chicago

 

  • The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4, 1837,[35] and for several decades was the world’s fastest-growing city.

  • In 1885, the first steel-framed high-rise building, the Home Insurance Building, rose in the city as Chicago ushered in the skyscraper era,[57] which would then be followed
    by many other cities around the world.

  • [107] Communities See also: Community areas in Chicago and Neighborhoods in Chicago Community areas of the City of Chicago Major sections of the city include the central business
    district, called The Loop, and the North, South, and West Sides.

  • [65][66] In 1883, Chicago’s railway managers needed a general time convention, so they developed the standardized system of North American time zones.

  • [100] A satellite image of Chicago When Chicago was founded in 1837, most of the early building was around the mouth of the Chicago River, as can be seen on a map of the city’s
    original 58 blocks.

  • [8] The construction boom accelerated population growth throughout the following decades, and by 1900, less than 30 years after the fire, Chicago was the fifth-largest city
    in the world.

  • [32][33][34] 19th century The location and course of the Illinois and Michigan Canal (completed 1848) 0:50 State and Madison Streets, once known as the busiest intersection
    in the world (1897) On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200.

  • [83] By the 1960s, white residents in several neighborhoods left the city for the suburban areas – in many American cities, a process known as white flight – as Blacks continued
    to move beyond the Black Belt.

  • [56][57] The city grew significantly in size and population by incorporating many neighboring townships between 1851 and 1920, with the largest annexation happening in 1889,
    with five townships joining the city, including the Hyde Park Township, which now comprises most of the South Side of Chicago and the far southeast of Chicago, and the Jefferson Township, which now makes up most of Chicago’s Northwest Side.

  • [80] 1940 to 1979 Boy from Chicago, 1941 The Chicago Picasso (1967) inspired a new era in urban public art During World War II, the city of Chicago alone produced more steel
    than the United Kingdom every year from 1939 – 1945, and more than Nazi Germany from 1943 – 1945.

  • [36] As the site of the Chicago Portage,[37] the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States.

  • [45] The project raised much of central Chicago to a new grade with the use of jackscrews for raising buildings.

  • He created Lincoln Park by closing a cemetery filled with shallow graves, and in 1867, in response to an outbreak of cholera he helped establish a new Chicago Board of Health.

  • [28][29][30] In 1795, following the victory of the new United States in the Northwest Indian War, an area that was to be part of Chicago was turned over to the US for a military
    post by native tribes in accordance with the Treaty of Greenville.

  • [8] The Great Chicago Fire in 1871 destroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless,[9] but Chicago’s population continued to grow to 503,000 by 1880 and
    then doubled to more than a million within the decade.

  • Ten years later, he became the secretary and then the president of the first Illinois State Board of Health, which carried out most of its activities in Chicago.

  • The term “midway” for a fair or carnival referred originally to the Midway Plaisance, a strip of park land that still runs through the University of Chicago campus and connects
    the Washington and Jackson Parks.

  • [84] Protesters in Grant Park outside the 1968 Democratic National Convention While home loan discriminatory redlining against blacks continued, the real estate industry practiced
    what became known as blockbusting, completely changing the racial composition of whole neighborhoods.

  • In 1956, the city conducted its last major expansion when it annexed the land under O’Hare airport, including a small portion of DuPage County.

  • [96] All three city-wide elective offices were held by women (and women of color) for the first time in Chicago history: in addition to Lightfoot, the City Clerk was Anna
    Valencia and City Treasurer, Melissa Conyears-Ervin.

  • [10] Chicago made noted contributions to urban planning and zoning standards, including new construction styles (such as, Chicago School architecture, the development of the
    City Beautiful Movement, and the steel-framed skyscraper).

  • The destruction caused by the Great Chicago Fire led to the largest building boom in the history of the nation.

  • As the seat of Cook County (the second-most populous U.S. county), the city is the center of the Chicago metropolitan area, one of the largest in the world.

  • [68][69] The University of Chicago, formerly at another location, moved to the same South Side location in 1892.

  • Chicago is also home to the Barack Obama Presidential Center being built in Hyde Park on the city’s South Side.

  • [87] Major construction projects, including the Sears Tower (now known as the Willis Tower, which in 1974 became the world’s tallest building), University of Illinois at Chicago,
    McCormick Place, and O’Hare International Airport, were undertaken during Richard J. Daley’s tenure.

  • She was notable for temporarily moving into the crime-ridden Cabrini-Green housing project and for leading Chicago’s school system out of a financial crisis.

  • [122][123] The Merchandise Mart, once first on the list of largest buildings in the world, currently listed as 44th-largest (as of 9 September 2013), had its own zip code
    until 2008, and stands near the junction of the North and South branches of the Chicago River.

  • [70][71] 20th and 21st centuries Men outside a soup kitchen during the Great Depression (1931) 1900 to 1939 Aerial motion film photography of Chicago in 1914 as filmed by
    A. Roy Knabenshue During World War I and the 1920s there was a major expansion in industry.

  • Some events which shaped the city’s history have also been memorialized by art works, including the Great Northern Migration (Saar) and the centennial of statehood for Illinois.

  • Large swaths of the city’s residential areas away from the lake are characterized by brick bungalows built from the early 20th century through the end of World War II.

  • An informal name for the entire Chicago metropolitan area is “Chicagoland”, which generally means the city and all its suburbs.

  • The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as “Checagou” was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir.

  • In the spring of 1937 Republic Steel Works witnessed the Memorial Day massacre of 1937 in the neighborhood of East Side.

  • [citation needed] The Great Migration, which had been on pause due to the Depression, resumed at an even faster pace in the second wave, as hundreds of thousands of blacks
    from the South arrived in the city to work in the steel mills, railroads, and shipping yards.

  • [125] Chicago gave its name to the Chicago School and was home to the Prairie School, two movements in architecture.

  • It is the principal city in the Chicago metropolitan area, situated in both the Midwestern United States and the Great Lakes region.

  • [58] The desire to join the city was driven by municipal services that the city could provide its residents.

  • [25] The city has had several nicknames throughout its history, such as the Windy City, Chi-Town, Second City, and City of the Big Shoulders.

  • [47][48][49] An artist’s rendering of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 Home Insurance Building (1885).

  • [103] While the Chicago Loop is the central business district, Chicago is also a city of neighborhoods.

  • As new additions to the city were platted, city ordinance required them to be laid out with eight streets to the mile in one direction and sixteen in the other direction (about
    one street per 200 meters in one direction and one street per 100 meters in the other direction).

  • [114] Streets following the Public Land Survey System section lines later became arterial streets in outlying sections.

  • [89] 1980 to present In 1983, Harold Washington became the first black mayor of Chicago.

  • [63] The city established many large, well-landscaped municipal parks, which also included public sanitation facilities.

  • Notably, industrial areas on the south side and neighborhoods lining both branches of the Chicago River were devastated; by 1933 over 50% of industrial jobs in the city had
    been lost, and unemployment rates amongst blacks and Mexicans in the city were over 40%.

  • Washington’s first term in office directed attention to poor and previously neglected minority neighborhoods.

  • [110] The South Side is the largest section of the city, encompassing roughly 60% of the city’s land area.

  • [127][128] A popular tourist activity is to take an architecture boat tour along the Chicago River.

  • [77] The Great Depression brought unprecedented suffering to Chicago, in no small part due to the city’s heavy reliance on heavy industry.

  • [129] Monuments and public art Replica of Daniel Chester French’s Statue of the Republic at the site of the World’s Columbian Exposition Chicago is famous for its outdoor
    public art with donors establishing funding for such art as far back as Benjamin Ferguson’s 1905 trust.

  • Many additional diagonal streets were recommended in the Plan of Chicago, but only the extension of Ogden Avenue was ever constructed.

  • Chicago’s Western Avenue is the longest continuous urban street in the world.

  • In addition to it lying beside Lake Michigan, two rivers—the Chicago River in downtown and the Calumet River in the industrial far South Side—flow either entirely or partially
    through the city.

  • [25] According to his diary of late September 1687: … when we arrived at the said place called “Chicagou” which, according to what we were able to learn of it, has taken
    this name because of the quantity of garlic which grows in the forests in this region.

  • [14] The region also has the largest number of federal highways and is the nation’s railroad hub.

  • [43] In the 1850s, Chicago gained national political prominence as the home of Senator Stephen Douglas, the champion of the Kansas–Nebraska Act and the “popular sovereignty”
    approach to the issue of the spread of slavery.

  • [34] Within seven years it grew to more than 6,000 people.

  • In February 1856, Chicago’s Common Council approved Chesbrough’s plan to build the United States’ first comprehensive sewerage system.

  • Chicago’s flourishing economy attracted huge numbers of new immigrants from Europe and migrants from the Eastern United States.

  • [115] In 2016, Chicago was ranked the sixth-most walkable large city in the United States.

  • In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed an area about 4 miles (6.4 km) long and 1-mile (1.6 km) wide, a large section of the city at the time.

  • While the Chicago River historically handled much of the region’s waterborne cargo, today’s huge lake freighters use the city’s Lake Calumet Harbor on the South Side.

  • [18] Chicago’s 58 million tourist visitors in 2018 set a new record.

  • Rauch established a plan for Chicago’s park system in 1866.

  • Lincoln was nominated in Chicago for US president at the 1860 Republican National Convention, which was held in a purpose-built auditorium called, the Wigwam.

  • [118] Architecture Further information: Architecture of Chicago, List of tallest buildings in Chicago, and List of Chicago Landmarks The Chicago Building (1904–05) is a prime
    example of the Chicago School, displaying both variations of the Chicago window.

  • [86] Two years later, the city hosted the tumultuous 1968 Democratic National Convention, which featured physical confrontations both inside and outside the convention hall,
    with anti-war protesters, journalists and bystanders being beaten by police.

  • [76] Chicago was the first American city to have a homosexual-rights organization.

  • [112][113] Streetscape Main article: Roads and expressways in Chicago Chicago’s streets were laid out in a street grid that grew from the city’s original townsite plot, which
    was bounded by Lake Michigan on the east, North Avenue on the north, Wood Street on the west, and 22nd Street on the south.

 

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