• Case-specific[edit] • The vocative form is always the same as the nominative in the plural, and usually the same as the nominative in the singular except for second-declension
  nouns ending in -us and a few nouns of Greek origin.

• They are: Third-declension adjectives[edit] Third-declension adjectives are normally declined like third-declension i-stem nouns, except for the fact they usually have -ī
  rather than -e in the ablative singular (unlike i-stem nouns, in which only pure i-stems h

• There are five declensions for Latin nouns: First declension (a stems)[edit] Nouns of this declension usually end in -a in the nominative singular and are mostly feminine,
  e.g.

• However, every second-declension noun has the ending -ī attached as a suffix to the root of the noun in the genitive singular form.

• However, every second-declension noun has the ending -ī attached as a suffix to the root of the noun in the genitive singular form.

• However, in practice, it is generally declined as a regular -us stem fourth declension noun (except by the ablative singular and accusative plural, using -ō and -ōs instead).

• However, in practice, it is generally declined as a regular -us stem fourth declension noun (except by the ablative singular and accusative plural, using -ō and -ōs instead).

• Pronouns have also an emphatic form bi using the suffix -met, used in all cases, except by the genitive plural forms.

• Pronouns have also an emphatic form bi using the suffix -met, used in all cases, except by the genitive plural forms.

• Relative pronouns Adjectives First- and second-declension adjectives[edit] First- and second-declension adjectives are inflected in the masculine, the feminine and the neuter;
  the masculine form typically ends in -us (although some end in -er, see below), the feminine form ends in -a, and the neuter form ends in -um.

• Relative pronouns[edit] Adjectives[edit] First- and second-declension adjectives[edit] First- and second-declension adjectives are inflected in the masculine, the feminine
  and the neuter; the masculine form typically ends in -us (although some end in -er, see below), the feminine form ends in -a, and the neuter form ends in -um.

• Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives[edit] Relative, demonstrative and indefinite pronouns are generally declined like first and second declension adjectives, with the following
  differences: • the nominatives are often irregular • the genitive singular ends in -īus rather than -ae or -ī.

• Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives[edit] Relative, demonstrative and indefinite pronouns are generally declined like first and second declension adjectives, with the following
  differences: • the nominatives are often irregular • the genitive singular ends in -īus rather than -ae or -ī.

• The stem of the noun can be identified by the form of the genitive singular as well.

• Double consonant rule: The rest of the masculine and feminine third-declension i-stem nouns have two consonants before the -is in the genitive singular.

• Double consonant rule: The rest of the masculine and feminine third-declension i-stem nouns have two consonants before the -is in the genitive singular.

• Each noun has either the ending -ēī or -eī as a suffix attached to the root of the noun in the genitive singular form.

• Each noun has either the ending -ēī or -eī as a suffix attached to the root of the noun in the genitive singular form.

• [8] Second-declension Greek nouns[edit] Main article: Declension of Greek nouns in Latin The second declension contains two types of masculine Greek nouns and one form of
  neuter Greek noun.

• [8] Second-declension Greek nouns[edit] Main article: Declension of Greek nouns in Latin The second declension contains two types of masculine Greek nouns and one form of
  neuter Greek noun.

• However, all of them end in -al, -ar or -e. The mixed declension is distinguished from the consonant type only by having -ium in the genitive plural (and occasionally -īs
  in the accusative plural).

• To express possession, the possessive pronouns (essentially adjectives) are used, declined in the first and second declensions to agree in number and case with the thing possessed,
  The vocative singular masculine of meus is mī: mī Attice ‘my dear Atticus’.

• In the nominative singular, most masculine nouns consist of the stem and the ending -us, although some end in -er, which is not necessarily attached to the complete stem.

• In the nominative singular, most masculine nouns consist of the stem and the ending -us, although some end in -er, which is not necessarily attached to the complete stem.

• In the older language, nouns ending with -vus, -quus and -vum take o rather than u in the nominative and accusative singular.

• In the older language, nouns ending with -vus, -quus and -vum take o rather than u in the nominative and accusative singular.

• [17] Fifth declension (e stems)[edit] The fifth declension is a small group of nouns consisting of mostly feminine nouns like rēs, reī f. (‘affair, matter, thing’).

• First- and second-declension -r adjectives[edit] Some first- and second-declension adjectives’ masculine forms end in -er.

• The nominative singular form consists of the stem and the ending -a, and the genitive singular form is the stem plus -ae.

• For instance, many masculine nouns end in -or .

• • The dative is always the same as the ablative in the singular in the second declension, the third-declension full i-stems (i.e.

• These forms in -ī are stressed on the same syllable as the nominative singular, sometimes in violation of the usual Latin stress rule.

• These forms in -ī are stressed on the same syllable as the nominative singular, sometimes in violation of the usual Latin stress rule.

• The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is u, but the declension is otherwise very similar to the third-declension i stems.

• The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is u, but the declension is otherwise very similar to the third-declension i stems.

• The genitive forms meī, tuī, nostrī, vestrī, suī are used as complements in certain grammatical constructions, whereas nostrum, vestrum are used with a partitive meaning (‘[one]
  of us’, ‘[one] of you’).

• The genitive forms meī, tuī, nostrī, vestrī, suī are used as complements in certain grammatical constructions, whereas nostrum, vestrum are used with a partitive meaning (‘[one]
  of us’, ‘[one] of you’).

• The declension of these nouns is identical to that of the regular second declension, except for the lack of suffix in the nominative and vocative singular.

• The declension of these nouns is identical to that of the regular second declension, except for the lack of suffix in the nominative and vocative singular.

• Each noun follows one of the five declensions, but some irregular nouns have exceptions.

• [14] Third declension i-stem and mixed nouns[edit] The third declension also has a set of nouns that are declined differently.

• [14] Third declension i-stem and mixed nouns[edit] The third declension also has a set of nouns that are declined differently.

• [10] In Neo-Latin, a plural form is necessary in order to express the modern concept of ‘viruses’, which leads to the following declension:[11][12][13] Third declension[edit]
  The third declension is the largest group of nouns.

• [10] In Neo-Latin, a plural form is necessary in order to express the modern concept of ‘viruses’, which leads to the following declension:[11][12][13] Third declension[edit]
  The third declension is the largest group of nouns.

• Many feminine nouns end in -īx, and many neuter nouns end in -us with an r stem in the oblique cases.

• Many feminine nouns end in -īx, and many neuter nouns end in -us with an r stem in the oblique cases.

• Nouns There are two principal parts for Latin nouns: the nominative singular and the genitive singular.

• Adjectives are of two kinds: those like bonus, bona, bonum ‘good’ use first-declension endings for the feminine, and second-declension for masculine and neuter.

• Fourth declension (u stems)[edit] The fourth declension is a group of nouns consisting of mostly masculine words such as flūctus, flūctūs m. (‘wave’) and portus, portūs m.
  (‘port’) with a few feminine exceptions.

• • The genitive singular is the same as the nominative plural in first-, second-, and fourth-declension non-neuter Latin nouns.

• Mass nouns pluralize only under special circumstances, hence the non-existence of plural forms in the texts.

• )’, which have their own irregular declension, and the third-person pronouns such as hic ‘this’ and ille ‘that’ which can generally be used either as pronouns or adjectivally.

• Neuter nouns generally have a nominative singular consisting of the stem and the ending -um.

• Neuter nouns generally have a nominative singular consisting of the stem and the ending -um.

• Nouns ending in -iēs have long ēī in the dative and genitive, while nouns ending in a consonant + -ēs have short eī in these cases.

• Nouns ending in -iēs have long ēī in the dative and genitive, while nouns ending in a consonant + -ēs have short eī in these cases.

• Some Greek nouns may also be declined as normal Latin nouns.

• Some Greek nouns may also be declined as normal Latin nouns.

• [5] Second-declension -ius and -ium nouns[edit] Nouns ending in -ius and -ium have a genitive singular in -ī in earlier Latin, which was regularized to -iī in the later language.

• [5] Second-declension -ius and -ium nouns[edit] Nouns ending in -ius and -ium have a genitive singular in -ī in earlier Latin, which was regularized to -iī in the later language.

• Pronouns Personal pronouns[edit] The first and second persons are irregular, and both pronouns are indeclinable for gender; and the third person reflexive pronoun sē, suī
  always refers back to the subject, regardless of whether the subject is singular or plural.

• Second-declension -r nouns[edit] Some masculine nouns of the second declension end in -er or -ir in the nominative singular.

• Second-declension -r nouns[edit] Some masculine nouns of the second declension end in -er or -ir in the nominative singular.

• Each noun has the ending -ūs as a suffix attached to the root of the noun in the genitive singular form.

• Each noun has the ending -ūs as a suffix attached to the root of the noun in the genitive singular form.

• Fourth declension (u stems)[edit] The fourth declension is a group of nouns consisting of mostly masculine words such as flūctus, flūctūs m. (‘wave’) and portus, portūs m.
  (‘port’) with a few feminine exceptions, including manus, manūs f. (‘hand’).

• Pronouns[edit] Personal pronouns[edit] The first and second persons are irregular, and both pronouns are indeclinable for gender; and the third person reflexive pronoun sē,
  suī always refers back to the subject, regardless of whether the subject is singular or plural.

• [15] The accusative singular ending -im is found only in a few words: always in.

 

Works Cited

[‘o Aelius Donatus, Ars Major, 2.8.
o ^ Mongan, James Roscoe (1861). The School and University Eton Latin Grammar, Explanatory and Critical. London 1861.
o ^ Paul Crouzet (1902), Grammaire Latine, simple et complète, p. 7.
o ^ Allen and Greenough.
§43 c.
o ^ Allen and Greenough. §49 a.
o ^ Gildersleeve & Lodge §15, Allen & Greenough §12, §49c
o ^ Perseus database.
o ^ Gildersleeve & Lodge, Latin Grammar 3rd ed., p. 17.
o ^ Chambers’s Etymological Dictionary Enlarged Edition 1931
o ^
June 1999 issue of ASM News by the American Society for Microbiology
o ^ Nuntii Latini: Finnish Broadcasting Company (Radiophonia Finnica Generalis). Archiv I. 19.5.2000 – 6.12.2002: “NOVUM VIRUS COMPUTATORIUM
Novum viri computatorii genus nomine
Code Red in praesenti in Interreti grassatur, ut nuntiavit institutum SANS, cuius est securitati retis informatici providere. Code Red II, quod per cursum electronicum diffunditur, priore viro acerbius est et, postquam in servitoria penetravit, in
systema lacunam facit. Ita fieri potest, ut alia vira eaque etiam periculosiora in machinas computatorias irrepant. Iam vermis Code Red I molestissimus fuit, cum biduo in trecenta milia computatrorum in omni orbe terrarum invasit.”
o ^ Pons: virus
o ^
William T. Stearn: Botanical Latin. History, Grammar, Syntax, Terminology and Vocabulary. David & Charles, third edition, 1983. Quote: “Virus: virus (s.n. II), gen. sing. viri, nom. pl. vira, gen. pl. vīrorum (to be distinguished from virorum, of
men).”
o ^ Allen and Greenough. §80.
o ^ Jump up to:a b Gildersleeve & Lodge (1895), p. 18.
o ^ Gildersleeve & Lodge (1895), p. 27.
o ^ The Fourth Declension – tutorial by Ben Johnson of LatinTutorial
o ^ Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum 6.1.20
etc.
o ^ Cicero, Pro Rabirio Postumo 4
o ^ Cicero, Pro Milone 29
o ^ Cornelius Nepos, Hannibal 12.2
o ^ Gildersleeve & Lodge (1903), Gildersleeve’s Latin Grammar, p. 39.
• New Latin Grammar, an eBook, originally written by Charles Edwin
Bennett, at the Project Gutenberg
• Interactive Latin Word Endings
• A Student’s Latin Grammar, by Cambridge Latin Course’s Robin m. Griffin, third edition
• Gildersleeve, B. L.; Gonzalez Lodge (1895). Gildersleeve’s Latin Grammar (3rd ed.).
Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-09215-5.
• Greenough, J. B.; G. L. Kittredge; A. A. Howard; Benj. L. D’Ooge (1903). Allen and Greenough’s New Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges. Ginn and Company.
Photo credit: https://www.flickr.com/photos/cod_gabriel/5231103167/’]