london

 

  • [57][58] In the 12th century, the institutions of central government, which had hitherto followed the royal English court around the country, grew in size and sophistication
    and became increasingly fixed, for most purposes at Westminster, although the royal treasury, having been moved from Winchester, came to rest in the Tower.

  • [207][208] The East End is the area closest to the original Port of London, known for its high immigrant population, as well as for being one of the poorest areas in London.

  • [146] Geography Scope London, also known as Greater London, is one of nine regions of England and the top subdivision covering most of the city’s metropolis.

  • [note 4] The City of London at its core once comprised the whole settlement, but as its urban area grew, the Corporation of London resisted attempts to amalgamate the City
    with its suburbs, causing “London” to be defined several ways.

  • While the City of Westminster developed into a true governmental capital, its distinct neighbour, the City of London, remained England’s largest city and principal commercial
    centre and flourished under its own unique administration, the Corporation of London.

  • [106] In 1965 London’s political boundaries were expanded in response to the growth of the urban area and a new Greater London Council was created.

  • The capital of England was moved to London from Winchester as the Palace of Westminster developed in the 12th and 13th centuries to become the permanent location of the royal
    court, and thus the political capital of the nation.

  • [161] More recently, Greater London has been defined as a region of England and in this context is known as London.

  • [39][37] Until 1889, the name “London” applied officially only to the City of London, but since then it has also referred to the County of London and to Greater London.

  • Since 1965 Greater London has been divided into 32 London boroughs in addition to the ancient City of London.

  • As a large city, London has a considerable urban heat island effect,[187] making the centre of London at times 5 °C (9 °F) warmer than the suburbs and outskirts.

  • [148][149] The London telephone area code (020) covers a larger area, similar in size to Greater London, although some outer districts are excluded and some just outside included.

  • [209] The surrounding East London area saw much of London’s early industrial development; now, brownfield sites throughout the area are being redeveloped as part of the Thames
    Gateway including the London Riverside and Lower Lea Valley, which was developed into the Olympic Park for the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics.

  • [147] Forty per cent of Greater London is covered by the London post town, in which ‘LONDON’ forms part of postal addresses.

  • [note 1][11] Since the 19th century,[12] The name “London” has also referred to the metropolis around this core, historically split between the counties of Middlesex, Essex,
    Surrey, Kent, and Hertfordshire,[13] which largely comprises Greater London,[14] governed by the Greater London Authority.

  • Winchester had been the capital of Anglo-Saxon England, but from this time London became the main forum for foreign traders and the base for defence in time of war.

  • — Samuel Johnson, 1777[88] Late modern and contemporary With the onset of the Industrial Revolution in Britain, an unprecedented growth in urbanisation took place, and the
    number of High Streets (the primary street for retail in Britain) rapidly grew.

  • [note 2][15] The City of Westminster, to the west of the City of London, has for centuries held the national government and parliament.

  • Few structures in central London pre-date the Great Fire of 1666, these being a few trace Roman remains, the Tower of London and a few scattered Tudor survivors in the city.

  • [102] Starting mainly in the mid-1960s, London became a centre for worldwide youth culture, exemplified by the Swinging London sub-culture[103] associated with the King’s
    Road, Chelsea[104] and Carnaby Street.

  • However, London is vulnerable to climate change in the United Kingdom, and there is increasing concern among hydrological experts that London households may run out of water
    before 2050.

  • [118] In 2008, Time named London alongside New York City and Hong Kong as Nylonkong, hailing them as the world’s three most influential global cities.

  • [75] The Great Fire of London destroyed many parts of the city in 1666.

  • [150] Further urban expansion is now prevented by the Metropolitan Green Belt,[151] although the built-up area extends beyond the boundary in places, producing a separately
    defined Greater London Urban Area.

  • During the Georgian era, new districts such as Mayfair were formed in the west; new bridges over the Thames encouraged development in South London.

  • [85] Coffee-houses became a popular place to debate ideas, as growing literacy and development of the printing press made news widely available, with Fleet Street becoming
    the centre of the British press.

  • [69] The defensive Lines of Communication, planned during the English Civil War, c. 1643, surrounded the City, Westminster, Southwark, Lambeth and related areas (Vertue, 1738).

  • [50] By about 680 the city had become a major port again, but there is little evidence of large-scale production.

  • [55] William built the Tower of London, the first of many such in England rebuilt in stone in the south-eastern corner of the city, to intimidate the inhabitants.

  • [99] From the 1940s, London became home to many immigrants, primarily from Commonwealth countries such as Jamaica, India, Bangladesh and Pakistan,[100] making London one of
    the most diverse cities in the world.

  • Much of London property passed from church to private ownership, which accelerated trade and business in the city.

  • During the 18th century, London was said to be dogged by crime,[81] and the Bow Street Runners were established in 1750 as a professional police force.

  • [52] By the 11th century, London was clearly the largest town in England.

  • [45] Roman London Despite the evidence of scattered Brythonic settlements in the area, the first major settlement was founded by the Romans about four years[2] after the invasion
    of 43 CE.

  • London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just over 9 million.

  • [25] The mid-2018 population of Greater London of about 9 million[5] made it Europe’s third-most populous city,[26] accounting for 13.4% of the population of the United Kingdom[27]
    and over 16% of the population of England.

  • [48] Anglo-Saxon and Viking-period London With the early 5th-century collapse of Roman rule, London ceased to be a capital and the walled city of Londinium was effectively
    abandoned, although Roman civilisation continued around St Martin-in-the-Fields until about 450.

  • [155] Status Within London, both the City of London and the City of Westminster have city status and both the City of London and the remainder of Greater London are counties
    for the purposes of lieutenancies.

  • [143] The Metropolitan Police have made detailed crime figures, broken down by category at borough and ward level, available on their website since 2000.

  • [59] Disaster struck in the form of the Black Death in the mid-14th century, when London lost nearly a third of its population.

  • Fearing an attempt by the Crown to diminish the Liberties of London, coupled with a lack of interest in administering these additional areas or concern by city guilds of having
    to share power, caused the Corporation’s “The Great Refusal”, a decision which largely continues to account for the unique governmental status of the City.

  • [152] Greater London is split for some purposes into Inner London and Outer London,[153] and by the River Thames into North and South, with an informal central London area.

  • London’s development as an international financial centre matured for much of the 18th century.

  • [165] The threat has increased over time because of a slow but continuous rise in high water level caused by climate change and by the slow ’tilting’ of the British Isles
    (up in Scotland and Northern Ireland and down in southern parts of England, Wales and Ireland) as a result of post-glacial rebound.

  • Greater London Built-up Area is the fourth-most populous in Europe, after Istanbul, Moscow and Paris, with about 9.8 million inhabitants at the 2011 census.

  • [28][29] The London metropolitan area is the third-most populous in Europe after Istanbul’s and Moscow’s, with about 14 million inhabitants in 2016,[note 3][4][30] granting
    London the status of a megacity.

  • [168] London has had a small number of earthquakes over the years.

  • [157] London’s status as the capital of England, and later the United Kingdom, has never been granted or confirmed officially—by statute or in written form.

  • [111] Greater London’s population declined in the decades after the Second World War, from an estimated peak of 8.6 million in 1939 to around 6.8 million in the 1980s.

  • [71] The fortifications failed their only test when the New Model Army entered London in 1647,[72] and they were levelled by Parliament the same year.

  • The Vikings applied Danelaw over much of eastern and northern England, its boundary running roughly from London to Chester as an area of political and geographical control
    imposed by the Viking incursions formally agreed by the Danish warlord, Guthrum and the West Saxon king Alfred the Great in 886.

  • [114] The Greater London Council was abolished in 1986, leaving London with no central administration until 2000 and the creation of the Greater London Authority.

  • [10] The City of London, its ancient core and financial centre, was founded by the Romans as Londinium and retains boundaries close to its medieval ones.

  • The lines were built by up to 20,000 people, and were completed in under two months.

  • [96] British volunteer recruits in London, August 1914, during World War I A bombed-out London street during the Blitz, World War II London was bombed by the Germans in the
    First World War,[97] and during the Second World War, the Blitz and other bombings by the German Luftwaffe killed over 30,000 Londoners, destroying large tracts of housing and other buildings across the city.

  • Coates suggested this was a name given to the part of the River Thames that flows through London, from which the settlement gained the Celtic form of its name, *Lowonidonjon.

  • [202][203] The City of London is the main financial district,[204] and Canary Wharf has recently developed into a new financial and commercial hub in the Docklands to the
    east.

  • The invasion of Amsterdam by Napoleonic armies led many financiers to relocate to London and the first London international issue was arranged in 1817.

  • This called for the Corporation of the city to extend its jurisdiction and administration over expanding areas around the city.

  • [66] Yet English maritime enterprise hardly reached beyond the seas of north-west Europe.

  • [94] Rising traffic congestion led to the creation of the world’s first local urban rail network.

  • The West End is London’s main entertainment and shopping district, attracting tourists.

  • [61] London was also a centre of England’s Jewish population before their expulsion by Edward I in 1290.

  • In 1637, the government of Charles I attempted to reform administration in the London area.

  • Crime figures are made available nationally at Local Authority and Ward level.

  • In 2018, two active faults were discovered running parallel to each other, directly under the centre of the city.

  • Such names have remained in use through tradition, each referring to a local area with its own distinctive character, but without official boundaries.

  • Funding cuts to police in London are likely to have contributed to this, though other factors are also involved.

  • Around the same time, the Royal Navy became the world’s leading war fleet, acting as a major deterrent to potential economic adversaries.

  • Archaeological research shows this involved abandonment of Lundenwic and a revival of life and trade within the old Roman walls.

  • [107] During The Troubles in Northern Ireland, London was hit in 1973 to bomb attacks by the Provisional Irish Republican Army,[108] for two decades, starting with the Old
    Bailey bombing.

 

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0. ^ See also: Independent city § National capitals
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