• Effective altruism is a philosophical and social movement that advocates “using evidence and reason to figure out how to benefit others as much as possible, and taking action
  on that basis”.

• [64] Ian David Moss suggested that the criticism of cause prioritization could be resolved by what he called “domain-specific effective altruism”, which would encourage “that
  principles of effective altruism be followed within an area of philanthropic focus, such as a specific cause or geography” and could resolve the conflict between local and global perspectives for some donors.

• [42] By contrast, many non-profits emphasize effectiveness and evidence with respect to a single cause such as education or climate change.

• Many people assume that the best way to help others is through direct methods, such as working for a charity or providing social services.

• [20] From 2013 to August 2022, GiveWell designated Deworm the World as a top charity based on their assessment that mass deworming is “generally highly cost-effective”;[119]
  however, there is substantial uncertainty about the benefits of mass deworming programs, with some studies finding long-term effects and others not.

• [7]: 179–195  History Beginning in the latter half of the 2000s decade, several communities centered around altruist, rationalist, and futurological concerns started to converge,
  such as:[4][8] • The evidence-based charity community centered around GiveWell,[9] including Open Philanthropy, which originally came out of GiveWell Labs but then became independent[10][11] • The community around pledging and career selection
  for effective giving, centered around the Giving What We Can and 80,000 Hours[12] organisations[4][13]: 16–19  • The Singularity Institute (now MIRI) for studying the safety of artificial intelligence, the Future of Humanity Institute studying
  topics such as existential risk, and the LessWrong discussion forum, which focuses on rationalism[14] In 2011, Giving What We Can and 80,000 Hours decided to incorporate into an umbrella organization and held a vote for their new name; the
  “Centre for Effective Altruism” was selected.

• [126] Philosopher Amia Srinivasan criticized William MacAskill’s Doing Good Better for a perceived lack of coverage of global inequality and oppression, while noting that
  effective altruism is in principle open to whichever means of doing good is most effective, including political advocacy aimed at systemic change.

• [73] Cause priorities The principles and goals of effective altruism are wide enough to support furthering any cause that allows people to do the most good, while taking into
  account cause neutrality.

• Cause prioritization is based on the principle of cause neutrality, the idea that resources should be distributed to causes based on what will do the most good, irrespective
  of the identity of the beneficiary and the way in which they are helped.

• [1][2] People who pursue the goals of effective altruism, called effective altruists,[3] often choose careers based on the amount of good that they expect the career to achieve
  or donate to charities based on the goal of maximising impact.

• [113] Career choice[edit] Effective altruists often consider using their career to do good,[114] both by direct service and indirectly through their consumption, investment,
  and donation decisions.

• [76][77] The organization The Life You Can Save, which originated from Singer’s book of the same name,[78] works to alleviate global poverty by promoting evidence-backed charities,
  conducting philanthropy education, and changing the culture of giving in affluent countries.

• [102][103] Approaches Effective altruists pursue different approaches to doing good, such as donating to effective charitable organizations, using their career to make more
  money for donations or directly contributing their labor, and starting new non-profit or for-profit ventures.

• [5][6] Popular cause priorities within effective altruism include global health and development, social inequality, animal welfare, and risks to the survival of humanity over
  the long-term future.

• [104] Giving What We Can (GWWC) is an organization whose members pledge to donate at least 10% of their future income to the causes that they believe are the most effective.

• Philosophy Effective altruists focus on the many philosophical questions related to the most effective ways to benefit others.

• As the movement formed, it attracted individuals who were not part of a specific community, but who had been following the Australian moral philosopher Peter Singer’s work
  on applied ethics, particularly “Famine, Affluence, and Morality” (1972), Animal Liberation (1975), and The Life You Can Save (2009).

• [124] Incremental versus systemic change[edit] While much of the initial focus of effective altruism was on direct strategies such as health interventions and cash transfers,
  more systematic social, economic, and political reforms have also attracted attention.

• [70] Pascal-Emmanuel Gobry and others have warned about the “measurement problem”,[69][71] with issues such as medical research or government reform worked on “one grinding
  step at a time”, and results being hard to measure with controlled experiments.

• [65] Cost-effectiveness[edit] Some charities are considered to be far more effective than others, as charities may spend different amounts of money to achieve the same goal,
  and some charities may not achieve the goal at all.

• [55] Psychologist Alan Jern called MacAskill’s choice “unnatural, even distasteful, to many people”, although Jern concluded that effective altruism raises questions “worth
  asking”.

• [133] Open Philanthropy has given grants for progressive advocacy work in areas such as criminal justice,[10][134][135] economic stabilization,[10] and housing reform,[136][137]
  despite pegging the success of political reform as being “highly uncertain”.

• [57][58] Those who subscribe to longtermism include future generations as possible beneficiaries and try to improve the moral value of the long-term future by, for example,
  reducing existential risks.

• [44] There is little consensus on the answers, and there are differences between effective altruists who believe that they should do the most good they possibly can with all
  of their resources[45] and those who only try do the most good they can within a defined budget.

• [83][84][85] A number of non-profit organizations have been established that adopt an effective altruist approach toward animal welfare.

• [69] Kelsey Piper argues that uncertainty is not a good reason for effective altruists to avoid acting on their best understanding of the world, because most interventions
  have mixed evidence regarding their effectiveness.

• [28] After the company’s collapse in late 2022, Bankman-Fried’s relationship with effective altruism has been called into question as a public relations strategy,[29][30]
  while the movement’s embrace of him proved damaging to its reputation.

• Effective altruism proponent MacAskill claims this has broad applications to the prioritization of scientific projects, entrepreneurial ventures, and policy initiatives estimated
  to save the most lives or reduce the most suffering.

• [125] Mathew Snow in Jacobin wrote that effective altruism “implores individuals to use their money to procure necessities for those who desperately need them, but says nothing
  about the system that determines how those necessities are produced and distributed in the first place”.

• [60] One tool that EA-based organizations may use to prioritize cause areas is the importance, tractability, and neglectedness framework.

• Many interventions have uncertain benefits, and the expected value of one intervention can be higher than that of another if its benefits are larger, even if it has a smaller
  chance of succeeding.

• [72] However, since there is a high supply of candidates for such positions, it makes sense to compare the amount of good one candidate does to how much good the next-best
  candidate would do.

• [60] Ross Douthat of The New York Times criticized the movement’s “‘telescopic philanthropy’ aimed at distant populations” and envisioned “effective altruists sitting around
  in a San Francisco skyscraper calculating how to relieve suffering halfway around the world while the city decays beneath them”, while he also praised the movement for providing “useful rebukes to the solipsism and anti-human pessimism that
  haunts the developed world today”.

• [115] 80,000 Hours is an organization that conducts research and gives advice on which careers have the largest positive impact.

• [44] Many people in the effective altruism movement have prioritized global health and development, animal welfare, and mitigating risks that threaten the future of humanity.

• [127] Judith Lichtenberg in The New Republic said that effective altruists “neglect the kind of structural and political change that is ultimately necessary”.

• The moral point of view requires us to look beyond the interests of our own society.

• [25] Investor and entrepreneur Sam Bankman-Fried, founder of the cryptocurrency exchange FTX was involved in Effective Altruism since before 2010,[8] and around 2019 became
  more publicly associated with the effective altruism movement,[26] announcing that his goal was to “donate as much as [he] can”.

• [96] Long-term future and global catastrophic risks[edit] The ethical stance of longtermism, emphasizing the importance of positively influencing the long-term future, developed
  closely in relation to effective altruism.

• [98] Organizations that work actively on research and advocacy for improving the long-term future, and have connections with the effective altruism community, are the Future
  of Humanity Institute at the University of Oxford, the Centre for the Study of Existential Risk at the University of Cambridge, and the Future of Life Institute.

• Some believe it is a moral duty to alleviate suffering through donations if other possible uses of those funds do not offer comparable benefits to oneself.

• [118] Founding effective organizations[edit] Some effective altruists start non-profit or for-profit organizations to implement cost-effective ways of doing good.

• Advocates of earning to give contend that maximizing the amount one can donate to charity is an important consideration for individuals when deciding what career to pursue.

• Some effective altruists consider the well-being of non-human animals in addition to humans, and advocate for animal welfare issues such as ending factory farming.

• [43]: 15  According to MacAskill, the view of effective altruism as doing the most good one can within a defined budget can be compatible with a wide variety of views on morality
  and meta-ethics, as well as traditional religious teachings on altruism such as in Christianity.

• [106] Founders Pledge is a similar initiative, founded out of the non-profit Founders Forum for Good, whereby entrepreneurs make a legally binding commitment to donate a percentage
  of their personal proceeds to charity in the event that they sell their business.

• Several books and many articles about the movement have since been published, and the Effective Altruism Global conference has been held since 2013.

• [1][42] Effective altruism can also be in tension with religion where religion emphasizes spending resources on worship and evangelism instead of causes that do the most good.

• [68] Others have argued that requiring this stringent level of evidence unnecessarily narrows the focus to issues where the evidence can be developed.

• [63] William MacAskill responded to Berger and Penna, defending the rationale for comparing one beneficiary’s interests against another and concluding that such comparison
  is difficult and sometimes impossible but often necessary.

 

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