• [16] A copy of it was passed to Burns, who later recalled, “I had taken the last farewell of my few friends, my chest was on the road to Greenock; I had composed the last
  song I should ever measure in Scotland – ‘The Gloomy night is gathering fast’ – when a letter from Dr Blacklock to a friend of mine overthrew all my schemes, by opening new prospects to my poetic ambition.

• [citation needed] In Edinburgh, in early 1787, he met James Johnson, a struggling music engraver and music seller with a love of old Scots songs and a determination to preserve
  them.

• [37] The family went to the Court of Session in 1798 with a plan to support his surviving children by publishing a four-volume edition of his complete works and a biography
  written by Dr. James Currie.

• His opinion that I would meet with encouragement in Edinburgh for a second edition, fired me so much, that away I posted for that city, without a single acquaintance, or a
  single letter of introduction.

• After a few years of home education, Burns was sent to Dalrymple Parish School in mid-1772 before returning at harvest time to full-time farm labouring until 1773, when he
  was sent to lodge with Murdoch for three weeks to study grammar, French, and Latin.

• [20] He made major contributions to George Thomson’s A Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs for the Voice as well as to James Johnson’s Scots Musical Museum.

• [citation needed] Burns was in financial difficulties due to his lack of success in farming, and to make enough money to support a family he took up an offer of work in Jamaica
  from Patrick Douglas of Garrallan, Old Cumnock, whose sugar plantations outside Port Antonio were managed by his brother Charles, under whom Burns was to be a “book keeper” (assistant overseer of slaves).

• [16] Known as the Kilmarnock volume, it sold for 3 shillings and contained much of his best writing, including “The Twa Dogs” (which features Luath, his Border Collie),[17]
  “Address to the Deil”, “Halloween”, “The Cotter’s Saturday Night”, “To a Mouse”, “Epitaph for James Smith”, and “To a Mountain Daisy”, many of which had been written at Mossgiel farm.

• [81] In 1996, a musical about Burns’s life called Red Red Rose won third place at a competition for new musicals in Denmark.

• On 3 April Burns sent proposals for publishing his Scotch Poems to John Wilson, a printer in Kilmarnock, who published these proposals on 14 April 1786, on the same day that
  Jean Armour’s father tore up the paper in which Burns attested his marriage to Jean.

• [66] The club set its original objectives as “To cherish the name of Robert Burns; to foster a love of his writings, and generally to encourage an interest in the Scottish
  language and literature.”

• At Dumfries, he wrote his world famous song “A Man’s a Man for A’ That”, which was based on the writings in The Rights of Man by Thomas Paine, one of the chief political theoreticians
  of the American Revolution.

• In 1775, he was sent to finish his education with a tutor at Kirkoswald, where he met Peggy Thompson (born 1762), to whom he wrote two songs, “Now Westlin’ Winds” and “I Dream’d
  I Lay”.

• [60] An example of Burns’s literary influence in the US is seen in the choice by novelist John Steinbeck of the title of his 1937 novel, Of Mice and Men, taken from a line
  in the second-to-last stanza of “To a Mouse”: “The best laid schemes o’ mice an’ men / Gang aft agley.”

• Failing health and death The death room of Robert Burns Robert Burns Mausoleum at St Michael’s churchyard in Dumfries Burns’s worldly prospects were perhaps better than they
  had ever been but he alienated some acquaintances by freely expressing sympathy with the French,[31] and American Revolutions, for the advocates of democratic reform and votes for all men and the Society of the Friends of the People which
  advocated Parliamentary Reform.

• [13][14] At about the same time, Burns fell in love with Mary Campbell (1763–1786), whom he had seen in church while he was still living in Tarbolton.

• [citation needed] About this time he was offered and declined an appointment in London on the staff of The Star newspaper,[22] and refused to become a candidate for a newly
  created Chair of Agriculture in the University of Edinburgh,[22] although influential friends offered to support his claims.

• [10] Kilmarnock volume Title page of the Kilmarnock Edition As Burns lacked the funds to pay for his passage to the West Indies, Gavin Hamilton suggested that he should “publish
  his poems in the mean time by subscription, as a likely way of getting a little money to provide him more liberally in necessaries for Jamaica.”

• His stay in the city also resulted in some lifelong friendships, among which were those with Lord Glencairn, and Frances Anna Dunlop (1730–1815),[20] who became his occasional
  sponsor and with whom he corresponded for many years until a rift developed.

• [29][30] Burns described how he had to master singing the tune before he composed the words: Burns House in Dumfries, Scotland My way is: I consider the poetic sentiment,
  correspondent to my idea of the musical expression, then chuse my theme, begin one stanza, when that is composed—which is generally the most difficult part of the business—I walk out, sit down now and then, look out for objects in nature around
  me that are in unison or harmony with the cogitations of my fancy and workings of my bosom, humming every now and then the air with the verses I have framed.

• Other poems and songs of Burns that remain well known across the world today include “A Red, Red Rose”, “A Man’s a Man for A’ That”, “To a Louse”, “To a Mouse”, “The Battle
  of Sherramuir”, “Tam o’ Shanter” and “Ae Fond Kiss”.

• [19] In Edinburgh, he was received as an equal by the city’s men of letters—including Dugald Stewart, Robertson, Blair and others—and was a guest at aristocratic gatherings,
  where he bore himself with unaffected dignity.

• It was moved back to its original location in the Back Bay Fens in 2019 In January 1864, President Abraham Lincoln was invited to attend a Robert Burns celebration by Robert
  Crawford; and if unable to attend, send a toast.

• [43] Statue of Burns in Dumfries town centre, unveiled in 1882 The strong emotional highs and lows associated with many of Burns’s poems have led some, such as Burns biographer
  Robert Crawford,[44] to suggest that he suffered from manic depression—a hypothesis that has been supported by analysis of various samples of his handwriting.

• Some of his works, such as “Love and Liberty” (also known as “The Jolly Beggars”), are written in both Scots and English for various effects.

• The success of the work was immediate, and soon he was known across the country.

• One of the better known of these collections is The Merry Muses of Caledonia (the title is not Burns’s), a collection of bawdy lyrics that were popular in the music halls
  of Scotland as late as the 20th century.

• He contributed 40 songs to volume two, and he ended up responsible for about a third of the 600 songs in the whole collection, as well as making a considerable editorial contribution.

• [I never saw such another eye in a human head, though I have seen the most distinguished men of my time.]

• In mid-1784 Burns came to know a group of girls known collectively as The Belles of Mauchline, one of whom was Jean Armour, the daughter of a stonemason from Mauchline.

• He transferred his share in Mossgiel farm to his brother Gilbert on 22 July, and on 30 July wrote to tell his friend John Richmond that, “Armour has got a warrant to throw
  me in jail until I can find a warrant for an enormous sum …

• It includes: the humble Burns Cottage where he was born and spent the first years of his life, a modern museum building which houses more than 5,000 Burns artefacts including
  his handwritten manuscripts, the historic Alloway Auld Kirk and Brig o Doon which feature in Burns’s masterpiece ‘Tam o Shanter’, and the Burns Monument which was erected in Burns’s honour and finished in 1823.

• — Robert Burns Burns also worked to collect and preserve Scottish folk songs, sometimes revising, expanding, and adapting them.

• He was kept very busy doing reports, father of four young children, song collector and songwriter.

• [3][4][5] He was born in a house built by his father (now the Burns Cottage Museum), where he lived until Easter 1766, when he was seven years old.

• In December 1781, Burns moved temporarily to Irvine to learn to become a flax-dresser, but during the workers’ celebrations for New Year 1781/1782 (which included Burns as
  a participant) the flax shop caught fire and was burnt to the ground.

• Canada Burns Monument in Dorchester Square, Montréal, Québec Burns had a significant influence on Alexander McLachlan[46] and some influence on Robert Service.

• As well as making original compositions, Burns also collected folk songs from across Scotland, often revising or adapting them.

• [6] He was also taught by John Murdoch (1747–1824), who opened an “adventure school” in Alloway in 1763 and taught Latin, French, and mathematics to both Robert and his brother
  Gilbert (1760–1827) from 1765 to 1768 until Murdoch left the parish.

• Mauchline Robert and Gilbert made an ineffectual struggle to keep on the farm, but after its failure they moved to the farm at Mossgiel, near Mauchline, in March, which they
  maintained with an uphill fight for the next four years.

• Nasmyth had come to know Burns and his fresh and appealing image has become the basis for almost all subsequent representations of the poet.

• Celebration of his life and work became almost a national charismatic cult during the 19th and 20th centuries, and his influence has long been strong on Scottish literature.

• [54][55] Senator Heath Macquarrie quipped of Canada’s first Prime Minister that “While the lovable [Robbie] Burns went in for wine, women and song, his fellow Scot, John A.
  did not chase women and was not musical!

• To his father’s disapproval, Robert joined a country dancing school in 1779 and, with Gilbert, formed the Tarbolton Bachelors’ Club the following year.

• “[15] On 31 July 1786 John Wilson published the volume of works by Robert Burns, Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish dialect.

• This venture accordingly came to an end, and Burns went home to Lochlea farm.

• Burns postponed his planned emigration to Jamaica on 1 September, and was at Mossgiel two days later when he learnt that Jean Armour had given birth to twins.

• The first volume was published in 1787 and included three songs by Burns.

• The first one, known as The Mother Club, was founded in Greenock in 1801 by merchants born in Ayrshire, some of whom had known Burns.

• [61] When asked for the source of his greatest creative inspiration, singer-songwriter Bob Dylan selected Burns’s 1794 song “A Red, Red Rose” as the lyric that had the biggest
  effect on his life.

• Burns influenced later Scottish writers, especially Hugh MacDiarmid, who fought to dismantle what he felt had become a sentimental cult that dominated Scottish literature.

• [38] Hogg records that fund-raising for Burns’s family was embarrassingly slow, and it took several years to accumulate significant funds through the efforts of John Syme
  and Alexander Cunningham.

• [8] It has been suggested that the position was for a single man, and that he would live in rustic conditions, not likely to be living in the great house at a salary of £30
  per annum.

• Dunedin’s first European settlers were Scots; Thomas Burns, a nephew of Burns, was one of Dunedin’s founding fathers.

• The funeral took place on Monday 25 July 1796, the day that his son Maxwell was born.

• [33] Hogg records that Burns was given the freedom of the Burgh of Dumfries on 4 June 1787, 9 years before his death, and was also made an Honorary Burgess of Dumfries.

• [52] Universities mark the date in a range of ways: McMaster University library organized a special collection[53] and Simon Fraser University’s Centre for Scottish Studies
  organized a marathon reading of Burns’s poetry.

• I am wandering from one friend’s house to another.

• [6] During this time he met and befriended Captain Richard Brown who encouraged him to become a poet.

• [72] In 2020, the Robert Burns Academy in Cumnock, East Ayrshire opened and is named after Burns as an honour of Burns having spent time living in nearby Mauchline.

• He is the best known of the poets who have written in the Scots language, although much of his writing is in a “light Scots dialect” of English, accessible to an audience
  beyond Scotland.

• When it became clear that Nancy would not be easily seduced into a physical relationship, Burns moved on to Jenny Clow (1766–1792), Nancy’s domestic servant, who bore him
  a son, Robert Burns Clow, in 1788.

• Here he encountered, and made a lasting impression on, the 16-year-old Walter Scott, who described him later with great admiration: [His person was strong and robust;] his
  manners rustic, not clownish, a sort of dignified plainness and simplicity which received part of its effect perhaps from knowledge of his extraordinary talents.

• His relationship with Nancy concluded in 1791 with a final meeting in Edinburgh before she sailed to Jamaica for what turned out to be a short-lived reconciliation with her
  estranged husband.

• [6][clarification needed] He had little regular schooling and got much of his education from his father, who taught his children reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, and
  history and also wrote for them A Manual of Christian Belief.

• [77] In 1996, the Isle of Man issued a four-coin set of Crown (5/-) pieces on the themes of “Auld Lang Syne”, Edinburgh Castle, Revenue Cutter, and Writing Poems.

• He continued to write poems and songs and began a commonplace book in 1783, while his father fought a legal dispute with his landlord.

• His house in Dumfries is operated as the Robert Burns House, and the Robert Burns Centre in Dumfries features more exhibits about his life and works.

• Towns named after Burns include Burns, New York, and Burns, Oregon.

• Tarbolton Despite his ability and character, William Burnes was consistently unfortunate, and migrated with his large family from farm to farm without ever being able to improve
  his circumstances.

• The Edinburgh literati worked to sentimentalise Burns during his life and after his death, dismissing his education by calling him a “heaven-taught ploughman”.

• He is regarded as a pioneer of the Romantic movement, and after his death he became a great source of inspiration to the founders of both liberalism and socialism, and a cultural
  icon in Scotland and among the Scottish diaspora around the world.

• His earliest existing letters date from this time, when he began making romantic overtures to Alison Begbie (b.

• Many of Burns’s most famous poems are songs with the music based upon older traditional songs.

 

Works Cited

[‘Burns is also known by various other names and epithets. These include Rabbie Burns, the National Bard, Bard of Ayrshire, the Ploughman Poet, Scotland’s favourite son, Robden of Solway Firth, and simply the Bard.[1][2]
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contribution of Edward J. Cowan, pp. 131–149
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Photo credit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/fixersphotos/4522153453/’]