• The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon (Latin: Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Salomonici), also known as the Order of Solomon’s Temple, the
  Knights Templar, or simply the Templars, was a Catholic military order, one of the most wealthy and popular of the Western Christian military orders.

• Following the suppression of the Order, a number of Knights Templar joined the newly established Order of Christ, which effectively reabsorbed the Knights Templar and its
  properties in AD 1319, especially in Portugal.

• [97] Apart from the Order of Christ,[95][96] there is no clear historical connection between the Knights Templar and any other modern organization, the earliest of which emerged
  publicly in the 18th century.

• The situation was complex, however, since during the two hundred years of their existence, the Templars had become a part of daily life throughout Christendom.

• [85] There was a cardinal rule that the warriors of the order should never surrender unless the Templar flag had fallen, and even then they were first to try to regroup with
  another of the Christian orders, such as that of the Hospitallers.

• With this formal blessing, the Templars became a favoured charity throughout Christendom, receiving money, land, businesses, and noble-born sons from families who were eager
  to help with the fight in the Holy Land.

• [102] Temperance movement[edit] Main articles: IOGT and Tempel Riddare Orden Many temperance organizations named themselves after the Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of
  the Temple of Solomon, citing the belief that the original Knights Templar “drank sour milk, and also because they were fighting ‘a great crusade’ against ‘this terrible vice’ of alcohol”.

• According to some historians, King Philip, who was already deeply in debt to the Templars from his war against England, decided to seize upon the rumours for his own purposes.

• Portugal was the first country in Europe where they had settled, occurring only two or three years after the order’s foundation in Jerusalem and even having presence during
  Portugal’s conception.

• The Grand Master exercised his authority via the visitors-general of the order, who were knights specially appointed by the Grand Master and convent of Jerusalem to visit
  the different provinces, correct malpractices, introduce new regulations, and resolve important disputes.

• [10] The abrupt disappearance of a major part of the European infrastructure gave rise to speculation and legends, which have kept the “Templar” name alive into the present
  day.

• [8] Rumours about the Templars’ secret initiation ceremony created distrust, and King Philip IV of France, while being deeply in debt to the order, used this distrust to take
  advantage of the situation.

• The Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II reclaimed the city for Christians in the Sixth Crusade of 1229, without Templar aid, but only held it for a little more than a decade.

• [73] Grand Masters[edit] Main article: Grand Masters of the Knights Templar Templar building at Saint Martin des Champs, France Starting with founder Hugues de Payens in 1118–1119,
  the order’s highest office was that of Grand Master, a position which was held for life, though considering the martial nature of the order, this could mean a very short tenure.

• [107] Bernard-Raymond Fabré-Palaprat produced the Larmenius Charter in 1804 with a claim of succession to the original Catholic Christian military order.

• [103] The largest of these, the International Order of Good Templars (IOGT), grew throughout the world after being started in the 19th century and continues to advocate for
  the abstinence from alcohol and other drugs; other Orders in this tradition include those of the Templars of Honor and Temperance (Tempel Riddare Orden), which has a large presence in Scandinavia.

• One theory on the origin of Freemasonry claims direct descent from the historical Knights Templar through its final fourteenth-century members who were thought to have taken
  refuge in Scotland and aided Robert the Bruce in his victory at Bannockburn.

• After the Templars were abolished on 22 March 1312,[57][58] the Order of Christ was founded in 1319[53][54] under the protection of the Portuguese king Denis, who refused
  to persecute the former knights as in most other states under the influence of the Catholic Church.

• [46][47][48] The remaining Templars around Europe were either arrested and tried under the Papal investigation (with virtually none convicted), absorbed into other Catholic
  military orders, or pensioned off and allowed to live out their days peacefully.

• [7] The Templars were closely tied to the Crusades; no longer able to secure their holdings in the Holy Land, support for the order faded.

• Under his protection, Templar organizations simply changed their name, from “Knights Templar” to the reconstituted Order of Christ and also a parallel Supreme Order of Christ
  of the Holy See; both are considered successors to the Knights Templar.

• The order was still not subject to local government, making it everywhere a “state within a state” – its standing army, although it no longer had a well-defined mission, could
  pass freely through all borders.

• Although not prescribed by the Templar Rule, it later became customary for members of the order to wear long and prominent beards.

• All of them were subject to the Grand Master, appointed for life, who oversaw both the order’s military efforts in the East and their financial holdings in the West.

• Many sites also maintain the name “Temple” because of centuries-old association with the Templars.

• [63] The current position of the Roman Catholic Church is that the medieval persecution of the Knights Templar was unjust, that nothing was inherently wrong with the order
  or its rule, and that Pope Clement was pressed into his actions by the magnitude of the public scandal and by the dominating influence of King Philip IV, who was Clement’s relative.

• [98][99][100][101] Order of Christ[edit] Further information: Order of Christ (Portugal) and History of the Order of Christ Following the dissolution of the Knights Templar,
  the Order of Christ was erected in 1319 and absorbed many of the Knights Templar into its ranks, along with Knights Templar properties in Portugal.

• [79][80] The white mantle was assigned to the Templars at the Council of Troyes in 1129, and the cross was most probably added to their robes at the launch of the Second Crusade
  in 1147, when Pope Eugenius III, King Louis VII of France, and many other notables attended a meeting of the French Templars at their headquarters near Paris.

• They were prominent in Christian finance; non-combatant members of the order, who made up as much as 90% of their members,[2][3] managed a large economic infrastructure throughout
  Christendom.

• Squires were generally not members of the order but were instead outsiders who were hired for a set period of time.

• The Grand Master oversaw all of the operations of the order, including both the military operations in the Holy Land and Eastern Europe and the Templars’ financial and business
  dealings in Western Europe.

• [91] Legacy With their military mission and extensive financial resources, the Knights Templar funded a large number of building projects around Europe and the Holy Land.

• The Templar Order, though its members were sworn to individual poverty, was given control of wealth beyond direct donations.

• [64] Organization The Templars were organized as a monastic order similar to Bernard’s Cistercian Order, which was considered the first effective international organization
  in Europe.

• [113] There have been speculative popular publications surrounding the order’s early occupation of the Temple Mount in Jerusalem as well as speculation about what relics the
  Templars may have found there.

• [90] Most brothers joined for life, although some were allowed to join for a set period.

• The Templars were accused of idolatry and were suspected of worshiping either a figure known as Baphomet or a mummified severed head they recovered, amongst other artifacts,
  at their original headquarters on the Temple Mount that many scholars theorize might have been that of John the Baptist, among other things.

• When the rest of the Crusader army did not follow, the Templars, including their Grand Master, were surrounded and beheaded.

• Two of the four Inns of Court which may call members to act as barristers are the Inner Temple and Middle Temple – the entire area known as Temple, London.

• [49] The Portuguese king, Denis I, refused to pursue and persecute the former knights, as had occurred in all other sovereign states under the influence of the Catholic Church.

• In 1119, the French knight Hugues de Payens approached King Baldwin II of Jerusalem and Warmund, Patriarch of Jerusalem, and proposed creating a Catholic monastic religious
  order for the protection of these pilgrims.

• [95][96] The story of the persecution and sudden dissolution of the secretive yet powerful medieval Templars has drawn many other groups to use alleged connections with them
  as a way of enhancing their own image and mystery.

• [31] At dawn on Friday, 13 October 1307—a date sometimes incorrectly cited as the origin of the popular stories about Friday the 13th[32][33]—King Philip IV ordered de Molay
  and scores of other French Templars to be simultaneously arrested.

• [93] Distinctive architectural elements of Templar buildings include the use of the image of “two knights on a single horse”, representing the Knights’ poverty, and round
  buildings designed to resemble the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.

• Some had sufficient legal experience to defend themselves in the trials, but in 1310, having appointed the archbishop of Sens, Philippe de Marigny, to lead the investigation,
  Philip blocked this attempt, using the previously forced confessions to have dozens of Templars burned at the stake in Paris.

• A nobleman who was interested in participating in the Crusades might place all his assets under Templar management while he was away.

• In about 1240, Alberic of Trois-Fontaines described the Templars as an “order of bearded brethren”; while during the interrogations by the papal commissioners in Paris in
  1310–1311, out of nearly 230 knights and brothers questioned, 76 are described as wearing a beard, in some cases specified as being “in the style of the Templars”, and 133 are said to have shaved off their beards, either in renunciation of
  the order or because they had hoped to escape detection.

• [3] The Templars still managed many businesses, and many Europeans had daily contact with the Templar network, such as by working at a Templar farm or vineyard, or using the
  order as a bank in which to store personal valuables.

• [17] Another major benefit came in 1139, when Innocent II’s papal bull Omne Datum Optimum exempted the order from obedience to local laws.

• Bernard put his weight behind them and wrote persuasively on their behalf in the letter “In Praise of the New Knighthood”,[15][16] and in 1129, at the Council of Troyes, he
  led a group of leading churchmen to officially approve and endorse the order on behalf of the church.

• De Molay reportedly remained defiant to the end, asking to be tied in such a way that he could face the Notre Dame Cathedral and hold his hands together in prayer.

• He began pressuring the church to take action against the order, as a way of freeing himself from his debts.

• Templars were often the advance shock troops in key battles of the Crusades, as the heavily armoured knights on their warhorses would set out to charge at the enemy, ahead
  of the main army bodies, in an attempt to break opposition lines.

• [95] The Military Order of Christ consider themselves the successors of the former Knights Templar.

• This innovative arrangement was an early form of banking and may have been the first formal system to support the use of cheques; it improved the safety of pilgrims by making
  them less attractive targets for thieves, and also contributed to the Templar coffers.

• [86] This uncompromising principle, along with their reputation for courage, excellent training, and heavy armament, made the Templars one of the most feared combat forces
  in medieval times.

• Some Grand Masters also served as battlefield commanders, though this was not always wise: several blunders in de Ridefort’s combat leadership contributed to the devastating
  defeat at the Battle of Hattin.

• The visitors-general had the power to remove knights from office and to suspend the Master of the province concerned.

• In 1307, he pressured Pope Clement to have many of the order’s members in France arrested, tortured into giving false confessions, and then burned at the stake.

• [45] According to legend, he called out from the flames that both Pope Clement and King Philip would soon meet him before God.

• History Rise[edit] After the Franks in the First Crusade captured Jerusalem from the Fatimid Caliphate in 1099 A.D., many Christians made pilgrimages to various sacred sites
  in the Holy Land.

• [27] With the order’s military mission now less important, support for the organization began to dwindle.

• For example, during the Siege of Ascalon in 1153, Grand Master Bernard de Tremelay led a group of 40 Templars through a breach in the city walls.

• [4] They developed innovative financial techniques that were an early form of banking,[5][6] building a network of nearly 1,000 commanderies and fortifications across Europe
  and the Holy Land, and arguably forming the world’s first multinational corporation.

• Officially endorsed by the Roman Catholic Church by such decrees as the papal bull Omne datum optimum of Pope Innocent II, the Templars became a favored charity throughout
  Christendom and grew rapidly in membership and power.

• [107][108] Freemasonry[edit] Main article: Knights Templar (Freemasonry) Freemasonry has incorporated the symbols and rituals of several medieval military orders in a number
  of Masonic bodies since at least the 18th century.

• Although the city of Jerusalem was relatively secure under Christian control, the rest of Outremer was not.

• [76] As the order grew, more guidelines were added, and the original list of 72 clauses was expanded to several hundred in its final form.

• [41][42][43] With Philip threatening military action unless the pope complied with his wishes, Pope Clement finally agreed to disband the order, citing the public scandal
  that had been generated by the confessions.

• At the Council of Vienne in 1312, he issued a series of papal bulls, including Vox in excelso, which officially dissolved the order, and Ad providam, which turned over most
  Templar assets to the Hospitallers.

• [92] For example, some of the Templars’ lands in London were later rented to lawyers, which led to the names of the Temple Bar gateway and the Temple Underground station.

 

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p. 99.
26. ^ Martin 2005, p. 113.
27. ^ Demurger, p. 139. “During four years, Jacques de Molay and his order were totally committed, with other Christian forces of Cyprus and Armenia, to an enterprise of reconquest of the Holy Land, in liaison
with the offensives of Ghazan, the Mongol Khan of Persia.”
28. ^ Nicholson 2001, p. 201
The Templars retained a base on Arwad island (also known as Ruad island, formerly Arados) off Tortosa (Tartus) until October 1302 or 1303, when the island was
recaptured by the Mamluks.
29. ^ Nicholson 2001, p. 5.
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32. ^ “Convent of Christ in Tomar”. World Heritage Site. Archived from the original on 31 December 2006. Retrieved 20 March 2007.
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49. ^ In The New Knighthood, Barber referred
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red crosses but [their] sacred banner, Beauséant, was white with a black chief
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82. ^ Barber
1994, p. 66
According to William of Tyre it was under Eugenius III that the Templars received the right to wear the characteristic red cross upon their tunics, symbolising their willingness to suffer martyrdom in the defence of the Holy Land.
(WT,
12.7, p. 554. James of Vitry, ‘Historia Hierosolimatana’, ed. J. ars, Gesta Dei per Francos, vol I(ii), Hanover, 1611, p. 1083, interprets this as a sign of martyrdom.)
83. ^ Martin 2005, p. 43
The Pope conferred on the Templars the right to
wear a red cross on their white mantles, which symbolised their willingness to suffer martyrdom in defending the Holy Land against the infidel.
84. ^ Read 2001, p. 121
Pope Eugenius gave them the right to wear a scarlet cross over their hearts,
so that the sign would serve triumphantly as a shield and they would never turn away in the face of the infidels’: the red blood of the martyr was superimposed on the white of the chaste.” (Melville, La Vie des Templiers, p. 92.)
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in Portugal and approved by papal bull in 1319, after the suppression of their Order in 1312, a number of Templars joined the newly established Order of Christ. The knights of this Order became known as the Knights of Christ. The wore a white mantle
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108. ^ Jump
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113. ^ The History Channel, Decoding the Past: The Templar Code, 7 November 2005, video documentary
written by Marcy Marzuni.
114. ^ Magy Seif El-Nasr; Maha Al-Saati; Simon Niedenthal; David Milam. “Assassin’s Creed: A Multi-Cultural Read”. pp. 6–7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 November 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2009. we interviewed
Jade Raymond … Jade says … Templar Treasure was ripe for exploring. What did the Templars find
115. ^ Martin 2005, p. 133. Helmut Brackert, Stephan Fuchs (eds.), Titurel, Walter de Gruyter, 2002, p. 189 Archived 1 July 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
There is no evidence of any actual connection of the historical Templars with the Grail, nor any claim on the part of any Templar to have discovered such a relic. See Karen Ralls, Knights Templar Encyclopedia: The Essential Guide to the People, Places,
Events and Symbols of the Order of the Temple, p. 156 (The Career Press, Inc., 2007). ISBN 978-1-56414-926-8
116. ^ Louis Charpentier, Les Mystères de la Cathédrale de Chartres (Paris: Robert Laffont, 1966), translated The Mysteries of Chartres
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117. ^ Sanello, Frank (2003). The Knights Templars: God’s Warriors, the Devil’s Bankers. Taylor Trade Publishing. pp. 207–08. ISBN 978-0-87833-302-8.
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d. Barber,
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f. Barber,
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w. Selwood, Dominic (2013). ”The Knights Templar 2: Sergeants, Women, Chaplains, Affiliates”
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