• [11] Unleashing commercial space and return to the Moon Main articles: Commercial Crew Program and Artemis program Launch of SpaceX Demo-2 from Kennedy Space Center, the first
  U.S. crewed space launch since the end of the Space Shuttle program Following the 2003 Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, President Bush started the Constellation program to smoothly replace the Space Shuttle and expand space exploration beyond
  low Earth orbit.

• [11] First orbital and hypersonic flights Main article: Project Mercury Launch of Friendship 7, NASA’s first orbital flight, February 20, 1962 Plans for human spaceflight
  began in the U.S. Armed Forces prior to NASA’s creation.

• [11] Landing on the Moon Main articles: Project Gemini and Apollo Program Gemini 6 and Gemini 7 conduct an orbital rendezvous Escalations in the Cold War between the United
  States and Soviet Union prompted President John F. Kennedy to charge NASA with landing an American on the Moon and returning him safely to Earth by the end of the 1960s, and installed James E. Webb as NASA administrator to achieve this goal.

• The North American X-15 was a joint NASA-U.S. Air Force program, with the hypersonic test aircraft becoming the first non-dedicated spacecraft to cross from the atmosphere
  to outer space.

• This marked the first time since the retirement of the Space Shuttle that NASA was able to launch its own astronauts on an American spacecraft from the United States, ending
  a decade of reliance on the Russians.

• A reusable launch vehicle would end the need for expensive and expendable boosters like the Saturn V.[11] In 1969, NASA designated the Johnson Space Center as the lead center
  for developing the design, development, and manufacturing of the Space Shuttle orbiter, while the Marshall Space Flight Center would lead the development of the launch system.

• NASA viewed a spaceplane as part of a larger program, providing routine and economical logistical support to a space station in Earth orbit that would be used as a hub for
  lunar and Mars missions.

• The agency began lobbing politicians to support building a space station as soon as the Space Shuttle began flying, selling it as an orbital laboratory, repair station, and
  a jumping off point for lunar and Mars missions.

• Having corporations take over orbital operations would also allow NASA to focus all its efforts on deep space exploration and returning humans to the Moon and going to Mars.

• Constellation was intended to use a significant amount of former Space Shuttle equipment and return astronauts to the Moon.

• [11] Launch of Artemis 1 Advocates of this new commercial approach for NASA included former astronaut Buzz Aldrin, who remarked that it would return NASA to its roots as a
  research and development agency, with commercial entities actually operating the space systems.

• [11] The Space Shuttle Discovery in Low Earth Orbit on STS-120 NASA launched its first commercial satellites on the STS-5 mission and in 1984, the STS-41-C mission conducted
  the world’s first on-orbit satellite servicing mission when the Challenge captured and repaired the malfunctioning Solar Maximum Mission satellite.

• [11] In the 1980s, right after the first flight of the Space Shuttle, NASA started a joint program with the Department of Defense to develop the Rockwell X-30 National Aerospace
  Plane.

• NASA’s series of lifting body aircraft, culminating in the joint NASA-U.S. Air Force Martin Marietta X-24, directly informed the development of the Space Shuttle and future
  hypersonic flight aircraft.

• NASA acquired six orbiters: the Enterprise, Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavour[11] The Space Shuttle program also allowed NASA to make dramatic changes
  to its Astronaut Corps.

• [11] The International Space Station seen from the Space Shuttle Atlantis on the STS-132 mission In 1993, the Clinton Administration announced that the Space Station Freedom
  would become the International Space Station in an agreement with the Russian Federation.

• In 1986, Challenger disaster on the STS-51L mission resulted in the loss of the spacecraft and all seven astronauts on launch, grounding the entire space shuttle fleet for
  36 months and forced the 44 commercial companies that contracted with NASA to deploy their satellites to return to expendable launch vehicles.

• Ultimately, the total cost of the station was $150 billion, with the United States paying for two-thirds.Following the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster in 2003, NASA was forced
  to rely on Russian Soyuz launches for its astronauts and the 2011 retirement of the Space Shuttle accelerated the station’s completion.

• The Air Force’s Man in Space Soonest and the Army’s Project Adam served as the foundation for Project Mercury, the first American program to put people in space.

• [11] SpaceX Crew-2 docks with the International Space Station As early as the Reagan Administration, there had been calls for NASA to expand private sector involvement in
  space exploration rather than do it all in house.

• NASA also needed more detained information about the Moon’s geography and composition to prepare for a landing, using three uncrewed spacecraft programs.

• NASA established the Space Task Group to manage the program, which would conduct sub-orbital flights with the Army’s Redstone rockets and orbital flights with the Air Force’s
  Atlas launch vehicles.

• [4][5][6] NASA has since led most American space exploration, including Project Mercury, Project Gemini, the 1968–1972 Apollo Moon landing missions, the Skylab space station,
  and the Space Shuttle.

• A major defect in the telescope’s mirror could have cripped the program, had NASA not used computer enhancement to compensate for the imperfection and launched five Space
  Shuttle servicing flights to replace the damaged components.

• The Space Shuttle’s Spacelab payload, developed by the European Space Agency, dramatically increased the scientific capabilities of shuttle missions over anything NASA was
  able to previously accomplish.

• [11] Curiosity on the surface of Mars NASA also launched missions to Mercury in 2004, with the MESSENGER probe demonstrating as the first use of a solar sail.

• [11] The first Space Shuttle flight occurred in 1981, when the Columbia launched on the STS-1 mission, designed to serve as a flight test for the new spaceplane.

• In 2006, the Space Shuttle returned to flight and flew several additional missions, flying several mission to service the Hubble Space Telescope, but was retired with the
  completion of the completion of the STS-135 resupply mission to the International Space Station in 2011.

• Embracing this approach, NASA’s Commercial Crew Program started by contracting cargo delivery to the International Space Station and flew its first operational contracted
  mission on SpaceX Crew-1.

• NASA intended for the Space Shuttle to replace expendable launch systems like the Air Force’s Atlas, Delta, and Titan and the European Space Agency’s Ariane.

• [11] An Air Force Space Command Defense Support Program missile warning spacecraft deploys from the Space Shuttle Atlantis on the STS-44 mission Following the collapse of
  the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation and United States initaited the Shuttle-Mir program.

• This accident marked the beginning of the end of the Space Shuttle program, with President George W. Bush directing that upon the completion of the International Space Station,
  the space shuttle be retired.

• NASA currently supports the International Space Station and oversees the development of the Orion spacecraft and the Space Launch System for the crewed lunar Artemis program,
  the Commercial Crew spacecraft, and the planned Lunar Gateway space station.

• Using a modified Air Force Titan II launch vehicle, the Gemini capsule could hold two astronauts for flights of over two weeks.

• While almost all previous astronauts were Air Force or Naval test pilots, the Space Shuttle allowed NASA to begin recruiting more non-military scientific and technical experts.

• [16] Active programs Human spaceflight International Space Station (1993–present) Further information: International Space Station The International Space Station as seen
  from Space Shuttle Endeavour during STS-134 The International Space Station (ISS) combines NASA’s Space Station Freedom project with the Soviet/Russian Mir-2 station, the European Columbus station, and the Japanese Kibō laboratory module.

• The Shuttle-Mir program would continue until 1998, when a series of orbital accidents on the space station spelled an end to the program.

• [11] Following the conclusion of the Apollo program, NASA resumed launching interplanetary probes and expanded its space science program.

• However, Project Vanguard was plauged by several issues and the Army Ballistic Missile Agency would launch Explorer 1, America’s first satellite, on February 1, 1958.

• [11] The NASA-Air Force X-15 hypersonic aircraft On May 5, 1961 Alan Shepard became the first American to enter space, performing a suborbital spaceflight in the Freedom 7.

• In 1973, Following the end of the Apollo lunar missions NASA launched its first space station, Skylab, on the final launch of the Saturn V. Skylab repurposed a significant
  amount of former Apollo and Saturn hardware, with a repurposed Saturn V third stage serving as primary module for the space station.

• A joint NASA-European Space Agency-Italian Space Agency mission, Cassini–Huygens, was sent to Saturn’s moon of Titan, which along with Mars and Europa, are the only objects
  non-Terran objects in the Solar System suspected of being capable of harboring life.

• The advent of space tourism also forced NASA to challenge its assumption that only governments would have people in space.

• NASA’s science is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System;[7] advancing heliophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate’s
  Heliophysics Research Program;[8] exploring bodies throughout the Solar System with advanced robotic spacecraft such as New Horizons and planetary rovers such as Perseverance;[9] and researching astrophysics topics, such as the Big Bang, through
  the James Webb Space Telescope, and the Great Observatories and associated programs.

• NASA would conduct six total lunar landings as part of the Apollo Program, with Apollo 17 concluding the program in 1972.

• This was followed by Atlantis’ STS-71 mission where it accomplished the initial intended mission for the Space Shuttle, docking with a space station and transferring supplies
  and personnel.

• The Hubble Space Telescope was launched in 1990 on STS-31 from the Discovery and could view galaxies 15 light years away.

• The first space tourist was Dennis Tito, an American investment manager and former aerospace engineer who contracted with the Russians to fly to the International Space Station
  for four days, despite the opposition of NASA to the idea.

• [11] Launch of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency’s Explorer 1, America’s first satellite The Soviet Union’s launch of Sputnik 1 ushered in the Space Age and kicked off the
  Space Race.

• NASA also launched probes to the outer Solar System starting in the 1960s.

• Tonight I am directing NASA to develop a permanently manned space station and to do it within a decade.

• Buzz Aldrin salutes the United States flag on the lunar surface The Ranger Program was started in the 1950s as a response to Soviet lunar exploration but was generally considered
  to be a failure.

• This flight occurred less than a month after the Soviet Union’s Yuri Gagarin became the first human in space, executing a full orbital spaceflight.

• Despite NACA’s early rocketry program, the responsibility for launching the first American satellite fell to the Naval Research Laboratory’s Project Vanguard.

• [11] In 2003, a second space shuttle was lost when the Columbia was lost upon reentry during the STS-107 mission, resulting in the loss of the spacecraft and all seven astronauts.

• [11] While much of NASA’s attention turned to space, it did not forget its aeronautics mission.

• Space stations Main articles: Space Station Freedom and International Space Station Skylab seen on the Skylab 4 mission NASA never gave up on the idea of a space station after
  Skylab’s reentry in 1979.

• Pioneer 10 was the first probe to the outer planets, flying by Jupiter, while Pioneer 11 provided the first close up view of the planet.

• Skylab only hosted 9 missions and was decommissioned in 1974 and deorbited in 1979, two years prior to the Space Shuttle’s launch and any possibility of boosting its orbit.

• After the end of World War II, NACA became interested in the possibilities of guided missiles and supersonic aircraft, developing and testing the Bell X-1 in a joint program
  with the U.S. Air Force.

• [11] The Hubble Space Telescope in Low Earth Orbit Launched in the 1990s and early 2000s, the Great Observatories program are among NASA’s most powerful telescopes.

• [11] Despite its status as the first international space program, the Space Station Freedom was controversial, with much of the debate centering on cost.

• It also worked with the Environmental Science Services Administration on a series of weather satellites and the agency launched its the experimental Applications Technology
  Satellites into geosynchronous orbit.

• Apollo 8 was the first crewed spacecraft to leave low Earth orbit and the first human spaceflight to reach the Moon.

• [11] The Space Shuttle Main article: Space Shuttle Launch of the Space Shuttle Discovery on STS-120 NASA had been perusing spaceplanes since the 1960s, blending the administration’s
  dual aeronautics and space missions.

• [11] Despite ushering in a new era of spaceflight, where NASA was contracting launch services to commercial companies, the Space Shuttle was criticized for not being as reusable
  and cost-effective as advertised.

• [17] NASA originally planned in the 1980s to develop Freedom alone, but US budget constraints led to the merger of these projects into a single multi-national program in 1993,
  managed by NASA, the Russian Federal Space Agency (RKA), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the European Space Agency (ESA), and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA).

• Despite this, it was the first time a commercial space company directly expended a significant amount of its own resources into spacecraft development.

• Despite these successes, Congress was unwilling to fund further interplanetary missions and NASA Administrator James Webb suspended all future interplanetary probes to focus
  resources on the Apollo program.

 

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