• After many modifications, the new area, named the Metropolis of Grand Paris, with a population of 6.7 million, was created on 1 January 2016.

• Paris is often referred to as the ‘City of Light’ (La Ville Lumière),[24] both because of its leading role during the Age of Enlightenment and more literally because Paris
  was one of the first large European cities to use gas street lighting on a grand scale on its boulevards and monuments.

• [87] Western Paris in 2016, as photographed by a SkySat satellite In the early 21st century, the population of Paris began to increase slowly again, as more young people moved
  into the city.

• [109] Administration City government[edit] See also: Arrondissements of Paris and List of mayors of Paris A map of the arrondissements of Paris For almost all of its long
  history, except for a few brief periods, Paris was governed directly by representatives of the king, emperor, or president of France.

• [41] The latter location housed the headquarters of Paris’s river trade corporation, an organisation that later became, unofficially (although formally in later years), Paris’s
  first municipal government.

• [34] By the end of the Western Roman Empire, the town was known as Parisius, a Latin name that would later become Paris in French.

• [36] High and Late Middle Ages to Louis XIV[edit] See also: Paris in the Middle Ages, Paris in the 16th century, and Paris in the 17th century The Palais de la Cité and Sainte-Chapelle,
  viewed from the Left Bank, from the Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (month of June) (1410) By the end of the 12th century, Paris had become the political, economic, religious, and cultural capital of France.

• The first railway line to Paris opened in 1837, beginning a new period of massive migration from the provinces to the city.

• [44] [45] The Hôtel de Sens (15th-16th c.) former residence of the Archbishop of Sens During the Hundred Years’ War, Paris was occupied by England-friendly Burgundian forces
  from 1418, before being occupied outright by the English when Henry V of England entered the French capital in 1420;[46] in spite of a 1429 effort by Joan of Arc to liberate the city,[47] it would remain under English occupation until 1436.

• [66] 20th and 21st centuries[edit] See also: Paris in the Belle Époque, Paris during the First World War, Paris between the Wars (1919–1939), Paris in World War II, and History
  of Paris (1946–2000) By 1901, the population of Paris had grown to about 2,715,000.

• [70] During the First World War, Paris sometimes found itself on the front line; 600 to 1,000 Paris taxis played a small but highly important symbolic role in transporting
  6,000 soldiers to the front line at the First Battle of the Marne.

• [96] Geography Location[edit] Main article: Geography of Paris Satellite image of Paris by Sentinel-2 Paris is located in northern central France, in a north-bending arc of
  the river Seine whose crest includes two islands, the Île Saint-Louis and the larger Île de la Cité, which form the oldest part of the city.

• [5] Since the 17th century, Paris has been one of the world’s major centres of finance, diplomacy, commerce, fashion, gastronomy, science, and arts, and has sometimes been
  referred to as the capital of the world or “the City of Light”.

• [29][30] One of the area’s major north–south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité; this meeting place of land and water trade routes gradually became an important
  trading centre.

• [114] For all but 14 months from 1794 to 1977, Paris was the only French commune without a mayor, and thus had less autonomy than the smallest village.

• [82] In 1975, the National Assembly changed the status of Paris to that of other French cities and, on 25 March 1977, Jacques Chirac became the first elected mayor of Paris
  since 1793.

• The historical district along the Seine in the city centre has been classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1991; popular landmarks there include the Cathedral of
  Notre Dame de Paris on the Île de la Cité, now closed for renovation after the 15 April 2019 fire.

• After the marshland between the river Seine and its slower ‘dead arm’ to its north was filled in from around the 10th century,[40] Paris’s cultural centre began to move to
  the Right Bank.

• [63] In 1860, Napoleon III also annexed the surrounding towns and created eight new arrondissements, expanding Paris to its current limits.

• [125] Regional government[edit] The Region of Île de France, including Paris and its surrounding communities, is governed by the Regional Council, which has its headquarters
  in the 7th arrondissement of Paris.

• [88] In 2007, President Nicolas Sarkozy launched the Grand Paris project, to integrate Paris more closely with the towns in the region around it.

• The May 1968 events in France resulted in the break-up of the University of Paris into 13 independent campuses.

• During the Restoration, the bridges and squares of Paris were returned to their pre-Revolution names; the July Revolution in 1830 (commemorated by the July Column on the Place
  de la Bastille) brought a constitutional monarch, Louis Philippe I, to power.

• This king made several improvements to the capital during his reign: he completed the construction of Paris’s first uncovered, sidewalk-lined bridge, the Pont Neuf, built
  a Louvre extension connecting it to the Tuileries Palace, and created the first Paris residential square, the Place Royale, now Place des Vosges.

• [53] 18th and 19th centuries[edit] See also: Paris in the 18th century, Paris during the Second Empire, and Haussmann’s renovation of Paris Paris grew in population from about
  400,000 in 1640 to 650,000 in 1780.

• By the early fourteenth century so much filth had collected inside urban Europe that French and Italian cities were naming streets after human waste.

• In the late 12th century, Philip Augustus extended the Louvre fortress to defend the city against river invasions from the west, gave the city its first walls between 1190
  and 1215, rebuilt its bridges to either side of its central island, and paved its main thoroughfares.

• [57] In the summer of 1789, Paris became the centre stage for the French Revolution.

• The first modern elected mayor of Paris was Jacques Chirac, elected 20 March 1977, becoming the city’s first mayor since 1871 and only the fourth since 1794.

• [42] In 1190, he transformed Paris’s former cathedral school into a student-teacher corporation that would become the University of Paris and would draw students from all
  of Europe.

• [54] A new boulevard, the Champs-Élysées, extended the city west to Étoile,[55] while the working-class neighbourhood of the Faubourg Saint-Antoine on the eastern site of
  the city grew more and more crowded with poor migrant workers from other regions of France.

• [43][39] With 200,000 inhabitants in 1328, Paris, then already the capital of France, was the most populous city of Europe.

• His successor, Napoleon III, alongside the newly appointed prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, launched a gigantic public works project to build wide new boulevards,
  a new opera house, a central market, new aqueducts, sewers and parks, including the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes.

• On 28 March, a revolutionary government called the Paris Commune seized power in Paris.

• [50] During the 17th century, Cardinal Richelieu, chief minister of Louis XIII, was determined to make Paris the most beautiful city in Europe.

• [89] In 2011, the City of Paris and the national government approved the plans for the Grand Paris Express, totalling 205 kilometres (127 miles) of automated metro lines to
  connect Paris, the innermost three departments around Paris, airports and high-speed rail (TGV) stations, at an estimated cost of €35 billion.

• He began erecting monuments to military glory, including the Arc de Triomphe, and improved the neglected infrastructure of the city with new fountains, the Canal de l’Ourcq,
  Père Lachaise Cemetery and the city’s first metal bridge, the Pont des Arts.

• [64] Late in the 19th century, Paris hosted two major international expositions: the 1889 Universal Exposition, was held to mark the centennial of the French Revolution and
  featured the new Eiffel Tower; and the 1900 Universal Exposition, which gave Paris the Pont Alexandre III, the Grand Palais, the Petit Palais and the first Paris Métro line.

• In the late 16th-century French Wars of Religion, Paris was a stronghold of the Catholic League, the organisers of 24 August 1572 St. Bartholomew’s Day massacre in which thousands
  of French Protestants were killed.

• [6] The City of Paris is the centre of the region and province of Île-de-France, or Paris Region, with an estimated population of 12,262,544 in 2019, or about 19% of the population
  of France.

• [35] Christianity was introduced in the middle of the 3rd century AD by Saint Denis, the first Bishop of Paris: according to legend, when he refused to renounce his faith
  before the Roman occupiers, he was beheaded on the hill which became known as Mons Martyrum (Latin “Hill of Martyrs”), later “Montmartre”, from where he walked headless to the north of the city; the place where he fell and was buried became
  an important religious shrine, the Basilica of Saint-Denis, and many French kings are buried there.

• [8] According to the Economist Intelligence Unit Worldwide Cost of Living Survey, in 2021, Paris was the city with the second-highest cost of living in the world, tied with
  Singapore, and after Tel Aviv.

• Fortification of the Île de la Cité failed to avert sacking by Vikings in 845, but Paris’s strategic importance—with its bridges preventing ships from passing—was established
  by successful defence in the Siege of Paris (885–886), for which the then Count of Paris (comte de Paris), Odo of France, was elected king of West Francia.

• In spite of Henry IV’s efforts to improve city circulation, the narrowness of Paris’s streets was a contributing factor in his assassination near Les Halles marketplace in
  1610.

• [121] Métropole du Grand Paris[edit] A map of the Greater Paris Metropolis (Métropole du Grand Paris) and its governing territories The Métropole du Grand Paris, or simply
  Grand Paris, formally came into existence on 1 January 2016.

• [61] The population of Paris had dropped by 100,000 during the Revolution, but between 1799 and 1815, it surged with 160,000 new residents, reaching 660,000.

• [122] It is an administrative structure for co-operation between the City of Paris and its nearest suburbs.

• Paris (French pronunciation (listen)) is the capital and most populous city of France, with an estimated population of 2,165,423 residents in 2019 in an area of more than
  105 km² (41 sq mi),[4] making it the 34th most densely populated city in the world in 2020.

• The Commune held power for two months, until it was harshly suppressed by the French army during the “Bloody Week” at the end of May 1871.

• [13] Paris is especially known for its museums and architectural landmarks: the Louvre received 2.8 million visitors in 2021, despite the long museum closings caused by the
  COVID-19 virus.

• [75] General Charles de Gaulle on the Champs-Élysées celebrating the liberation of Paris, 26 August 1944 On 14 June 1940, the German army marched into Paris, which had been
  declared an “open city”.

• [74] In the years after the peace conference, the city was also home to growing numbers of students and activists from French colonies and other Asian and African countries,
  who later became leaders of their countries, such as Ho Chi Minh, Zhou Enlai and Léopold Sédar Senghor.

• [51] Lutetia Parisiorum vulgo Paris, Plan de Paris en 1657, Jan Janssonius Due to the Parisian uprisings during the Fronde civil war, Louis XIV moved his court to a new palace,
  Versailles, in 1682.

• [10][11] Opened in 1900, the city’s subway system, the Paris Métro, serves 5.23 million passengers daily;[12] it is the second-busiest metro system in Europe after the Moscow
  Metro.

• [38] From the Capetian dynasty that began with the 987 election of Hugh Capet, Count of Paris and Duke of the Franks (duc des Francs), as king of a unified West Francia, Paris
  gradually became the largest and most prosperous city in France.

• [99] The city’s last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 not only gave it its modern form but also created the 20 clockwise-spiralling arrondissements (municipal
  boroughs).

• [84] The population of Paris dropped from 2,850,000 in 1954 to 2,152,000 in 1990, as middle-class families moved to the suburbs.

• Once elected, the council plays a largely passive role in the city government, primarily because it meets only once a month.

• Thousands of Parisian blue-collar workers joined the students, and the movement grew into a two-week general strike.

• To demonstrate that the city was safe from attack, the king had the city walls demolished and replaced with tree-lined boulevards that would become the Grands Boulevards of
  today.

• [58] Louis XVI and the royal family were brought to Paris and made prisoners within the Tuileries Palace.

• [9] Paris is a major railway, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports: Paris–Charles de Gaulle (the second-busiest airport in Europe) and Paris–Orly.

• Although no longer the capital of France, arts and sciences in the city flourished with the Comédie-Française, the Academy of Painting, and the French Academy of Sciences.

• [79] In the 1950s and the 1960s, Paris became one front of the Algerian War for independence; in August 1961, the pro-independence FLN targeted and killed 11 Paris policemen,
  leading to the imposition of a curfew on Muslims of Algeria (who, at that time, were French citizens).

• [117] The Hôtel de Ville, or city hall, has been at the same site since 1357.

• [80][81] In May 1968, protesting students occupied the Sorbonne and put up barricades in the Latin Quarter.

• The 80,000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis.

• [91] Anti-terrorism demonstration on the Place de la République after the Charlie Hebdo shooting, 11 January 2015 In January 2015, Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula claimed
  attacks across the Paris region.

• [48][49] The conflicts ended when pretender to the throne Henry IV, after converting to Catholicism to gain entry to the capital, entered the city in 1594 to claim the crown
  of France.

• The first independent Paris Commune, or city council, met in the Hôtel de Ville and, on 15 July, elected a Mayor, the astronomer Jean Sylvain Bailly.

• The anti-independence Organisation armée secrète (OAS), for their part, carried out a series of bombings in Paris throughout 1961 and 1962.

• [19] In any case, the city’s name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology.

• In 1137, a new city marketplace (today’s Les Halles) replaced the two smaller ones on the Île de la Cité and Place de Grève (Place de l’Hôtel de Ville).

 

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