tel aviv

 

  • During the First Aliyah in the 1880s, when Jewish immigrants began arriving in the region in significant numbers, new neighborhoods were founded outside Jaffa on the current
    territory of Tel Aviv.

  • [65] 1990s to present 1:29 Short video about Tel Aviv from the Israeli News Company In the 1990s, the decline in Tel Aviv’s population began to be reversed and stabilized,
    at first temporarily due to a wave of immigrants from the former Soviet Union.

  • [32] Many new Jewish immigrants to Palestine disembarked in Jaffa, and remained in Tel Aviv, turning the city into a center of urban life.

  • Civil War broke out in the country and in particular between the neighbouring cities of Tel Aviv and Jaffa, which had been assigned to the Jewish and Arab states respectively.

  • [51] In 1923, Tel Aviv was the first town to be wired to electricity in Palestine, followed by Jaffa later in the same year.

  • Although founded in 1909 as a small settlement on the sand dunes north of Jaffa, Tel Aviv was envisaged as a future city from the start.

  • [24] Tel Aviv and Jaffa were later merged into a single municipality in 1950, two years after the Israeli Declaration of Independence, which was proclaimed in the city.

  • [59] From the beginning of 1970s, the common image of Tel Aviv became that of a decaying city,[61] as Tel Aviv’s population fell 20%.

  • [105] • Israeli Air Force F-16I Sufas over Tel Aviv • Tel Aviv Dolphinarium, demolished in 2018, site of the 2001 Dolphinarium discotheque suicide bombing, in which 21 Israelis,
    mostly teenagers, were killed Geography Tel Aviv is located around 32°5′N 34°48′E on the Israeli Mediterranean coastline, in central Israel, the historic land bridge between Europe, Asia and Africa.

  • [120] All Israeli citizens over the age of 17 with at least one year of residence in Tel Aviv ar

  • [42] Jews were free to return to their homes in Tel Aviv at the end of the following year when, with the end of World War I and the defeat of the Ottomans, the British took
    control of Palestine.

  • In 1946, following the King David Hotel bombing, the British carried out Operation Shark, in which the entire city was searched for Jewish militants and most of the residents
    questioned, during which the entire city was placed under curfew.

  • [99] On 21 November 2012, during Operation Pillar of Defense, the Tel Aviv area was targeted by rockets, and air raid sirens were sounded in the city for the first time since
    the Gulf War.

  • [23] On 18 May 1949, Manshiya and part of Jaffa’s central zone were added, for the first time including land that had been in the Arab portion of the UN partition plan.

  • [44] While most of the northern area of Tel Aviv was built according to this plan, the influx of European refugees in the 1930s necessitated the construction of taller apartment
    buildings on a larger footprint in the city.

  • [54] During World War II, Tel Aviv was hit by Italian airstrikes on 9 September 1940, which killed 137 people in the city.

  • [56][failed verification] Tel Aviv was the temporary government center of the State of Israel until the government moved to Jerusalem in December 1949.

  • In the early 2000s, Tel Aviv municipality focused on attracting more young residents to the city.

  • British administration 1917–34: Townships within the Jaffa Municipality 1930 Survey of Palestine map, showing urban boundaries of Jaffa[c] and the Tel Aviv township[d] within
    the Jaffa Municipality[e][21][22] Master plan for the Tel Aviv township, 1925 A master plan for the Tel Aviv township was created by Patrick Geddes, 1925, based on the garden city movement.

  • [23] Immigration by mostly Jewish refugees meant that the growth of Tel Aviv soon outpaced that of Jaffa, which had a majority Arab population at the time.

  • [45] Tel Aviv, along with the rest of the Jaffa municipality, was conquered by the British imperial army in late 1917 during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War
    I and became part of British-administered Mandatory Palestine until 1948.

  • If East Jerusalem is considered part of Israel, Tel Aviv is the country’s second most populous city after Jerusalem; if not, Tel Aviv is the most populous city ahead of West
    Jerusalem.

  • According to the 1947 UN Partition Plan for dividing Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, Tel Aviv, by then a city of 230,000, was to be included in the proposed Jewish
    state.

  • A process of gentrification began in some of the poor neighborhoods of southern Tel Aviv and many older buildings began to be renovated.

  • and portrayed what it saw as the city’s existential problems: “Residents leaving the city, businesses penetrating into residential areas, economic and social gaps, deteriorating
    neighbourhoods, contaminated air – Is the First Hebrew City destined for a slow death?

  • Tel Aviv and other Israeli cities continued to be hit by Scuds throughout the war, and every city in the Tel Aviv area except for Bnei Brak was hit.

  • [25][36][unreliable source] Tel Aviv’s White City emerged in the 1930s, and became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2003.

  • Sokolow had adopted the name of a Mesopotamian site near the city of Babylon mentioned in Ezekiel: “Then I came to them of the captivity at Tel Aviv, that lived by the river
    Chebar, and to where they lived; and I sat there overwhelmed among them seven days.

  • — Akiva Arieh Weiss, 1906 History Jaffa Ancient port of Jaffa where, according to the Bible, Jonah set sail into the Mediterranean Sea before being swallowed by a fish[29]
    The walled city of Jaffa was the only urban centre in the general area where now Tel Aviv is located in early modern times.

  • [69] In the 2000s and early 2010s, Tel Aviv received tens of thousands of illegal immigrants, primarily from Sudan and Eritrea,[70] changing the demographic profile of areas
    of the city.

  • Friction during the 1936–39 Arab revolt led to the opening of a local Jewish port, Tel Aviv Port, independent of Jaffa, in 1938.

  • [23] The issue also had international sensitivity, since the main part of Jaffa was in the Arab portion of the United Nations Partition Plan, whereas Tel Aviv was not, and
    no armistice agreements had yet been signed.

  • Its founders hoped that in contrast to what they perceived as the squalid and unsanitary conditions of neighbouring Arab towns, Tel Aviv was to be a clean and modern city,
    inspired by the European cities of Warsaw and Odessa.

  • Due to the international dispute over the status of Jerusalem, most embassies remained in or near Tel Aviv.

  • By 1989, Tel Aviv had acquired the nickname “Nonstop City”, as a reflection of the growing recognition of its nightlife and 24/7 culture, and “Nonstop City” had to some extent
    replaced the former moniker of “First Hebrew City”.

  • [41] However, growth halted in 1917 when the Ottoman authorities expelled the residents of Jaffa and Tel Aviv as a wartime measure.

  • Once Tel Aviv received city status in the 1920s, those neighborhoods joined the newly formed municipality, now becoming separated from Jaffa.

  • In the early 1980s, 13 embassies in Jerusalem moved to Tel Aviv as part of the UN’s measures responding to Israel’s 1980 Jerusalem Law.

  • During the March 1947 martial law in Mandatory Palestine, Tel Aviv was placed under martial law by the British authorities for 15 days, with the residents kept under curfew
    for all but three hours a day as British forces scoured the city for militants.

  • At the same time, Jewish cultural life was given a boost by the establishment of the Ohel Theatre and the decision of Habima Theatre to make Tel Aviv its permanent base in
    1931.

  • Tel Aviv’s tax base had been shrinking for many years, as a result of its preceding long term population decline, and this meant there was little money available at the time
    to invest in the city’s deteriorating infrastructure and housing.

  • [36] New laws were introduced to protect Modernist buildings, and efforts to preserve them were aided by UNESCO recognition of Tel Aviv’s White City as a world heritage site
    in 2003.

  • Within two years, it had reached 160,000, which was over a third of Palestine’s total Jewish population.

  • [23] The name of the unified city was Tel Aviv until 19 August 1950, when it was renamed Tel Aviv-Yafo in order to preserve the historical name Jaffa.

  • [32] 1934 municipal independence from Jaffa Tel Aviv bus station during the Mandate era Shadal Street in 1926 Magen David Square in 1936 Tel Aviv was granted the status of
    an independent municipality separate from Jaffa in 1934.

  • Former industrial areas like the city’s previously derelict Northern Tel Aviv Port and the Jaffa railway station, were upgraded and transformed into leisure areas.

  • Some, like Arieh Sharon, came to Palestine and adapted the architectural outlook of the Bauhaus and similar schools to the local conditions there, creating what is recognized
    as the largest concentration of buildings in the International Style in the world.

  • [66] Tel Aviv soon began to emerge as a global high-tech center.

  • (Jer 31:4) Tel Aviv was planned as an independent Hebrew city with wide streets and boulevards, running water for each house, and street lights.

  • A mass out-migration of residents from Tel Aviv, to adjoining cities like Petah Tikva and Rehovot, where better housing conditions were available, was underway by the beginning
    of the 1970s, and only accelerated by the Yom Kippur War.

  • This gathering is considered the official date of the establishment of Tel Aviv.

  • [96] The most recent suicide attack in the city occurred on 17 April 2006, when 11 people were killed and at least 70 wounded in a suicide bombing near the old central bus
    station.

  • [30] The city was established around 1,800 BC at the latest.

  • The city was founded in 1909 by the Yishuv (Jewish residents) as a modern housing estate on the outskirts of the ancient port city of Jaffa, then part of the Mutasarrifate
    of Jerusalem within the Ottoman Empire.

  • Central Tel Aviv is home to Azrieli Center and the important financial and commerce district along Ayalon Highway.

  • [53] Ben Gurion House was built in 1930–31, part of a new workers’ housing development.

  • In spite of this, Jewish guerrilla attacks continued in Tel Aviv and other areas under martial law in Palestine.

  • “[31] The urban planning for the new city was influenced by the garden city movement.

  • [104] More than 300 rockets were fired towards the Tel Aviv Metropolitan area in the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis.

  • [63] The largest project built in this era was the Dizengoff Center, Israel’s first shopping mall, which was completed in 1983.

  • [20][dubious – discuss] Tel Aviv was given “township” status within the Jaffa Municipality in 1921, and became independent from Jaffa in 1934.

  • After several months of siege, on 13 May 1948, Jaffa fell and the Arab population fled en masse.

  • The town had rapidly become an attraction to immigrants, with a local activist writing:[43] The immigrants were attracted to Tel Aviv because they found in it all the comforts
    they were used to in Europe: electric light, water, a little cleanliness, cinema, opera, theatre, and also more or less advanced schools… busy streets, full restaurants, cafes open until 2 a.m., singing, music, and dancing.

  • The population of Tel Aviv increased from 2,000 in 1920 to around 34,000 by 1925.

  • By 1981, Tel Aviv had entered not just natural population decline, but an absolute population decline as well.

  • [23] The former wished to incorporate only the northern Jewish suburbs of Jaffa, while the latter wanted a more complete unification.

  • [68] Economic difficulties would then be compounded by a wave of Palestinian suicide bombings in the city from the mid-1990s, to the end of the Second Intifada, as well as
    the dot-com bubble, which affected the city’s rapidly growing hi-tech sector.

  • [60] Cramped housing conditions and high property prices pushed families out of Tel Aviv and deterred young people from moving in.

  • [59] 1970s and 1980s population and urban decline Azrieli Sarona tower (238.5 metres high), finished in 2017 Arlozorov Young Towers 1, finished in 2020 By the early 1970s,
    Tel Aviv had entered a long and steady period of continuous population decline, which was accompanied by urban decay.

  • Geddes’s plan for developing the northern part of the district was based on Ebenezer Howard’s garden city movement.

  • [25][50] Tel Aviv began to develop as a commercial center.

  • The opening ceremony of the Jaffa Electric Company powerhouse, on 10 June 1923, celebrated the lighting of the two main streets of Tel Aviv.

  • [32] By 1937 the Jewish population of Tel Aviv had risen to 150,000, compared to Jaffa’s mainly Arab 69,000 residents.

 

Works Cited

[‘o West and East Jerusalem combined have 901,000 residents, more than twice as many as Tel Aviv-Yafo with 444,000. West Jerusalem alone has a population of 348,000.[6]
o ^ Jerusalem is Israel’s capital according to the Jerusalem Law passed in 1980.
The presidential residence, government offices, supreme court and parliament (Knesset) are located there. The Palestinian Authority foresees East Jerusalem as the capital of its future state. The UN does not recognize Jerusalem as Israel’s capital,
taking the position that the final status of Jerusalem is pending future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authorities.[7] Countries maintain their embassies in Tel Aviv and its suburbs, or suburbs of Jerusalem, such as Mevaseret Zion.[8]
Australia, the Czech Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Taiwan, the United States, and Vanuatu recognize Jerusalem as the capital of Israel.
o ^ Green
o ^ Blue
o ^ Red
o “Population in the Localities 2019” (XLS). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics.
Retrieved 16 August 2020.
o ^ Azaryahu, Maoz (2007). Tel Aviv: Mythography of a City. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. pp. 133–134. ISBN 9780815631293.
o ^ Mann, Barbara E. (2006). A Place in History: Modernism, Tel Aviv, and the
Creation of Jewish Urban Space. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 148, 166. ISBN 9780804750196.
o ^ The Cities Book: A Journey Through the Best Cities in the World. Melbourne, Oakland and London: Lonely Planet. 2009. pp. 380–381.
ISBN 9781741798876.
o ^ Jump up to:a b “Global city GDP 2014”. Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
o ^ Korach, Michal; Choshen, Maya. Jerusalem Facts and Trends 2019 (PDF). Jerusalem Institute
for Policy Research. p. 14.
o ^ “Map of Israel” (PDF). (319 KB)
o ^ “Israel”. CIA World Factbook. 21 June 2022.
o ^ “Global Financial Centres Index #23” (PDF). longfinance.net. 22 August 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2022.
Retrieved 22 August 2018.
o ^ “Global city GDP 2014”. Brookings Institution. 22 January 2015. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
o ^ Jump up to:a b “Tel Aviv named as world’s most expensive city to live in”. BBC.
1 December 2021. Archived from the original on 14 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
o ^ McKeever, Vicky (1 December 2021). “This is now the world’s most expensive city to live in, study says”. CNBC. Archived from the original on 24 January
2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
o ^ Jump up to:a b Goldman, Yoel (12 June 2012). “MasterCard ranks Tel Aviv as fifth most visited city in Middle East and Africa”. The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 15 June 2012. Retrieved 12 June
2012.
o ^ Jump up to:a b Sapty, Tanya (19 July 2011). “Tourists rank Jerusalem and Tel Aviv among top cities to visit”. Haaretz. Archived from the original on 12 November 2011.
o ^ Jump up to:a b “The world’s top 10 party towns”. The Sydney Morning
Herald. 19 November 2009. Archived from the original on 10 April 2010. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
o ^ Jump up to:a b “Lonely Planet’s top 10 cities for 2011”. Archived from the original on 3 November 2010. Retrieved 31 October 2010.
o ^ “Tel
Aviv- Worlds Vegan Food Capital”. MFA. Archived from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
o ^ “Today in history: Founding of Tel Aviv – Christian News – Jerusalem Post”. The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 14
November 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
o ^ Dvir, Noam (Dabul) (27 July 2015). “The promised landfill: 106 years of garbage in Tel Aviv”. Ynetnews. Archived from the original on 23 May 2020. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
o ^ Jump up to:a b Elkayam, Mordechai
(1990). Yafo – Neve-Tzedek, Rashita shel Tel-Aviv (in Hebrew). Ministry of Defence. p. 199.
o ^ Jump up to:a b c d Goren, Tamir (2016). “Tel Aviv and the question of separation from Jaffa 1921–1936”. Middle Eastern Studies. 52 (3): 473–487. doi:10.1080/00263206.2015.1125340.
S2CID 147012425.
Page 1: “Once Tel Aviv had won municipal status (the so-called Tel Aviv Township) in 1921, it strove to amend the relevant legislation by rescission of the clauses that placed it under Jaffa municipality’s supervision. In the succeeding
years, this question became increasingly to the fore, and demanded a speedy solution. Together with the Tel Aviv’s ambition of independence as a Hebrew city with its own autonomous Hebrew government, some members of the township’s council did not
favour separation from the mother city Jaffa. In the mid-1920s, the view consoli- dated among the town councillors that Tel Aviv’s subjection to Jaffa municipality had to be annulled, and it must be granted its deserved status as an independent Hebrew
city.”
Page 3: “Tel Aviv municipality strove for full municipal rights, for the status of a municipality with all its implications, in this way enjoying absolute independence. Yet it still wished to maintain its interests in Jaffa. Most obvious was
the desire not to lose the Jewish influence in the Jaffa municipality, as well as reinforcing the clout of the Jews on the municipal council. In Tel Aviv’s view, Jaffa enjoyed important status not only locally. At that time it was second in importance
in Palestine only to Jerusalem, and was followed by Haifa, Safed and Tiberias.”
Page 4: “…the Mandate government took a positive view of Tel Aviv’s desire for full municipal independence. But at that stage it refrained from making any changes
at all in Tel Aviv’s municipal status. From the closing years of the 1920s, the authorities immersed themselves in the preparation of a new framework for the Municipalities Law, which was intended to replace the Ottoman law. So as long as the new
law was incomplete, the authorities avoided any change in the municipal status of Tel Aviv. [Footnote: The new Municipalities Order was published in 1934. That year Tel Aviv gained full municipal independence, becoming a municipal corporation.]”
o ^
Jump up to:a b c d M. Gorion (Wager), Introduction to the History of Local Government in Israel (Jerusalem: University of Tel Aviv, 1957), pp.184–5 [Hebrew].
o ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i Golan, Arnon (1995). “The demarcation of Tel Aviv-Jaffa’s
municipal boundaries”. Planning Perspectives. 10: 383–398. doi:10.1080/02665439508725830.
o ^ 85% in 1922, 92% in 1931 (Census reports)
o ^ Jump up to:a b c d e “The White City of Tel Aviv” (PDF). UNESCO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9
April 2008. Retrieved 29 March 2008.
o ^ Jump up to:a b c Strimpel, Zoe (16 February 2008). “Hip and happening in Tel Aviv”. The Times. London. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008.
o ^ Ezekiel 3:15
o ^ Jump up to:a b Shavit, Yaacov (2012).
“Telling the Story of a Hebrew City”. In Azaryahu, Maoz; Ilan Troen, Selwyn (eds.). Tel-Aviv, the First Century: Visions, Designs, Actualities. Indiana University Press. pp. 1–12. ISBN 9780253223579.
o ^ Bryant, Sue (2008). Israel (fourth ed.).
New Holland Publishers. p. 72. ISBN 9781847730121.
o ^ “Jaffa”. Archived from the original on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
o ^ Araviot, Iris (2011). “Mythical Dimensions of the Tel-Aviv Century”. The International Journal of the Arts
in Society. 6 (2): 237–258. doi:10.18848/1833-1866/CGP/v06i02/35994.
o ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i “From Spring Hill to Independence”. Jewish Virtual Library. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008. Retrieved 20 January 2008.
o ^ Azoulay,
Yuval (1 April 2009). “Jacobus Street, corner of Oblivion”. Haaretz. Archived from the original on 4 April 2012. Retrieved 30 October 2012.
o ^ “Dizengoff, Meir”. Jewish Agency. Archived from the original on 13 November 2007. Retrieved 21 January
2008.
o ^ Bridger, David (1906). The New Jewish Encyclopedia. Behrman House, Inc. p. 117. ISBN 978-0-87441-120-1. Archived from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
o ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l “Economist City Guide-Tel
Aviv”. The Economist. Archived from the original on 12 October 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2008.
o ^ Azaryahu, Maoz (2012). “Tel Aviv’s Birthdays: Anniversary Celebrations, 1929–1959”. In Azaryahu, Maoz; Ilan Troen, Selwyn (eds.). Tel-Aviv, the
First Century: Visions, Designs, Actualities. Indiana University Press. p. 31. ISBN 9780253223579.
o ^ Kosharek, Noah (20 April 2009). “Seashell lottery”. Haaretz.
o ^ “Tel-Aviv Centennial – “Ahuzat-Bayit Land Lottery”. English.israelphilately.org.il.
Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
o ^ Bernthal, Ron. “The White City: Tel Aviv And Its Bauhaus Tradition”. Travel Writer’s Magazine. Archived from the original on 8 January 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2008.
o ^
“1915 Census of Tel-Aviv”. Archived from the original on 1 November 2017. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
o ^ The New York Times Current History. The New York Times Co. 1917. p. 167. Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
o ^
Shavit, Yaacov (2012). “Telling the Story of a Hebrew City”. In Azaryahu, Maoz; Ilan Troen, Selwyn (eds.). Tel-Aviv, the First Century: Visions, Designs, Actualities. Indiana University Press. p. 8. ISBN 9780253223579.
o ^ Jump up to:a b Levine,
Mark (2007). “Globalization, Architecture, and Town Planning in a Colonial City: The Case of Jaffa and Tel Aviv”. Journal of World History. 18 (2): 178. doi:10.1353/jwh.2007.0013. S2CID 145670872.
o ^ Welter, Volker M. (2009). “The 1925 Master Plan
for Tel-Aviv by Patrick Geddes”. Israel Studies. 14 (3): 100. doi:10.2979/ISR.2009.14.3.94. S2CID 146499373.
o ^ “Tel Aviv–Yafo | History, Population, & Points of Interest”. Britannica.com. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved
23 February 2022.
o ^ “Palestine Census (1922)”. Archive.org.
o ^ Mills, 1932, p. 15
o ^ Report of the Commission of Enquiry into the disturbances in Palestine in May, 1921[dead link], with correspondence relating thereto (Disturbances), 1921,
Cmd. 1540, p. 60.
o ^ “Tel Aviv History”. Travelnet.co.il. Archived from the original on 5 May 2009. Retrieved 20 January 2008.
o ^ Glass, Joseph B. (1 January 2002). From New Zion to Old Zion: American Jewish Immigration and Settlement in Palestine,
1917–1939. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0814328423. Retrieved 15 October 2020.
o ^ Shamir, Ronen (2013). Current Flow: The Electrification of Palestine. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804788687.
o ^ Welter, Volker M. (2009).
“The 1925 Master Plan for Tel-Aviv by Patrick Geddes”. Israel Studies. 14 (3): 115. doi:10.2979/ISR.2009.14.3.94. S2CID 146499373.
o ^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre. “White City of Tel-Aviv – the Modern Movement”. UNESCO. Archived from the original
on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
o ^ Zamir, Maya (7 September 2007). “The Day of The bombing”. Tel Aviv magazine (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 12 January 2008. Retrieved 18 April 2009.
o ^ “Localities, Population and
Density per Sq. Km., by Metropolitan Area and Selected Localities” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2016.
o ^ “Tel Aviv”. Jewish Virtual Library. Archived from the original on 1 June 2007. Retrieved
18 July 2007.
o ^ “Founders Monument and Fountain”. Fodor’s. Archived from the original on 30 January 2008. Retrieved 21 January 2008.
o ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h “City Profile” (PDF). Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality. Archived from the original
(PDF) on 6 March 2007. Retrieved 30 March 2008.
o ^ Jump up to:a b Weidlich, Wolfgang; Haag, Günter, eds. (2012). Interregional Migration: Dynamic Theory and Comparative Analysis. Springer. p. 164.
o ^ Jump up to:a b c Azaryahu, Maoz (2007). Tel
Aviv: Mythography of a City. Syracuse University Press. p. 132.
o ^ Jump up to:a b Muncipality of Tel Aviv-Yafo (2006). The Strategic Plan for Tel Aviv Yafo. Israel: Strategic Planning Unit. p. 26.
o ^ Azaryahu, Maoz (2007). Tel Aviv: Mythography
of a City. Syracuse University Press. p. 131.
o ^ “Foreign Ministry reaction to the transfer of the Dutch embassy from Jerusalem to Tel Aviv”. Israel’s Foreign Relations: Selected Documents. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 26 August 1980. Archived
from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2005.
o ^ “Embassies and Consulates in Israel”. Israel Science and Technology Homepage. Israel Science and Technology. Archived from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2007.
o ^
Goldberg, U. (2012). What’s Next for the Start up Nation?. Indiana: Authorhouse. p. 15.[self-published source]
o ^ Kipnis, Baruch A. (2004). “Tel Aviv, Israel – A World City in Evolution: Urban Development at a Deadend [sic] of the Global Economy”
(PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2008.
o ^ “A Global City, An Interview with The Honorable Ron Huldai, Mayor, Tel Aviv-Yafo”. Leaders. Vol. 36, no. 3. 2013.
o ^ “The City in Numbers”. Tel Aviv-Yafo Muncipality. 2013. Archived
from the original on 17 December 2015.
o ^ פליטים או מהגרי עבודה ממדינות אפריקה [Refugees or migrant workers from African states] (PDF) (in Hebrew). Research Center, National Defense College and Chaikin Chair in Geostrategy, University of Haifa.
December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 August 2011.
o ^ Jump up to:a b “Tel Aviv-Yafo Centennial Year 1909–2009”. City of Tel Aviv-Yafo. Archived from the original on 28 February 2009.
o ^ “Ahuzat Bayit Collection” (in Hebrew).
Archived from the original on 28 February 2009. Retrieved 27 May 2009.
o ^ “Eliasaf Robinson Tel Aviv Collection”. Stanford University. Archived from the original on 6 June 2009. Retrieved 12 February 2016.
o ^ Kipnis, B.A. (8 October 2001). “Tel
Aviv, Israel – A World City in Evolution: Urban Development at a Deadend [sic] of the Global Economy”. Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network at Loughborough University. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 18 July
2007. Cities in Transition. Ljubljana: Department of Geography, University of Ljubljana, pp. 183–194.
o ^ “The Gulf War”. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Archived from the original on 14 July 2009. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
o ^ Fetter, Steve; Lewis,
George N.; Gronlund, Lisbeth (28 January 1993). “Why were Casualties so low?” (PDF). Nature. London: Nature Publishing Group. 361 (6410): 293–296. Bibcode:1993Natur.361..293F. doi:10.1038/361293a0. hdl:1903/4282. S2CID 4343235. Archived (PDF) from
the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2012.
o ^ “Spiritual places in modern Israel”. Christ2020.de. Archived from the original on 16 November 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
o ^ “Death toll”. CNN. Archived from the original on 26
October 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
o ^ “Fatal Terrorist Attacks in Israel Since the DOP (September 1993)”. Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 24 September 2000. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
o ^
Serge Schmemann (5 March 2010). “Bombing in Israel:The Overview;4th Terror Blast in Israel Kills 14 at Mall in Tel Aviv; Nine-Day Toll Grows to 61”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 January 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
o ^
“אתר לזכר האזרחים חללי פעולות האיבה”. Laad.btl.gov.il. Archived from the original on 1 May 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
o ^ “אתר לזכר האזרחים חללי פעולות האיבה”. Laad.btl.gov.il. Archived from the original on 1 May 2012. Retrieved 23 November
2012.
o ^ “אתר לזכר האזרחים חללי פעולות האיבה”. Laad.btl.gov.il. Archived from the original on 8 May 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
o ^ “The Palestinian Authority-Hamas Collusion – From Operational Cooperation to Propaganda Hoax”. Ict.org.il.
Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2012.
o ^ O’Sullvian, Arieh (25 November 2001). “No. 1 Hamas terrorist killed. Followers threaten revenge in Tel Aviv”. The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 23 October
2012. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
o ^ Fisher, Ian (29 January 2006). “In Hamas’s Overt Hatred, Many Israelis See Hope”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
o ^ “Ynet – פיגוע בדולפינריום
– חדשות”. Ynet.co.il. 20 June 1995. Archived from the original on 24 July 2017. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
o ^ “USATODAY.com – Six killed, scores wounded in suicide attack on Tel Aviv bus”. USA Today. McLean, VA. 19 September 2002. ISSN 0734-7456.
Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
o ^ Steele, Jonathan (20 September 2002). “Tel Aviv bus bomb shatters hopes of truce | World news | The Guardian”. The Guardian. London. ISSN 0261-3077. OCLC 60623878.
Archived from the original on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
o ^ “BBC NEWS | Middle East | Fatal bus blast rocks Tel Aviv”. BBC News. London. 19 September 2002. Archived from the original on 19 July 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
o ^
Schmemann, Serge (20 September 2002). “Suicide Bomber Kills 5 on a Bus in Tel Aviv”. The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
o ^ “CNN – Jerrold Kessel: Heart of Tel Aviv hit –
19 September 2002”. Archives.cnn.com. 2011. Archived from the original on 4 October 2012.
o ^ “Avi Kotzer”. Archived from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
o ^ “Viktor Shebayev”. Archived from the original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved
30 April 2012.
o ^ Khazzoom, Loolwa (29 September 2003). “Tel Aviv bar and bomb target slowly getting its groove back”. Jewishsf.com. Archived from the original on 1 March 2009. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
o ^ Jump up to:a b “Syria-based Islamic
Jihad claims role for Tel Aviv bombing”. USA Today. 26 February 2005. Archived from the original on 30 May 2022. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
o ^ “Major Terrorist Attacks in Israel”. Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on 14 January
2013. Retrieved 19 July 2007.
o ^ “Terror Attack Outside Tel Aviv Nightclub Filled With 2,000 Teenagers”. ABC News. 29 August 2011. Archived from the original on 30 August 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
o ^ Kubovich, Yaniv (29 August 2011). “Terror
attack in Tel Aviv leaves eight wounded”. Haaretz. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 3 May 2012.
o ^ “‘Apparent explosion’ rocks Tel Aviv bus: Israeli police”. Al Arabiya. 21 November 2012. Archived from the original on
21 November 2012.
o ^ “Terrorist blows up bus in central Tel Aviv; 10 injured”. The Jerusalem Post. 21 November 2012. Archived from the original on 22 November 2012.
o ^ “Terrorist Attack on Bus in Tel Aviv”. Arutz Sheva. 21 November 2012. Archived
from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
o ^ “Blast on bus in heart of Tel Aviv”. Ynet News. 21 November 2012. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 21 November 2012.
o ^ “Israel-Gaza crisis: ‘Bomb blast’
on bus in Tel Aviv”. BBC. 21 November 2012. Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
o ^ “Israel: Hamas launches rocket attack on Tel Aviv”. Sky News. Archived from the original on 12 May 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
o ^
“Tel Aviv”. Jewish Agency. Archived from the original on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 26 January 2008.
o ^ “Cities located close to Tel Aviv”. TimeandDate.com. Archived from the original on 10 February 2008. Retrieved 26 January 2008.
o ^ “Map of
Israel”. Carta. Archived from the original on 23 March 2008. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
o ^ Jump up to:a b Yarkoni, Amir. “Real Estate in Tel Aviv – continued”. Tel Aviv Insider. Archived from the original on 24 June 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2008.
o ^
“Climate: Tel Aviv-Yafo – Temperature, Climate graph, Climate table”. Climate-data.org. Archived from the original on 5 December 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
o ^ “Tel Aviv Sea Temperature November Average, Israel – Sea Temperatures”. Seatemperature.org.
Archived from the original on 29 December 2014. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
o ^ “Averages and Records for Tel Aviv (Precipitation, Temperature and Records written in the page)”. Israel Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 14 September
2010. Retrieved 1 August 2010.(in Hebrew)
o ^ “Extremes for Tel Aviv [Records of February and May]”. Israel Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 10 July 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2015.(in Hebrew)
o ^ “Temperature average”. Israel
Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2011.(in Hebrew)
o ^ “Precipitation average”. Archived from the original on 25 September 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011.(in Hebrew)
o ^ “Climatological Information
for Tel Aviv, Israel”. Hong Kong Observatory. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
o ^ “Israel Meteorological Service databases”. Israel Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved
31 August 2015.(in Hebrew)
o ^ “Tel Aviv the West Coast”. Israel Meteorological Service. Archived from the original on 24 October 2007. Retrieved 15 August 2007.(in Hebrew)
o ^ Jump up to:a b Encyclopædia Britannica Staff (1974). The New Encyclopædia
Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 66. ISBN 0-85229-290-2. Archived from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
o ^ “Is There a Connection Between Corruption and Term Limits in Local Government?”. The Israel Democracy Institute.
18 October 2018. Archived from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
o ^ “Social Services Administration”. Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality. Archived from the original on 26 April 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2008.
o ^ “Community Life”.
Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality. Archived from the original on 26 May 2005. Retrieved 29 March 2008.
o ^ “Tourism”. Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality. Archived from the original on 2 March 2008. Retrieved 29 March 2008.
o ^ Jump up to:a b Wootliff, Raoul;
ToI staff (31 October 2018). “Tel Aviv mayor fends off deputy, cruises to fifth term”. The Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 8 December 2019. Retrieved 8 December 2019.
o ^ Haviv Rettig Gur, The 20th Knesset — parliament of a splintered,
tribal Israel Archived 9 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine, The Times of Israel, 6 April 2015
o ^ Shiner, Doron. “How they voted: See Israel election results by city/sector”. Haaretz. Israel. Archived from the original on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 14
June 2010.
o ^ Jump up to:a b c d e “Tel Aviv-Yafo in Numbers” (PDF). Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality. July 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 November 2007.
o ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f “Tel Aviv getting younger”. The Jerusalem Post. 21 January
2008. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
o ^ “Tel Aviv University”. QS Top Universities. Archived from the original on 27 December 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2007.
o ^ “Higher Education”. Jewish Virtual Library. Archived
from the original on 15 November 2007. Retrieved 19 July 2007.
o ^ “TAU History”. Tel Aviv University. Archived from the original on 8 November 2007. Retrieved 26 January 2008.
o ^ “Colleges in Israel”. Israel Science and Technology Homepage.
Archived from the original on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
o ^ “Gymnasia Herzlia” (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 2 April 2008.
o ^ “Tel Aviv Ethnic Breakdown” (Excel). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics.
31 December 2005. Archived from the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2008.”Others” refers to non-Arab Christians and unclassified.
o ^ “Migration News”. UC Davis. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 22 May
2007.
o ^ “Israel 2007 Crime & Safety Report: Tel Aviv”. Overseas Security Advisory Agency. Archived from the original on 16 June 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2008.
o ^ “Unemployment rates in Israel, 2014, CBS (Hebrew)”. cbs.gov.il. Archived from
the original on 16 December 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
o ^ “Statistical Abstract of Israel 2007”. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 18 December 2008. Retrieved 23 January 2008.
o ^ Baruch, Uzi (17 May 2009).
תל אביב דתית יותר ממה שנהוג לחשוב (in Hebrew). Arutz Sheva. Archived from the original on 20 May 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
o ^ Michelson, Udi (19 January 2007). “The Jewish underground of Tel Aviv”. Ynetnews. Archived from the original on 23
December 2008. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
o ^ Arfa, Orit (21 October 2006). “Jewish learning on the rise in Tel Aviv”. The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 21 December 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
o ^ Cohen, Avi (2 November 2006).
“Synagogue vandalized as gay parade controversy picks up steam”. Ynetnews. Archived from the original on 30 August 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
o ^ “Tel Aviv-Jaffa”. Israeli Tourism Ministry. Archived from the original on 3 March 2008. Retrieved
16 March 2008.
o ^ “Tel Aviv profile: 2019” (PDF). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 31 December 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
o ^ “Former Chief Rabbi Lau named as chair of Yad Vashem council”.
Haaretz. Associated Press. 9 November 2008. Archived from the original on 12 November 2008. Retrieved 22 November 2008.
o ^ Christian Science Monitor: “Israel, land of Jewish refugees, riled by influx of Africans” By Joshua Mitnick Archived 25 May
2012 at the Wayback Machine 24 May 2012
o ^ Petersburg, Ofer (3 July 2007). “Tel Aviv airport to make way for luxury project”. Ynetnews. Archived from the original on 5 July 2007. Retrieved 19 July 2007.
o ^ Boulos, Nick (5 October 2013). “Show
and Tel Aviv: Israel’s artistic coastal city”. The Independent. Archived from the original on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
o ^ Forester, John; Fischler, Raphael; Shmueli, Deborah (2001). Israeli Planners and Designers: Profiles
of Community Builders. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 33–41.
o ^ Mayer, Joel (4 December 2011). “Tel Aviv Chic; Exploring Graffiti in Florentine”. The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 12 April
2011.
o ^ Jump up to:a b c d “Green, White or Black City?” (PDF). Martin Wein, Emory University. 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 April 2008.
o ^ “White City of Tel Aviv”. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 10 June 2007. Retrieved
19 July 2007.
o ^ “Bauhaus Architecture”. Jewish Virtual Library. Archived from the original on 4 December 2007. Retrieved 11 February 2008.
o ^ “Skyscrapers dotting Tel Aviv landscape | j. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California”. Jweekly.com.
29 March 1996. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
o ^ “Tel Aviv Towers”. Tel Aviv in Focus. Archived from the original on 29 March 2008. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
o ^ “Tel Aviv”. SkyscraperPage.com. Archived
from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 15 March 2008.
o ^ Ynetnews.com Archived 7 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, by Reuven Weiss, Ynet, 3 March 2009.
o ^ Tel Aviv’s Upscale Revolution, by Adam H. Graham, Town & Country Travel, 12 February
2008. Archived 2 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine
o ^ Go Out With the Old in Tel Aviv Archived 23 May 2020 at the Wayback Machine, David Kaufman, New York, Published 28 August 2008.
o ^ Mirovsky, Arik (18 November 2009). “Tel Aviv 50th in number
of skyscrapers”. Haaretz. Archived from the original on 10 June 2011. Retrieved 20 July 2012.
o ^ “Egged Tower”. Telavivinf.com. Archived from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
o ^ “Egged Tower | Buildings”. IL /: Emporis.
Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
o ^ Fox, Jesse: Tel Aviv’s skyline in 2025 (21 May 2011)
o ^ Petersburg, Ofer (20 June 1995). “No new skyscrapers in central Tel Aviv – Israel Business, Ynetnews”. Ynetnews.
Archived from the original on 22 August 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
o ^ “New skyline for Tel Aviv, Editorial, world architecture news, architecture jobs”. Worldarchitecturenews.com. 12 November 2012. Archived from the original on 17 May 2013.
o ^
Ami Sedghi (1 September 2015). “TheGlobal FinancialCentres Index 18” (PDF). QFC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 February 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
o ^ “Back to the Future / Everything’s up to date in Tel Aviv. It’s 1935”. Haaretz.
Archived from the original on 3 August 2016. Retrieved 25 May 2016.
o ^ Dvir, Noam (13 July 2011). “Back to the future: Everything’s up to date in Tel Aviv. It’s 1935”. Haaretz. Archived from the original on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 7 November
2012.
o ^ Unemployment rate at historic low in Q4 2011 Archived 5 November 2013 at the Wayback MachineGlobes, 28 February 12 14:00, Adrian Filut
o ^ “Tel Aviv City Guide”. The Economist. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved
28 May 2007.
o ^ Jump up to:a b c Levy, Stephen; Matt Rees (9 November 1998). “Focus on Technology: The Hot New Tech Cities”. Newsweek.
o ^ “Cost of living top 50 cities”. Mercer Human Resource Consulting. Archived from the original on 25 July
2008. Retrieved 25 July 2008.
o ^ Sandler, Neal (21 June 2007). “Israel: A Hotbed of…Investment”. Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on 26 June 2007. Retrieved 22 June 2007.
o ^ Senor, Singer, Dan, Saul (2009). Start Up Nation.
New York: Twelve. pp. 13–14.
o ^ “GaWC – The World According to GaWC 2016”. Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Archived from the original on 10 October 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
o ^ Cohen, Sagi (5 December 2012). “Tel Aviv
named 2nd best high-tech center – Israel Business, Ynetnews”. Ynetnews. Archived from the original on 15 March 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
o ^ Petersburg, Ofer (4 March 2013). “Tel Aviv ranks 2nd in innovation – Israel Business, Ynetnews”. Ynetnews.
Archived from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
o ^ “The World’s Billionaires”. Forbes. 8 March 2007. Archived from the original on 28 January 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
o ^ Bin-Nun, Boaz (9 December 2006). “Israel’s
40 Richest”. Forbes. Archived from the original on 7 July 2007. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
o ^ “Cost of Living Index 2021”. Economist Intelligence Unit. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
o ^ Schamp, Eike
W., Felsenstein, Daniel (2002). Emerging Nodes in the Global Economy: Frankfurt and Tel Aviv Compared. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4020-0924-2. Archived from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2020.
o ^ Jump up to:a b c d e “Tel Aviv Culture”.
TravelGuides.com. Archived from the original on 17 December 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2008.
o ^ “History and Architecture”. Israel Opera. Archived from the original on 22 January 2008. Retrieved 31 January 2008.
o ^ “Mann Auditorium”. Hatarbut.co.il.
Archived from the original on 19 January 2008. Retrieved 31 January 2008.
o ^ “Tel Aviv Activities”. iExplore.com. Archived from the original on 2 June 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2008.
o ^ “McCartney wows fans with historic Israel concert”. Reuters.
25 September 2008. Archived from the original on 21 December 2008. Retrieved 26 September 2008.
o ^ “Depeche Mode to kick off next world tour in Israel”. Haaretz. Archived from the original on 24 December 2008. Retrieved 6 October 2008.
o ^ “Madonna
To Wrap Up Tour in Tel Aviv”. The Jewish Daily Forward. 4 June 2009. Archived from the original on 5 August 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
o ^ “Tel Aviv municipality to run free Shabbat buses to Eurovision”. The Times of Israel. Archived from the
original on 26 May 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2019.
o ^ “Results of the Knight Frank Global Cities Survey”. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012.
o ^ “Tel Aviv ranked world’s 3rd hottest city for 2011”. Archived from the original on 21 October
2012. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
o ^ “World’s Best Awards 2011 – Africa and the Middle East”. Archived from the original on 11 July 2011. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
o ^ Jump up to:a b “Top 10 Beach Cities”. 8 July 2010. Archived from the original
on 21 July 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
o ^ Huldai proud of Tel Aviv winning best gay city of 2011 Archived 20 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine Jerusalem Post, January 11, 2012.
o ^ “Tel Aviv emerges as top gay tourist destination”. Salon.
Associated Press. 24 January 2012. Archived from the original on 2 December 2018. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
o ^ “Photos: Top 10 Oceanfront Cities”. National Geographic Travel. 19 December 2014. Archived from the original on 31 December 2017. Retrieved
30 December 2017.
o ^ Brijbassi, Adrian (15 March 2011). “5 best Irish pubs not in Ireland”. Toronto Star. Archived from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
o ^ “Tel Aviv bus tour”. Tel Aviv City Tours. Archived from
the original on 28 August 2008. Retrieved 19 January 2008.
o ^ “Tel Photo credit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/calliope/3624546109/’]