hong kong

 

  • Hong Kong’s political and judicial systems may be integrated with China’s at that time, or the territory may continue to be administered separately.

  • [140] The United States ended its preferential economic and trade treatment of Hong Kong in July 2020 because it was no longer able to distinguish Hong Kong as a separate
    entity from the People’s Republic of China.

  • [22] As one of China’s two special administrative regions (the other being Macau), Hong Kong maintains separate governing and economic systems from that of mainland China
    under the principle of “one country, two systems”.

  • [157][158] However, during a period of large-scale protests in 2020, the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress passed the controversial Hong Kong national security
    law.

  • [90] Political debates after the transfer of sovereignty have centred around the region’s democratic development and the Chinese central government’s adherence to the “one
    country, two systems” principle.

  • Chinese national law does not generally apply in the region, and Hong Kong is treated as a separate jurisdiction.

  • [82] Chinese special administrative region The colony faced an uncertain future as the end of the New Territories lease approached, and Governor Murray MacLehose raised the
    question of Hong Kong’s status with Deng Xiaoping in 1979.

  • From 1661 to 1683, the population of most of the area forming present day Hong Kong was cleared under the Great Clearance, turning the region into a wasteland.

  • [102] Under these terms and the “one country, two systems” principle, the Basic Law of Hong Kong is the regional constitution.

  • [84] It does not specify how Hong Kong will be governed after 2047, and the central government’s role in determining the territory’s future system of government is the subject
    of political debate and speculation.

  • [99] The Chinese central government meanwhile enacted the Hong Kong national security law to help quell protests in the region.

  • [58][59] Portuguese merchants established a trading post called Tamão in Hong Kong waters and began regular trade with southern China.

  • [83] Diplomatic negotiations with China resulted in the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration, in which the United Kingdom agreed to transfer the colony in 1997 and China would
    guarantee Hong Kong’s economic and political systems for 50 years after the transfer.

  • Hong Kong is also a major global financial centre and one of the most developed cities in the world.

  • According to a 2016 thematic report by the Hong Kong government, after excluding foreign domestic helpers, the real number of non-Chinese ethnic minorities in the city was
    263,593, or 3.6% of Hong Kong’s population.

  • [199] About half the population have some form of British nationality, a legacy of colonial rule; 3.4 million residents have British National (Overseas) status, and 260,000
    British citizens live in the territory.

  • These were especially prolific during the immediate post-war period, when many were rapidly built to house large numbers of Chinese migrants.

  • [76] Hong Kong was occupied by Japan for almost four years before Britain resumed control on 30 August 1945.

  • [87] Hong Kong was transferred to China on 1 July 1997, after 156 years of British rule.

  • [33][34][35] Hong Kong is a highly developed territory and ranks fourth on the UN Human Development Index.

  • [133] Hong Kong residents are not required to perform military service, and current law has no provision for local enlistment, so its defence is composed entirely of non-Hongkongers.

  • [124] Furthermore, in circumstances where the Standing Committee declares a state of emergency in Hong Kong, the State Council may enforce national law in the region.

  • [101] The Sino-British Joint Declaration provided for economic and administrative continuity through the transfer of sovereignty,[84] resulting in an executive-led governing
    system largely inherited from the territory’s history as a British colony.

  • [143] Political reforms and sociopolitical issues Main articles: Democratic development in Hong Kong and Human rights in Hong Kong 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests Hong Kong is
    governed by a hybrid regime that is not fully representative of the population.

  • [70] British Hong Kong flag from 1959 to 1997 The colony was further expanded in 1898 when Britain obtained a 99-year lease of the New Territories.

  • [118] The Chinese Communist Party does not have an official political presence in Hong Kong, and its members do not run in local elections.

  • [86] The Legislative Council became a fully elected legislature for the first time in 1995 and extensively expanded its functions and organisations throughout the last years
    of the colonial rule.

  • [139] The imposition of Hong Kong national security law by the central government in Beijing in June 2020 resulted in the suspension of bilateral extradition treaties by the
    United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Finland, and Ireland.

  • [20] The University of Hong Kong was established in 1911 as the territory’s first institution of higher education.

  • [69] Administrative infrastructure was quickly built by early 1842, but piracy, disease, and hostile Qing policies initially prevented the government from attracting commerce.

  • [72][73] At the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1937, Governor Geoffry Northcote declared Hong Kong a neutral zone to safeguard its status as a free port.

  • [188] Some (including the Court of Final Appeal Building and the Hong Kong Observatory) retain their original function, and others have been adapted and reused; the Former
    Marine Police Headquarters was redeveloped into a commercial and retail complex,[189] and Béthanie (built in 1875 as a sanatorium) houses the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts.

  • [150][151] Foreign domestic helpers, predominantly women from the Philippines and Indonesia, have little protection under regional law.

  • Although they live and work in Hong Kong, these workers are not treated as ordinary residents and are ineligible for right of abode in the territory.

  • [134] The central government and Ministry of Foreign Affairs handle diplomatic matters, but Hong Kong retains the ability to maintain separate economic and cultural relations
    with foreign nations.

  • [28] Hong Kong is home to the third-highest number of billionaires of any city in the world,[29] the second-highest number of billionaires of any city in Asia, and the largest
    concentration of ultra high-net-worth individuals of any city in the world.

  • [187] However, many examples of European and Lingnan architecture are still found throughout the territory.

  • [19] By the end of this war, Hong Kong had evolved from a transient colonial outpost into a major entrepôt.

  • [200] The vast majority also hold Chinese nationality, automatically granted to all ethnic Chinese residents at the transfer of sovereignty.

  • [77] Its population rebounded quickly after the war, as skilled Chinese migrants fled from the Chinese Civil War and more refugees crossed the border when the Chinese Communist
    Party took control of mainland China in 1949.

  • [213][214] Economy Hong Kong has a capitalist mixed service economy, characterised by low taxation, minimal government market intervention, and an established international
    fin

  • [100] Government and politics Hong Kong is a special administrative region of China, with executive, legislative, and judicial powers devolved from the national government.

  • The Immigration Department issues passports for permanent residents which differ from those of the mainland or Macau,[126] and the region maintains a regulated border with
    the rest of the country.

  • Thirty FC councillors are selected from limited electorates representing sectors of the economy or special interest groups,[115] and the remaining five members are nominated
    from sitting district council members and selected in region-wide double direct elections.

  • [119] Hong Kong is represented in the National People’s Congress by 36 deputies chosen through an electoral college and 203 delegates in the Chinese People’s Political Consultative
    Conference appointed by the central government.

  • [165] Urban development is concentrated on the Kowloon Peninsula, Hong Kong Island, and in new towns throughout the New Territories.

  • The protests are the largest in Hong Kong history,[98] with organisers claiming to have attracted more than three million Hong Kong residents.

  • [136][137][138] The regional government maintains trade offices in Greater China and other nations.

  • British forces began controlling Hong Kong shortly after the signing of the convention, from 26 January 1841.

  • [92] The central government decision to implement nominee pre-screening before allowing chief executive elections triggered a series of protests in 2014 which became known
    as the Umbrella Revolution.

  • [183] The International Commerce Centre and Two International Finance Centre are the tallest buildings in Hong Kong and are among the tallest in the Asia-Pacific region.

  • [22] Immediately after the transfer, Hong Kong was severely affected by several crises.

  • [56] By the end of the Yuan dynasty, seven large families had settled in the region and owned most of the land.

  • [140][141] Administrative divisions Main articles: List of towns in Hong Kong and Districts of Hong Kong The territory is divided into 18 districts, each represented by a
    district council.

  • [21] The whole territory was transferred to China in 1997.

  • [159] The law criminalises acts that were previously considered protected speech under Hong Kong law and establishes the Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG
    in the HKSAR, an investigative office under Central People’s Government authority immune from HKSAR jurisdiction.

  • Although the traders were expelled after military clashes in the 1520s,[60] Portuguese-Chinese trade relations were re-established by 1549.

  • [93] Discrepancies in the electoral registry and disqualification of elected legislators after the 2016 Legislative Council elections[94][95][96] and enforcement of national
    law in the West Kowloon high-speed railway station raised further concerns about the region’s autonomy.

  • [153][154][155][156] The Joint Declaration guarantees the Basic Law of Hong Kong for 50 years after the transfer of sovereignty.

  • [109] Its judicial system is based on common law, continuing the legal tradition established during British rule.

  • [128] Public finances are handled separately from the national government; taxes levied in Hong Kong do not fund the central authority.

  • [79] With a rapidly increasing population, the colonial government began reforms to improve infrastructure and public services.

  • [161] In October 2020, Hong Kong police arrested seven pro-democracy politicians over tussles with pro-Beijing politicians in the Legislative Council in May.

  • [122] Interpretative and amending power over the Basic Law and jurisdiction over acts of state lie with the central authority, making regional courts ultimately subordinate
    to the mainland’s socialist civil law system.

  • [23][f] Originally a sparsely populated area of farming and fishing villages,[18][24] the territory has become one of the world’s most significant financial centres and commercial
    ports.

  • Hong Kong was established as a colony of the British Empire after the Qing Empire ceded Hong Kong Island from Xin’an County at the end of the First Opium War in 1841 then
    again in 1842.

 

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Legislation and case law
• Amendment to the Basic Law Annex I (Instrument A111)
• Basic Law Chapter II
• Basic Law Chapter III
• Basic Law Chapter IV
• Basic Law Chapter V
• Basic Law Chapter VII
• Chief
Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Another v the President of the Legislative Council, HCAL 185/2016, at para. 20
• Constitution of the People’s Republic of China (Instrument A1)
• District Councils Ordinance (Cap. 547)
Schedule 3
• Emergency Regulations Ordinance (Cap. 241)
• Hong Kong Baptist University Ordinance (Cap. 1126)
• Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Passports Ordinance (Cap. 539)
• Photo credit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/chefranden/4580206494/’]