• [23] They corresponded regularly,[23] and she and her parents made the first royal transatlantic telephone call on 18 May.

• [113] According to Paul Martin Sr., by the end of the 1970s the Queen was worried the Crown “had little meaning for” Pierre Trudeau, the Canadian prime minister.

• [149] In October 1994, the Queen became the first reigning British monarch to set foot on Russian soil.

• “[29] In 1943, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the Grenadier Guards, of which she had been appointed colonel the previous year.

• [121] After hosting US President Ronald Reagan at Windsor Castle in 1982 and visiting his California ranch in 1983, the Queen was angered when his administration ordered the
  invasion of Grenada, one of her Caribbean realms, without informing her.

• She has faced occasional republican sentiment and media criticism of her family, particularly after the breakdowns of her children’s marriages, her annus horribilis in 1992,
  and the death of her former daughter-in-law Diana, Princess of Wales, in 1997.

• [114] Trudeau’s supposed republicanism seemed to be confirmed by his antics, such as sliding down banisters at Buckingham Palace and pirouetting behind the Queen’s back in
  1977, and the removal of various Canadian royal symbols during his term of office.

• [136] The involvement of younger members of the royal family in the charity game show It’s a Royal Knockout in 1987 was ridiculed.

• [90] Seated with Philip on thrones at Canadian parliament, 1957 In 1957, Elizabeth made a state visit to the United States, where she addressed the United Nations General
  Assembly on behalf of the Commonwealth.

• [114] Press scrutiny and Thatcher premiership Riding Burmese at the 1986 Trooping the Colour ceremony During the 1981 Trooping the Colour ceremony, six weeks before the wedding
  of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer, six shots were fired at the Queen from close range as she rode down The Mall, London, on her horse, Burmese.

• [148] The Queen’s solicitors had taken action against The Sun five years earlier for breach of copyright, after it published a photograph of the Duchess of York and Princess
  Beatrice.

• [28] In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the BBC’s Children’s Hour, addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities.

• [62] She was proclaimed queen throughout her realms and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom.

• Their two children remained in Britain.

• [37] Welsh politicians suggested she be made Princess of Wales on her 18th birthday.

• [91] Two years later, solely in her capacity as Queen of Canada, she revisited the United States and toured Canada.

• The Queen, who believed that she was speaking to Chrétien, said she supported Canadian unity, and would try to influence Quebec’s referendum on proposals to break away from
  Canada.

• [58] Reign Accession and coronation Main article: Coronation of Elizabeth II Coronation portrait with husband Philip, 1953 George VI’s health declined during 1951, and Elizabeth
  frequently stood in for him at public events.

• In November 1947, she married Philip Mountbatten, a former prince of Greece and Denmark, and their marriage lasted 73 years until his death in April 2021.

• [84] With Commonwealth leaders at the 1960 Commonwealth Conference The absence of a formal mechanism within the Conservative Party for choosing a leader meant that, following
  Eden’s resignation, it fell to the Queen to decide whom to commission to form a government.

• “[46] Later biographies reported that Elizabeth’s mother had reservations about the union initially, and teased Philip as “The Hun”.

• [77] By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established.

• [59] In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of Kenya.

• He was a prince without a home or kingdom.

• She was educated privately at home and began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, serving in the Auxiliary Territorial Service.

 

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