harvard university

 

  • Latin: Universitas Harvardiana; Former names: Harvard College; Motto: Veritas (Latin)[1]; Motto in English: Truth; Type: Private research university; Established: 1636; 387
    years ago[2]; Founder: Massachusetts General Court; Accreditation: NECHE; Academic affiliations: AAU, NAICU, AICUM, URA, Space-grant; Endowment: $50.9 billion (2022)[3][4]; President: Lawrence Bacow; Provost: Alan Garber; Academic staff: ~2,400
    faculty members (and >10,400 academic appointments in affiliated teaching hospitals)[5]; Students: 21,648 (Fall 2021)[6]; Undergraduates: 7,153 (Fall 2021)[6]; Postgraduates: 14,495 (Fall 2021)[6]; Location: Cambridge, Massachusetts, United
    States; 42°22′28″N 71°07′01″WCoordinates: 42°22′28″N 71°07′01″W History Colonial era See also: John Harvard (clergyman) The Harvard Corporation seal found on Harvard diplomas.

  • [77] Main article: Harvard College The four-year, full-time undergraduate program has a liberal arts and sciences focus.

  • Notable people Alumni Main articles: List of Harvard University people, List of Harvard University non-graduate alumni, and List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Harvard
    University Over more than three and a half centuries, Harvard alumni have contributed creatively and significantly to society, the arts and sciences, business, and national and international affairs.

  • [9][10] Following the American Civil War, under President Charles William Eliot’s long tenure (1869–1909), the college developed multiple affiliated professional schools that
    transformed the college into a modern research university.

  • [101] According to annual polls done by The Princeton Review, Harvard is consistently among the top two most commonly named dream colleges in the United States, both for students
    and parents.

  • [105] In international relations, Foreign Policy magazine ranks Harvard best in the world at the undergraduate level and second in the world at the graduate level, behind
    the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University.

  • An influential 268-page report issued by Harvard faculty in 1945 under Conant’s leadership, General Education in a Free Society, remains one the most important works in curriculum
    studies.

  • Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States
    and one of the most prestigious worldwide.

  • “[23] The college trained many Puritan ministers in its early years[24] and offered a classic curriculum that was based on the English university model—many leaders in the
    colony had attended the University of Cambridge—but also conformed to the tenets of Puritanism.

  • [102][103][104] Additionally, having made significant investments in its engineering school in recent years, Harvard was ranked third worldwide for Engineering and Technology
    in 2019 by Times Higher Education.

  • Radcliffe College emerged as the female counterpart of Harvard College, becoming one of the most prominent schools for women in the United States.

  • [30] Harvard’s graduate schools began admitting women in small numbers in the late 19th century.

  • [74] With the medical school consistently ranking first among medical schools for research,[82] biomedical research is an area of particular strength for the university.

  • [98] It was ranked in the first tier of American research universities, along with Columbia, MIT, and Stanford, in the 2019 report from the Center for Measuring University
    Performance.

  • [39] Between 1945 and 1960, admissions standardized to open the university to a more diverse group of students; for example, after World War II, special exams were developed
    so veterans could be considered for admission.

  • [99] Harvard University is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.

  • During World War II, students at Radcliffe College (which, since its 1879 founding, had been paying Harvard professors to repeat their lectures for women) began attending
    Harvard classes alongside men.

  • [59] The Faculty of Arts and Sciences is the largest Harvard faculty and has primary responsibility for instruction in Harvard College, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences,
    the John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), and the Division of Continuing Education, which includes Harvard Summer School and Harvard Extension School.

  • [34] In 1923, a year after the percentage of Jewish students at Harvard reached 20%, President A. Lawrence Lowell supported a policy change that would have capped the admission
    of Jewish students to 15% of the undergraduate population.

  • [70][72] Academics Teaching and learning Massachusetts Hall (1720), Harvard’s oldest building[73] Harvard Yard Harvard is a large, highly residential research university[74]
    offering 50 undergraduate majors,[75] 134 graduate degrees,[76] and 32 professional degrees.

  • [80] Research Harvard is a founding member of the Association of American Universities[81] and a preeminent research university with “very high” research activity (R1) and
    comprehensive doctoral programs across the arts, sciences, engineering, and medicine according to the Carnegie Classification.

  • [45] Also in Cambridge are the Law, Divinity (theology), Engineering and Applied Science, Design (architecture), Education, Kennedy (public policy), and Extension schools,
    as well as the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study in Radcliffe Yard.

  • The Graduate Council represents students at all twelve graduate and professional schools, most of which also have their own student government.

  • [29] In 1816, Harvard launched new programs in the study of French and Spanish with George Ticknor as first professor for these language programs.

  • [83] The medical school and its affiliates attracted $1.65 billion in competitive research grants from the National Institutes of Health in 2019, more than twice as much as
    any other university.

  • “[35][36][37][38] President James B. Conant led the university from 1933 to 1953; Conant reinvigorated creative scholarship in an effort to guarantee Harvard’s preeminence
    among the nation and world’s emerging research institutions.

  • Organization and administration Governance University seal Harvard is governed by a combination of its Board of Overseers and the President and Fellows of Harvard College
    (also known as the Harvard Corporation), which in turn appoints the President of Harvard University.

  • The university’s rapid enrollment growth also was a product of both the founding of new graduate academic programs and an expansion of the undergraduate college.

  • Campuses Cambridge See also: Harvard Divinity School, Harvard Graduate School of Design, Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering
    and Applied Sciences, Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard Law School, and Harvard Radcliffe Institute Harvard’s 209-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard (“the Yard”) in Cambridge, about 3 miles (5 km) west-northwest of downtown
    Boston, and extends into the surrounding Harvard Square neighborhood.

  • [15][16][18] According to the American Library Association, this makes it the largest academic library in the world.

  • [65] Harvard’s ability to fund its degree and financial aid programs depends on the performance of its endowment; a poor performance in fiscal year 2016 forced a 4.4% cut
    in the number of graduate students funded by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences.

  • [32] Since 1971, Harvard had controlled essentially all aspects of undergraduate admission, instruction, and housing for Radcliffe women; in 1999, Radcliffe was formally merged
    into Harvard.

  • [51] In 2021, the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences will expand into a new, 500,000+ square foot Science and Engineering Complex (SEC) in
    Allston.

  • [15][16][17][18] Throughout its existence, Harvard alumni, faculty, and researchers have included numerous heads of state, Nobel laureates, Fields Medalists, members of Congress,
    MacArthur Fellows, Rhodes Scholars, Marshall Scholars, and Fulbright Scholars; by most metrics, Harvard ranks at the top, or near the top, of all universities globally in each of these categories.

  • The Yard and adjacent areas include the main academic buildings of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, including the college, such as Sever Hall and Harvard Hall.

  • By the 19th century, Harvard emerged as the most prominent academic and cultural institution among the Boston elite.

  • [117] Every two years, the Harvard and Yale track and field teams come together to compete against a combined Oxford and Cambridge team in the oldest continuous international
    amateur competition in the world.

  • [47][48] Allston See also: Harvard University’s expansion in Allston, Massachusetts Harvard Business School, Harvard Innovation Labs, and many athletics facilities, including
    Harvard Stadium, are located on a 358-acre (145 ha) campus in Allston,[49] a Boston neighborhood just across the Charles River from the Cambridge campus.

  • [106] Student life Student life and activities are generally organized within each school.

  • [50] Plans include new construction and renovation for the Business School, a hotel and conference center, graduate student housing, Harvard Stadium, and other athletics facilities.

  • The largest collection of East-Asian language material outside of East Asia is held in the Harvard-Yenching Library The Harvard Art Museums comprise three museums.

  • [96] When QS and Times Higher Education collaborated to publish the Times Higher Education–QS World University Rankings from 2004 to 2009, Harvard held the top spot every
    year and continued to hold first place on THE World Reputation Rankings ever since it was released in 2011.

  • [27]: 4–5 [28]: 24  Charles William Eliot, Harvard president from 1869–1909, eliminated the favored position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student
    self-direction.

  • [40] No longer drawing mostly from select New England prep schools, the undergraduate college became accessible to striving middle class students from public schools; many
    more Jews and Catholics were admitted, but still few Blacks, Hispanics, or Asians versus the representation of these demoraphics in the general population.

  • [16][5] Houghton Library, the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, and the Harvard University Archives consist principally of rare
    and unique materials.

  • [a] Harvard’s founding was authorized by the Massachusetts colonial legislature, “dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches, when our present ministers shall
    lie in the dust”; though never formally affiliated with any denomination, in its early years Harvard College primarily trained Congregational clergy.

  • In 1900, Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities.

  • Lowell also refused to mandate forced desegregation in the university’s freshman dormitories, writing that, “We owe to the colored man the same opportunities for education
    that we do to the white man, but we do not owe to him to force him and the white into social relations that are not, or may not be, mutually congenial.

  • [100] Among rankings of specific indicators, Harvard topped both the University Ranking by Academic Performance (2019–2020) and Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World
    Universities (2011), which measured universities’ numbers of alumni holding CEO positions in Fortune Global 500 companies.

  • Henry Moore’s sculpture Large Four Piece Reclining Figure, near Lamont Library The Harvard Library system is centered in Widener Library in Harvard Yard and comprises nearly
    80 individual libraries holding about 20.4 million items.

  • There are nine other graduate and professional faculties as well as the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study.

  • In 1638, the university acquired British North America’s first known printing press.

  • [19] Engraving of Harvard College by Paul Revere, 1767 Harvard was established in 1636 in the colonial, pre-Revolutionary era by vote of the Great and General Court of Massachusetts
    Bay Colony.

  • [14] Harvard Library is the world’s largest academic library system, comprising 79 individual libraries holding 20 million items.

  • [31] In 1945, women were first admitted to the medical school.

  • While Harvard never affiliated with any particular denomination, many of its earliest graduates went on to become Puritan clergymen.

  • In 1900, Harvard co-founded the Association of American Universities.

 

Works Cited

[‘1. Harvard’s influence, wealth and rankings have made it among the most prestigious universities in the world.
1. Keller, Morton; Keller, Phyllis (2001). Making Harvard Modern: The Rise of America’s University. Oxford University Press. pp. 463–481.
ISBN 0-19-514457-0. Harvard’s professional schools… won world prestige of a sort rarely seen among social institutions. […] Harvard’s age, wealth, quality, and prestige may well shield it from any conceivable vicissitudes.
2. Spaulding, Christina
(1989). “Sexual Shakedown”. In Trumpbour, John (ed.). How Harvard Rules: Reason in the Service of Empire. South End Press. pp. 326–336. ISBN 0-89608-284-9. … [Harvard’s] tremendous institutional power and prestige […] Within the nation’s (arguably)
most prestigious institution of higher learning …
3. David Altaner (March 9, 2011). “Harvard, MIT Ranked Most Prestigious Universities, Study Reports”. Bloomberg. Archived from the original on March 14, 2011. Retrieved March 1, 2012.
4. Collier’s
Encyclopedia. Macmillan Educational Co. 1986. Harvard University, one of the world’s most prestigious institutions of higher learning, was founded in Massachusetts in 1636.
5. Newport, Frank (August 26, 2003). “Harvard Number One University in
Eyes of Public Stanford and Yale in second place”. Gallup. Archived from the original on September 25, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
6. Leonhardt, David (September 17, 2006). “Ending Early Admissions: Guess Who Wins?”. The New York Times. ISSN
0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020. The most prestigious college in the world, of course, is Harvard, and the gap between it and every other university is often underestimated.
7. Hoerr, John (1997).
We Can’t Eat Prestige: The Women Who Organized Harvard. Temple University Press. p. 3. ISBN 9781566395359.
8. Wong, Alia (September 11, 2018). “At Private Colleges, Students Pay for Prestige”. The Atlantic. Archived from the original on February
26, 2021. Retrieved May 17, 2020. Americans tend to think of colleges as falling somewhere on a vast hierarchy based largely on their status and brand recognition. At the top are the Harvards and the Stanfords, with their celebrated faculty, groundbreaking
research, and perfectly manicured quads.
2. ^ Universities all adopt different metrics to claim Nobel or other academic award affiliates, some generous while others conservative. The official Harvard count (around 40) only includes academicians
affiliated at the time of winning the prize. Yet, the figure can be up to some 160 Nobel laureates, the most worldwide, if visitors and professors of various ranks are all included (the most generous criterium), as what some other universities do.
1. “50
(US) Universities with the Most Nobel Prize Winners”. www.bestmastersprograms.org. February 25, 2021. Archived from the original on October 12, 2021. Retrieved October 1, 2021.
2. Rachel Sugar (May 29, 2015). “Where MacArthur ‘Geniuses’ Went to
College”. businessinsider.com. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
3. “Top Producers”. us.fulbrightonline.org. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
4. “Statistics”.
www.marshallscholarship.org. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
5. “US Rhodes Scholars Over Time”. www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
6. “Harvard,
Stanford, Yale Graduate Most Members of Congress”. Archived from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
7. “The complete list of Fields Medal winners”. areppim AG. 2014. Archived from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved
September 10, 2015.
3. ^ Other consists of Multiracial Americans & those who prefer to not say.
4. ^ The percentage of students who received an income-based federal Pell grant intended for low-income students.
5. ^ The percentage of students
who are a part of the American middle class at the bare minimum.
6. Samuel Eliot Morison (1968). The Founding of Harvard College. Harvard University Press. p. 329. ISBN 978-0-674-31450-4. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved
October 17, 2020.
7. ^ An appropriation of £400 toward a “school or college” was voted on October 28, 1636 (OS), at a meeting which convened on September 8 and was adjourned to October 28. Some sources consider October 28, 1636 (OS) (November 7,
1636, NS) to be the date of founding. Harvard’s 1936 tercentenary celebration treated September 18 as the founding date, though 1836 bicentennial was celebrated on September 8, 1836. Sources: meeting dates, Quincy, Josiah (1860). History of Harvard
University. 117 Washington Street, Boston: Crosby, Nichols, Lee and Co. ISBN 9780405100161., p. 586 Archived September 6, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, “At a Court holden September 8th, 1636 and continued by adjournment to the 28th of the 8th month
(October, 1636)… the Court agreed to give £400 towards a School or College, whereof £200 to be paid next year….” Tercentenary dates: “Cambridge Birthday”. Time. September 28, 1936. Archived from the original on December 5, 2012. Retrieved September
8, 2006.: “Harvard claims birth on the day the Massachusetts Great and General Court convened to authorize its founding. This was Sept. 8, 1637 under the Julian calendar. Allowing for the ten-day advance of the Gregorian calendar, Tercentenary officials
arrived at Sept. 18 as the date for the third and last big Day of the celebration;” “on Oct. 28, 1636 … £400 for that ‘school or college’ [was voted by] the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.” Bicentennial date: Marvin Hightower
(September 2, 2003). “Harvard Gazette: This Month in Harvard History”. Harvard University. Archived from the original on September 8, 2006. Retrieved September 15, 2006., “Sept. 8, 1836 – Some 1,100 to 1,300 alumni flock to Harvard’s Bicentennial,
at which a professional choir premieres “Fair Harvard.” … guest speaker Josiah Quincy Jr., Class of 1821, makes a motion, unanimously adopted, ‘that this assembly of the Alumni be adjourned to meet at this place on September 8, 1936.'” Tercentary
opening of Quincy’s sealed package: The New York Times, September 9, 1936, p. 24, “Package Sealed in 1836 Opened at Harvard. It Held Letters Written at Bicentenary”: “September 8th, 1936: As the first formal function in the celebration of Harvard’s
tercentenary, the Harvard Alumni Association witnessed the opening by President Conant of the ‘mysterious’ package sealed by President Josiah Quincy at the Harvard bicentennial in 1836.”
8. ^ Jump up to:a b c Larry Edelman (October 13, 2022).
“Harvard, the richest university, is a little less rich after tough year in the markets”. Boston Globe.
9. ^ Jump up to:a b c Financial Report Fiscal Year 2022 (PDF) (Report). Harvard University. October 2022. p. 7.
10. ^ Jump up to:a b “Harvard
University Graphic Identity Standards Manual” (PDF). July 14, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 19, 2022. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
11. ^ Jump up to:a b c “Common Data Set 2021–2022” (PDF). Office of Institutional Research. Harvard University.
Archived from the original (PDF) on January 5, 2023. Retrieved January 5, 2023.
12. ^ “IPEDS – Harvard University”.
13. ^ “Color Scheme” (PDF). Harvard Athletics Brand Identity Guide. July 27, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
14. ^ Story, Ronald
(1975). “Harvard and the Boston Brahmins: A Study in Institutional and Class Development, 1800–1865”. Journal of Social History. 8 (3): 94–121. doi:10.1353/jsh/8.3.94. S2CID 147208647.
15. ^ Farrell, Betty G. (1993). Elite Families: Class and Power
in Nineteenth-Century Boston. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-1593-7.
16. ^ Jump up to:a b “Member Institutions and years of Admission”. aau.edu. Association of American Universities. Archived from the original on May 21, 2012. Retrieved
August 28, 2010.
17. ^ “Faculties and Allied Institutions” (PDF). harvard.edu. Office of the Provost, Harvard University. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 11, 2010. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
18. ^ Jump up to:a b “Faculties and Allied
Institutions” (PDF). Office of the Provost, Harvard University. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 23, 2013. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
19. ^ Kurt, Daniel (October 25, 2021). “What Harvard Actually Costs”. Investopedia. Archived from the
original on June 27, 2021. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
20. ^ Jump up to:a b “Harvard Library Annual Report FY 2013”. Harvard University Library. 2013. Archived from the original on June 9, 2016. Retrieved January 3, 2015.
21. ^ Jump up to:a b c “The
Nation’s Largest Libraries: A Listing By Volumes Held”. American Library Association. May 2009. Archived from the original on August 29, 2011. Retrieved August 19, 2009.
22. ^ “Speaking Volumes”. Harvard Gazette. The President and Fellows of Harvard
College. February 26, 1998. Archived from the original on September 9, 1999.
23. ^ Jump up to:a b Harvard Media Relations. “Quick Facts”. Archived from the original on April 14, 2020. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
24. ^ Samuel Eliot Morison (1968).
The Founding of Harvard College. Harvard University Press. p. 330. ISBN 978-0-674-31450-4. Archived from the original on December 15, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
25. ^ Ireland, Corydon (March 8, 2012). “The instrument behind New England’s first
literary flowering”. harvard.edu. Harvard University. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
26. ^ “Rowley and Ezekiel Rogers, The First North American Printing Press” (PDF). hull.ac.uk. Maritime Historical
Studies Centre, University of Hull. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 23, 2013. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
27. ^ Harvard, John. “John Harvard Facts, Information”. encyclopedia.com. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008. Archived
from the original on July 15, 2009. Retrieved July 17, 2009. He bequeathed £780 (half his estate) and his library of 320 volumes to the new established college at Cambridge, Mass., which was named in his honor.
28. ^ Wright, Louis B. (2002). The
Cultural Life of the American Colonies (1st ed.). Dover Publications (published May 3, 2002). p. 116. ISBN 978-0-486-42223-7.
29. ^ Grigg, John A.; Mancall, Peter C. (2008). British Colonial America: People and Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. p. 47. ISBN
978-1-59884-025-4. Archived from the original on January 2, 2017. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
30. ^ Harvard Office of News and Public Affairs (July 26, 2007). “Harvard guide intro”. Harvard University. Archived from the original on July 26, 2007. Retrieved
August 29, 2010.
31. ^ John Leverett – History – Office of the President Archived June 12, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
32. ^ Jump up to:a b Dorrien, Gary J. (January 1, 2001). The Making of American Liberal Theology: Imagining Progressive Religion,
1805-1900. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-22354-0. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
33. ^ Field, Peter S. (2003). Ralph Waldo Emerson: The Making of a Democratic Intellectual. Rowman & Littlefield.
ISBN 978-0-8476-8843-2. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved June 27, 2015.
34. ^ Shoemaker, Stephen P. (2006–2007). “The Theological Roots of Charles W. Eliot’s Educational Reforms”. Journal of Unitarian Universalist History.
31: 30–45.
35. ^ “An Iconic College View: Harvard University, circa 1900. Richard Rummell (1848-1924)”. An Iconic College View. Archived from the original on April 25, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
36. ^ Schwager, Sally (2004). “Taking up
the Challenge: The Origins of Radcliffe”. In Laurel Thatcher Ulrich (ed.). Yards and Gates: Gender in Harvard and Radcliffe History (1st ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 115. ISBN 1-4039-6098-4.
37. ^ First class of women admitted to Harvard
Medical School, 1945 (Report). Countway Repository, Harvard University Library. Archived from the original on June 23, 2016. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
38. ^ Radcliffe Enters Historic Merger With Harvard (Report). Archived from the original on October
11, 2017. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
39. ^ Jerome Karabel (2006). The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-618-77355-8. Archived from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved November
5, 2015.
40. ^ “Compelled to coexist: A history of the desegregation of Harvard’s freshman housing”, Harvard Crimson, November 4, 2021
41. ^ Steinberg, Stephen (September 1, 1971). “How Jewish Quotas Began”. Commentary. Archived from the original
on September 11, 2017. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
42. ^ Johnson, Dirk (March 4, 1986). “Yale’s Limit on Jewish Enrollment Lasted Until Early 1960’s Book Says”. The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 23, 2021. Retrieved
December 3, 2017.
43. ^ “Lowell Tells Jews Limits at Colleges Might Help Them”. The New York Times. June 17, 1922. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
44. ^ Kridel, Craig, ed. (2010). “General Education
in a Free Society (Harvard Redbook)”. Encyclopedia of Curriculum Studies. Vol. 1. SAGE. pp. 400–402. ISBN 978-1-4129-5883-7.
45. ^ “The Class of 1950 | News | The Harvard Crimson”. www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved August 2, 2022.
46. ^ Malka A. Older.
(1996). Preparatory schools and the admissions process Archived September 11, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. The Harvard Crimson, January 24, 1996
47. ^ Powell, Alvin (October 1, 2018). “An update on Harvard’s diversity, inclusion efforts”. The
Harvard Gazette. Archived from the original on August 14, 2021. Retrieved December 14, 2019.
48. ^ “Harvard Board Names First Woman President”. NBC News. Associated Press. February 11, 2007. Archived from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved
August 8, 2015.
49. ^ “Harvard University names Lawrence Bacow its 29th president”. Fox News. Associated Press. February 11, 2018. Archived from the original on February 15, 2018. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
50. ^ “The Houses”. Harvard College
Dean of Students Office. Archived from the original on December 14, 2019. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
51. ^ “Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University”. Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University. Archived from
the original on October 5, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
52. ^ “Institutional Ownership Map – Cambridge Massachusetts” (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 22, 2015. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
53. ^ Tartakoff, Joseph M. (January
7, 2005). “Harvard Purchases Doubletree Hotel Building – News – The Harvard Crimson”. www.thecrimson.com. Archived from the original on September 20, 2016. Retrieved September 8, 2016.
54. ^ Logan, Tim (April 13, 2016). “Harvard continues its march
into Allston, with science complex”. BostonGlobe.com. Archived from the original on May 18, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
55. ^ “Allston Planning and Development / Office of the Executive Vice President”. harvard.edu. Harvard University. Archived
from the original on May 8, 2017. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
56. ^ Bayliss, Svea Herbst (January 21, 2007). “Harvard unveils big campus expansion”. Reuters. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
57. ^ O’Rourke,
Brigid (April 10, 2020). “SEAS moves opening of Science and Engineering Complex to spring semester ’21”. The Harvard Gazette. Archived from the original on May 15, 2020. Retrieved May 14, 2020.
58. ^ “Our Campus”. harvard.edu. Archived from the
original on December 7, 2019. Retrieved December 20, 2019.
59. ^ “Concord Field Station”. mcz.harvard.edu. Harvard University. Archived from the original on February 13, 2017. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
60. ^ “Villa I Tatti: The Harvard University
Center for Italian Renaissance Studies”. Itatti.it. Archived from the original on July 2, 2010. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
61. ^ “Shanghai Center”. Harvard.edu. Archived from the original on December 17, 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
62. ^ Bethell,
John T.; Hunt, Richard M.; Shenton, Robert (2009). Harvard A to Z. Harvard University Press. pp. 166–. ISBN 978-0-674-02089-4. Archived from the original on January 2, 2017. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
63. ^ Burlington Free Press, June 24, 2009, page
11B, “”Harvard to cut 275 jobs” Associated Press
64. ^ Office of Institutional Research (2009). Harvard University Fact Book 2009–2010 (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 23, 2011. (“Faculty”)
65. ^ Vidya B. Viswanathan and Peter F.
Zhu (March 5, 2009). “Residents Protest Vacancies in Allston”. Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011. Retrieved February 10, 2011.
66. ^ Healy, Beth (January 28, 2010). “Harvard endowment leads others down”. The Boston Globe.
Archived from the original on August 21, 2010. Retrieved September 2, 2010.
67. ^ Hechinger, John (December 4, 2008). “Harvard Hit by Loss as Crisis Spreads to Colleges”. The Wall Street Journal. p. A1.
68. ^ Munk, Nina (August 2009). “Nina Munk
on Hard Times at Harvard”. Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on August 29, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
69. ^ Andrew M. Rosenfield (March 4, 2009). “Understanding Endowments, Part I”. Forbes. Archived from the original on March 19, 2009.
Retrieved August 29, 2010.
70. ^ “A Singular Mission”. Archived from the original on December 9, 2019. Retrieved December 14, 2019.
71. ^ “Admissions Cuts Concern Some Graduate Students”. Archived from the original on December 25, 2017. Retrieved
December 14, 2019.
72. ^ “Financial Report” (PDF). harvard.edu. October 24, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved December 14, 2019.
73. ^ Welton, Alli (November 20, 2012). “Harvard Students Vote 72 Percent Support
for Fossil Fuel Divestment”. The Nation. Archived from the original on July 25, 2015. Retrieved July 27, 2015.
74. ^ Chaidez, Alexandra A. (October 22, 2019). “Harvard Prison Divestment Campaign Delivers Report to Mass. Hall”. The Harvard Crimson.
Archived from the original on March 6, 2020. Retrieved December 15, 2019.
75. ^ Jump up to:a b George, Michael C.; Kaufman, David W. (May 23, 2012). “Students Protest Investment in Apartheid South Africa”. The Harvard Crimson. Archived from the
original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2015.
76. ^ Cadambi, Anjali (September 19, 2010). “Harvard University community campaigns for divestment from apartheid South Africa, 1977–1989”. Global Nonviolent Action Database. Archived from the
original on September 18, 2015. Retrieved July 27, 2015.
77. ^ Robert Anthony Waters Jr. (March 20, 2009). Historical Dictionary of United States-Africa Relations. Scarecrow Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-8108-6291-3. Archived from the original on January
24, 2016. Retrieved October 14, 2015.
78. ^ Harvard College. “A Brief History of Harvard College”. Harvard College. Archived from the original on April 24, 2011. Retrieved July 25, 2011.
79. ^ Jump up to:a b c “Carnegie Classifications – Harvard
University”. iu.edu. The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
80. ^ Jump up to:a b “Liberal Arts & Sciences”. harvard.edu. Harvard College. Archived from the
original on October 5, 2021. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
81. ^ “Degree Programs” (PDF). Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Handbook. pp. 28–30. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 9, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
82. ^ Jump up
to:a b “Degrees Awarded”. harvard.edu. Office of Institutional Research, Harvard University. Archived from the original on July 28, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
83. ^ “The Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science Degrees”. college.harvard.edu.
Harvard College. Archived from the original on December 7, 2019. Retrieved December 8, 2019.
84. ^ “Academic Information: The Concentration Requirement”. Handbook for Students. Harvard College. Archived from the original on December 5, 2010. Retrieved
August 28, 2010.
85. ^ “How large are classes?”. harvard.edu. Harvard College. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved December 14, 2019.
86. ^ “Member Institutions and Years of Admission”. Association of American Universities.
Archived from the original on October 28, 2012. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
87. ^ “2023 Best Medical Schools: Research”. usnews.com. Retrieved February 17, 2022.
88. ^ “Research at Harvard Medical School”. hms.harvard.edu. Harvard Medical School.
Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved December 9, 2019.
89. ^ “Which schools get the most research money?”. U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
90. ^ “ShanghaiRanking’s
Academic Ranking of World Universities”. Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
91. ^ “Forbes America’s Top Colleges List 2022”. Forbes. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
92. ^ “Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education College
Rankings 2022”. The Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
93. ^ “2022-2023 Best National Universities”. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
94. ^ “2022 National University Rankings”. Washington
Monthly. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
95. ^ “ShanghaiRanking’s Academic Ranking of World Universities”. Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
96. ^ “QS World University Rankings 2023”. Quacquarelli Symonds. Retrieved July
26, 2022.
97. ^ “World University Rankings 2022”. Times Higher Education. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
98. ^ “2022 Best Global Universities Rankings”. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved July 26, 2022.
99. ^ “Harvard University’s Graduate School
Rankings”. U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on October 7, 2019. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
100. ^ “Harvard University – U.S. News Global University Rankings”. U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on December 7,
2019. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
101. ^ “Academic Ranking of World Universities——Harvard University Ranking Profile”. Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Archived from the original on September 8, 2016. Retrieved July 29, 2018.
102. ^ “World Reputation
Rankings 2016”. Times Higher Education. 2016. Archived from the original on March 5, 2018. Retrieved September 7, 2016.
103. ^ “SCImago Institutions Rankings – Higher Education – All Regions and Countries – 2019 – Overall Rank”. www.scimagoir.com.
Archived from the original on April 22, 2019. Retrieved June 11, 2019.
104. ^ Lombardi, John V.; Abbey, Craig W.; Craig, Diane D. (2020). “The Top American Research Universities: 2019 Annual Report” (PDF). mup.umass.edu. Archived (PDF) from the
original on July 17, 2021. Retrieved July 17, 2021.
105. ^ Massachusetts Institutions – NECHE, New England Commission of Higher Education, archived from the original on August 17, 2021, retrieved May 26, 2021
106. ^ “World Ranking”. University
Ranking by Academic Performance. Archived from the original on December 18, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2020.
107. ^ “College Hopes & Worries Press Release”. PR Newswire. 2016. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016. Retrieved September
7, 2016.
108. ^ “Princeton Review’s 2012 “College Hopes & Worries Survey” Reports on 10,650 Students’ & Parents’ Top 10 “Dream Colleges” and Application Perspectives”. PR Newswire. 2012. Archived from the original on December 10, 2019. Retrieved
December 10, 2019.
109. ^ “2019 College Hopes & Worries Press Release”. 2019. Archived from the original on October 7, 2019. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
110. ^ contact, Press (February 11, 2019). “Harvard is #3 in World University Engineering
Rankings”. Archived from the original on December 10, 2019. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
111. ^ “The Best International Relations Schools in the World”. Foreign Policy.
112. ^ “Harvard University Campus Information, Costs and Details”. www.collegeraptor.com.
Retrieved November 14, 2022.
113. ^ “US News National University Rankings”.
114. ^ “2022 Best Graduate Schools”. U.S. News & World Report. August 31, 2021. Archived from the original on March 20, 2018. Retrieved August 31, 2021.
115. ^ “US News
Law School Rankings”.
116. ^ Jump up to:a b “2022 Best Graduate Schools”. U.S. News & World Report. August 31, 2021. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2021.
117. ^ “US News Best Education Programs”.
118. ^ “2022
Best Graduate Schools”. U.S. News & World Report. August 31, 2021. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved September 13, 2021.
119. ^ “2022 Best Graduate Schools”. U.S. News & World Report. August 31, 2021. Archived from the original
on October 7, 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2021.
120. ^ “College Scorecard: Harvard University”. United States Department of Education. Archived from the original on January 22, 2022. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
121. ^ a) Law School Student Government
[1] Archived June 24, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
b) School of Education Student Council [2] Archived July 19, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
c) Kennedy School Student Government [3] Archived June 21, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
d) Design School
Student Forum [4] Archived June 14, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
e) Student Council of Harvard Medical School and Harvard School of Dental Medicine [5] Archived June 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
122. ^ “Harvard : Women’s Rugby Becomes 42nd
Varsity Sport at Harvard University”. Gocrimson.com. August 9, 2012. Archived from the original on September 29, 2013. Retrieved July 5, 2013.
123. ^ “Yale and Harvard Defeat Oxford/Cambridge Team”. Yale University Athletics. Archived from the original
on October 13, 2011. Retrieved September 13, 2011.
124. ^ “The Harvard Guide: Financial Aid at Harvard”. Harvard University. September 2, 2006. Archived from the original on September 2, 2006. Retrieved August 29, 2010.
125. ^ Bracken, Chris (November
17, 2017). “A game unlike any other”. yaledailynews.com. Archived from the original on October 21, 2020. Retrieved September 9, 2020.
126. ^ Siliezar, Juan (November 23, 2020). “2020 Rhodes, Mitchell Scholars named”. harvard.edu. Archived from the
original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved November 25, 2020.
127. ^ Communications, FAS (November 24, 2019). “Five Harvard students named Rhodes Scholars”. The Harvard Gazette. Archived from the original on November 28, 2019. Retrieved November 24,
2019.
128. ^ Kathleen Elkins (May 18, 2018). “More billionaires went to Harvard than to Stanford, MIT and Yale combined”. CNBC. Archived from the original on May 22, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
129. ^ “Statistics”. www.marshallscholarship.org.
Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2015.
130. ^ “Pulitzer Prize Winners”. Harvard University. Archived from the original on September 5, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2018.
131. ^ “Companies – Entrepreneurship
– Harvard Business School”. entrepreneurship.hbs.edu. Archived from the original on March 28, 2017. Retrieved March 28, 2019.
132. ^ Barzilay, Karen N. “The Education of John Adams”. Massachusetts Historical Society. Archived from the original on
July 26, 2021. Retrieved September 20, 2020.
133. ^ “John Quincy Adams”. The White House. Archived from the original on October 5, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
134. ^ Hogan, Margaret A. (October 4, 2016). “John Quincy Adams: Life Before
the Presidency”. Miller Center. Archived from the original on August 12, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
135. ^ “HLS’s first alumnus elected as President—Rutherford B. Hayes”. Harvard Law Today. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021.
Retrieved September 21, 2020.
136. ^ “Theodore Roosevelt – Biographical”. Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on September 5, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
137. ^ Leuchtenburg, William E. (October 4, 2016). “Franklin D. Roosevelt:
Life Before the Presidency”. Miller Center. Archived from the original on August 13, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
138. ^ Selverstone, Marc J. (October 4, 2016). “John F. Kennedy: Life Before the Presidency”. Miller Center. Archived from the
original on August 12, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
139. ^ “Ellen Johnson Sirleaf – Biographical”. www.nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on July 24, 2018. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
140. ^ L. Gregg II, Gary (October 4, 2016).
“George W. Bush: Life Before the Presidency”. Miller Center. Archived from the original on August 12, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
141. ^ “Press release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020”. nobelprize.org. Nobel Foundation. Archived from
the original on October 8, 2020. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
142. ^ “Barack Obama: Life Before the Presidency”. Miller Center. October 4, 2016. Archived from the original on August 12, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
143. ^ “Barack H. Obama
– Biographical”. Nobel Foundation. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved September 21, 2020.
144. ^ Thomas, Sarah (September 24, 2010). “‘Social Network’ taps other campuses for Harvard role”. Boston.com. Archived from the original
on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2020. ‘In the grammar of film, Harvard has come to mean both tradition, and a certain amount of stuffiness…. Someone from Missouri who has never lived in Boston … can get this idea that it’s all trust
fund babies and ivy-covered walls.’
145. ^ King, Michael (2002). Wrestling with the Angel. p. 371. …praised as an iconic chronicle of his generation and his WASP-ish class.
146. ^ Halberstam, Michael J. (February 18, 1953). “White Shoe and
Weak Will”. Harvard Crimson. The book is written slickly, but without distinction…. The book will be quick, enjoyable reading for all Harvard men.
147. ^ Yardley, Jonathan (December 23, 2009). “Second Reading”. The Washington Post.  ’…a
balanced and impressive novel…’ [is] a judgment with which I [agree].
148. ^ Du Bois, William (February 1, 1953). “Out of a Jitter-and-Fritter World”. The New York Times. p. BR5. exhibits Mr. Phillips’ talent at its finest
149. ^ “John Phillips,
The Second Happiest Day”. Southwest Review. Vol. 38. p. 267. So when the critics say the author of “The Second Happiest Day” is a new Fitzgerald, we think they may be right.
150. ^ Jump up to:a b Schwartz, Nathaniel L. (September 21, 1999). “University,
Hollywood Relationship Not Always a ‘Love Story'”. Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on September 10, 2021. Retrieved September 15, 2013.
151. ^ Sarah Thomas (September 24, 2010). “‘Social Network’ taps other campuses for Harvard role”.
boston.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
152. ^ “Never Having To Say You’re Sorry for 25 Years…” Harvard Crimson. June 3, 1996. Archived from the original on July 17, 2013. Retrieved September 15,
2013.
153. ^ Vinciguerra, Thomas (August 20, 2010). “The Disease: Fatal. The Treatment: Mockery”. The New York Times.
154. ^ Gewertz, Ken (February 8, 1996). “A Many-Splendored ‘Love Story’. Movie filmed at Harvard 25 years ago helped to define
a generation”. Harvard University Gazette.
155. ^ Walsh, Colleen (October 2, 2012). “The Paper Chase at 40”. Harvard Gazette.
Photo credit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/53807034@N05/5578766623/’]

 

 

Two golden wedding rings and two white roses on a reflecting white surface